KnruBLICAN 


CAMPAIGN 


TEXT  BOOK. 


1894. 


prepared  by 
National  Republican  Congressional  Committee. 


Single  Copy,  25  cents. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  1894. 


REPUBLICAN 


CAMPAIGN 


TEXT  BOOK 


1894. 


prepared  by 
National  Republican  Congressional  Committee,  ^^9J 


Single  Copy,  25  cents. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  1894* 


NOTICE. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  volume  the  editor  has  made  use  of  material 
found  in  the  Congressional  i2ec©rc4 'Without  giving  oredit  to  the  several 
Senators  and  Representatives  vf  idset*  rema3*l|s^'hav-B  6een  utilized,  except 
in  cases  where  the  character  orthfe  debate  nvatf  snch  that  names  must 
necessarily  appear.  The,^erJ^iiie$  ©f;IJctQt«W.^W.; Curry,, of  Indiana,  are 
acknowledged  in  the  pre^aiaiioiJ  ^f*fi3a wbrit^  *  Thp  jjalsjles  Osed  have  been 
verified  and  corrected  throughout  the  entire  Vftili*  'Th'fe 'figures  can  there- 
fore be  quoted  with  absolute  assurance  by  speakers  and  writers.  Great 
care  should  be  taken  in  noticing  the  black-faced  titles  of  the  book,  as 
this  will  guide  the  reader  invariably  to  the  subject  without  the  use  of  an 
index.  All  important  matter  relating  to  money  is  found  under  the  head- 
ings of  "  Currency  "  and  "  Coin,"  The  volume  has  been  prepared  under 
great  disadvantages  to  the  editor,  by  reason  of  the  haste  and  confusion 
incident  to  the  work  of  the  campaign  and  the  closing  hours  of  Congress. 
It  is  therefore  not  so  full  and  complete  in  all  it  details  as  at  first  contem- 
plated by  the  editor ;  but  we  believe  it  to  be  suflaciently  so  to  be  of  inval- 
uable assistance  to  those  interested  in  the  subjects  herein  contained. 

THOMAS  H.  McKEE, 

September  12th,  1894.  Assistant  iSeci'etarp. 

40opyright€d  1894,  by  Thomas  H.  McKee.) 


'  If   •   Katiom  wMi    made    of  adamant,  fr«« 
iMid*  wovld  srlad  It  to  powd«r.'  — Napolsom* 


B  o,>(».3  »  »        1 


ORIGIN   AND    PRINCIPLES 

OF  THE  REPUBLICAN 

PARTY. 


Polltloal  parties  exist  in  all  free  governments,  representing:  opinloiui 
and  purposes  more  or  less  coherent.  Many  of  these  parties  are  evMiM- 
cent,  because  repreeentins:  passing  phases  of  publio  opinion;  but  some  are 
permanent  and  endure  for  generations.  Their  organizations  are  neo— sa 
rily  loose,  their  declarations  often  incongruous,  and  their  personnel  OTm- 
stantty  shiftingn  but  still  there  are  certain  permanent  tendenoie*  bi  p«b- 
lio  affairs  around  which  parties  must  adhere,  under  whateyer  ohaBges  oi 
names,  and  pursuing  whatever  different  immediate  results.  This  will 
be  found  true  of  all  parties  in  the  United  States. 

UNDER  THE  CONFEDERATION. 

During  the  reTolutionary  war  the  colonies  were  kept  ftpgeUier  Iby  the 
spirit  of  patriotism,  and  the  pressure  of  a  common  enemy.  At  its  close  the 
necessity  presented  itself  of  maintaining  some  sort  of  uniom  in  order  to  re- 
ceire  recognition  in  the  family  of  nations.  A  confederation  was  formed] 
but  its  utter  inefficiency  soon  became  apparent,  and  they  were  dziyen 
to  the  adoption  of  tlie  present  Constitutional  Goremment  In  order  to  form 
a  more  perfect  Union  for  the  purposes  enumerated.  Before  and  during  the 
formation  of  this  goyemment  there  was  developed  a  very  wide  and  per- 
manent difference  ef  opinion  as  to  what  should  be  its  scope  and  oharaeier. 
Before  the  war  the  colonies  were  independent  of  each  other,  having  mm  po- 
litical oonnection  except  through  the  distant  mother  eountry.  In  th«  inr-* 
mation  of  the  new  government,  one  class  Insisted  on  maintaining  this  imde<i 
pendenoe  as  Sovereign  States,  while  another  demanded  a  nnited  eonatry; 
under  one  sovereignty.  Between  these  extremes,  as  a  matter  of  neoesiityj 
the  Constitution  was  finally  adopted.  The  independeneo  of  the  States  was 
preserved  in  all  that  related  to  their  local  affairs,wblle  the  general  goyem- 
ment was  made  sovereign  in  all  that  eoncemed  their  external  relations. 
The  Constitution  was  formed  in  the  name  of  the  people,  and  not  of  tho 
States.  It  was  declared  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  even  as  a^aiiisl 
the  state  constitutions,  and  the  nation  was  charged  with  the  supremo  aaJ 

thority  of  guaranteeing  to  each  state  a  govomment,  rtpnbHoan  la  -* 

OsL  iiM  other  hand,  it  was  to  bo  a  government  of  delegated  powen^  wmd  i 
not  delegated  was  expressly  reserv od  to  tlio  st 


rz 


ivi.111802 


The  lait  eisht  decades  hnre  witneMsed  ai 
Smpire  sprins:  up  in  the  full  panoply  of  lusty  life, 
from  a  trackless  wllderneas.  —J.  A.  Garfield. 


TSh  f#ST:T.WO>A]^jffeS...- 

And  now  at  once  began  political  contests  as  to  what  powers  were  delega-' 
ted,  and  what  reserved,  and  therefore  as  to  whether  the  United  States  was' 
a  Nation  or  a  Confederacy,  and  as  to  what  it  might  and  should  do,  and 
what  it  might  not  and  should  not  do.  In  this  controversy,  which  has' 
not  yet  ceased,  w«  find  the  origin  and  explanation  of  the  permanent  party 
divisions  of  the  country.  One  side,  realizing  the  disintegrating  influenJ 
ces  of  local  interests,  jealousies,  and  ambitions,  and  the  necessity  for  a 
strong  common  government  to  combine  and  hold  these  in  permanent 
union,  interpreted  the  constitutional  grants  of  power  broadly,  insisted 
strongly  on  the  supreme  powers  of  the  nation,  and  came  to  be  called 
"  Federalists."  The  other  side,  realizing  the  tyranny  of  centralized  power, 
and  the  tendency  of  sovereigns,  of  whatever  kind,  to  oppress  the  people, 
insisted  on  a  strict  construction  of  the  constitutional  grants  and  a  lim- 
itation ol  govermental  action  to  its  narrowest  limits,  and  came  to  be 
called  "  Republicans."  And  so  the  Federalists  and  Republican  parties  be-' 
came  the  first  parties  to  divide  the  voters  of  the  country.  It  would  not 
be  correct  to  say  that  either  of  these  parties  consistently  maintained  its 
principle,  or  desired  to  push  it  to  its  ultimate  results;  but  it  is  unques-' 
tionably  true  to  say  that  each  was  decidedly  influenced  thereby  in  its 
treatment  of  current  politics.  A  logician  might  say  that  Federalism 
must  necessarily  end  in  centralization,  and  a  loss  of  the  independence  oi 
the  states,  and  that  Republicanism,  as  set  out  in  the  Kentucky  and  Vir-| 
ginia  Resolutions,  must  necessarily  end  in  secession  and  national  disso- 
lution. This  may  be  true,  but  party  politics  is  not  logical,  and  so  long 
as  the  two  tendencies  can  be  narade  to  balance  each  other,  the  present 
framework  of  our  government  may  be  very  well  preserved. 

SLAVERY  IN  POLITICS. 

In  accounting  for  the  present  Democratic  and  Republican  parties  and 
the  controversies  between  them,  it  is  impossible  not  to  see  the  influence  oi' 
the  original  party  difference.  On  the  collapse  of  the  nullification  move-' 
ment,  under  the  vigorous  repression  of  President  Jackson,  the  strenuous' 
advocates  of  state  sovereignty  proceeded  to  intrench  themselves  behind! 
the  iastitutioni  of  slavery,  and  to  convert  the  Democratic  party  into  its  ad- 
vocate. The  inconsistency  of  slavery  with  free  institutions  was  generally 
felt  and  acknowledged  from  the  beginning,  and  in  the  Constitution  are  ev- 
IdMit  marl^  of  unfriendliness  toward  it.  But  the  right  of  the  States  to! 
continue  it  whejse  it  existed  was  not  disputed,  and  no  power  to  deal 
with  It  tjiere  was  given  to  the  general  government  Tlie  most  ardent) 
Abolitionist  did  not  pretend  that  it  could  be  gotten  rid  of  by  National 
autiiority.  Indeed,  they  denounced  the  Constitution  because  of  its  im- 
potoxxoe  in  this  respeet.  But  the  question  of  slavery  was  one  which 
not  1)6  kept  out  of  politics.  Should  new  States  be  admitted  with 
ik  \M  aUowed  to  exist  ux  aojr  plaoa  undar  Azolusiye^ 


<  This  Is  not  a  an^atioB  of  »  sarroa- 
vodnction  in  tariff  scliedules;  but  it  is  a  questioa 
ttf  wide-apart  principles.^ 

— BoajaBoia  Barrisuau 


SIiATSKT  IN  POI.ITICS,  (Continued.) 

national  control  ?  Should  the  interstate  traflac  in  slaves  "be  permitted? 
Under  what  provisions  of  law  should  fugitive  slaves  be  returned  ?  Sucb 
questions  would  not  down,  but  led  to  passionate  controversies,  and  in- 
volved questions  of  constitutional  power  and  duty,  as  well  as  of  policy. 
The  admission  of  Missouri  led  to  protracted  and  bitter  debate,  and  the 
compromise  division  of  territory  proved  ineffectual.  The  annexation  of 
Texas  and  the  acquisition  of  new  territory  by  the  Mexican  war  added 
fuel  to  the  flames,  which  the  compromise  measures  of  1850  did  not 
quench.  The  Kansas-Nebraska  controversy  quickly  arose,  and  the 
Civil  war  soon  followed.  Up  to  the  Missouri  compromise  the  northern 
wing  of  the  Democratic  party  was  not  committed  to  the  extension  of  Slav- 
ery, nor  the  party  avowedly  pro-slavery,  although  from  the  days  of  Jack- 
son's breach  with  the  nullifiers  it  was  becoming  more  and  more  infected 
ivith  the  virus  of  the  state  sovereignty,  pro-slavery  poison  of  Calhoun- 
ism.  At  no  time  was  the  Whig  party  an  anti-slavery  party.  Among 
the  most  strenuous  opponents  to  slavery  extension  were  leaders  in  the 
Democratic  party  of  the  North,  but  their  exertions  were  in  vain  against 
the  slave  ijropagandists  of  the  South.  The  Whig  leaders  strove  success- 
fully to  keep  their  party  organization  from  taking  sides  and  thereby 
sealed  its  death  warrant.  The  storm  of  slavery  agitation  swept  every- 
thing before  it,  and  parties  were  compelled  to  allign  themselves  on  the 
Issues  thus  aroused,  or    give  way  to  others. 

THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

By  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise  the  last  pretext  was  re- 
moved, and  the  Democratic  party  stood  revealed  as  the  instrument  ol 
slavery  extension.  The  Whig  party  was  dissolved  after  its  imbecil«  cam- 
paign of  1852,  and  the  Republican  party  arose  to  take  its  place.  This 
party  was  not  organized  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  states  where  it  existed, 
but  with  an  unalterable  determination  to  prevent  its  extension  into  any  of 
the  territories  either  north  or  south  of  the  Missouri  line.  The  new  party 
was  composed  of  the  body  of  the  Whigs,  and  of  large  accessions 
from  the  Democratic  party  of  such  as  would  not  be  committed  to 
the  extension  of  slavery,  and  some  of  such  Democrats  were  among  its 
most  conspicuous  and  ardent  leaders.  Its  first  national  campaign,  under 
John  C.  Fremont,  was  not  successful  in  the  election  of  a  President;  but  the 
large  vote  that  it  polled,  and  the  increasing  dissensions  in  the  Democratic 
ranks,  were  ominous  to  the  propagandists,  The  four  years  of  President 
Buchanan's  administration  were  entirely  under  their  control,  and  were 
spent  in  preparing  for  the  eventuality  of  Republican  success.  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's election  led  to  the  immediate  execution  of  their  plans.  The  Govern- 
ment had  been  disarmed,  its  navy  dispersed,  its  treasury  emptied,  and  its 
predit  s4dly  impaired .  Before  Mr.  Lincoln's  inauguration,  seven  states  had 
passed  ordinances  of  secession,  and  a  Confederate  Government  was  set  up 


'  Tb*  W«st«rH  farmer's  Inttlnet  la  wls«r  th»m 
Mr.  Gladstone's  pliilosophy.  The  fanner  knows 
tliat  the  larger  the  home  market  the  better  are  his 
prices,  and  that  as  the  honxe  market  is  narrvwed 
his  Frioes  f aU."  -Janes  •»  Blain«.  t 


t 


VMS  RSPVBUOAH  PASTT,  (Ceatlaa«43 

ftt  Montgomery,  Alabama.  United  States  vessels,  Ibrts,  mints,  and  other 
jpioperty  had  been  taken  possession  of.  The  flag  had  been  flred  on  in 
Charleston  harbor,  and  troops  made  prisoners  of  war  in  Texas. 

POLITICS  OF  THE  REBELLION. 

I    It  is  not  proposed  here  to  deal  with  the  erento  or  the  crimes  of  the  oiyil 
War,  but  solely  to  call  attention  to  its  politics. 

The  men  who  organized  and  led  in  this  secession  and  war,  declared  then, 
and  the  survivors  of  them  declare  now,  that  they  committed  no  crime,  that 
^ey  had  a  constitutional  right  to  do  as  they  did.  They  declared  the  Con- 
stitution was  a  compact  between  Sovereign  States;  that  these  States  had 
o  common  sovereign,  and  each  was  therefore  compelled  to  judge  for  itself 
of  the  infraction  of  that  compact  and  of  the  proper  remedy  to  be  applied; 
that  the  abolitionist  states  had  repeatedly  violated  that  compact,  and  there- 
fore, they  had  a  right  to  secede,  and  to  establish  such  new  confedera- 
tions as  they  might  deem  most  advisable.  When  Mr.  Lincoln  was  in- 
augurated, he  had  not  only  !•  face  the  acts  of  violence  whieh  had  been 
joomittitted,  and  which  constituted  war,  but  also  the  political  doctrines 
by  which  they  were  sought  to  be  justified.  If  the  United  States  was 
/merely  a  Confederacy  into  which  Sovereign  States  had  entered,  and  from 
I  which  they  might  recede  at  their  pleasure,  then  what  was  he  to  d«  but 
let  the  "erring  sisters"  go?  His  predecessor,  Mr.  Buchanan,  had  denied  the 
iconstitutional  right  of  these  states  to  secede;  but  he  had  also  denied  the 
right  of  the  General  Government  to  prevent  them  from  doing  so.  The 
Nation  had  a  right  to  live,  but  it  had  no  right  to  prevent  the  secessionist 
from  cutting  its  throat;  and  so  he  remained  inactive  while  the  Confederacy 
was  being  organized. 

'  It  was  not  so  that  Mr.  Lincoln  and  the  Republicans  read  the  Constitution. 
They  understood  the  United  States  to  be  a  Nation,  its  Constitution  to  be  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land,  its  Courts  to  be  competent  to  judge  of  trespasses 
by  one  state  on  the  rights  of  another,  and  its  Congress  able  to  Aimish  reme- 
dies for  all  wrongs  against  t^ieir  constitutional  rights.  They  not  only  de- 
nied the  right  of  secession,  but  held  that  the  Government  must  preserve  its 
own  existence  against  domestie  insurrection  as  promptly  as  against  foreign 
invasion;  and  held  that  the  President  was  clothed  with  ample  authority 
to  see  that  the  laws  were  everywhere  faithfully  executed,  its  property  pre- 
served, its  functions  discharged,  and  its  flag  respected.  The  political  issue 
thus  Joined,  led  to  four  years  of  oiril  war,  but  in  the  outcome  the  Nation  was 
successful  and  the  Confederacy  destroyed.  In  the  course  of  the  struggle 
the  immediately  exciting  cause,  slavery,  was  overthrown  as  a  military 
neoessity,  and  it  is  a  common  observation  that  ssoession  perished  with 
slavery.  But  is  this  correct  ?  The  overthrow  of  slaveory  has  been  eonflrmed 
by  an  amendment  of  the  Constitution,  hut  has  there  been  any  suehttsaend- 
msBt  T«^t|if<wg  say  more  dear  the  respeotirsiictkls^f  tLs  MaJHam  and  of  ths 


-^Tliis  eonntrr,  wtHb.  Ma  Institnttoas,  belongs  ts 
«jb«  peoyls  wlie  inluibn  it.-  —A.  Liii««tai. 


POI.ITICS  or  TSK  KKSmLULOVp  (Centtemt.) 

Btataa,  or  mAj  boom  Mftaia  Om  oblisrattoa  ^perpetsal  union  ?  It  Is  ynrf 
trm«  tb«t  fiiGS«  •B|r«f«d  hsL  «oi>du^ins  ttis  seoessioA  mov«m«st  1mt« 
retamod  to  Uieir  &U«s:laBfl«  to  tke  G«B«ntl  GovtnusMKt,  a&d  dMisM  tiutti 
thtj  hAT*  &o  further  piurpoMor  dndr*  t«  M«k  a  diwMkiiiatef  tk*  Unkm^ 
In  thia  t2i«r«  i«  bo  doubt  of  tfa«ix  ptrfsct  suMori^.  Bui  luiT«  tk«y 
renonnood  thoir  dooirino  of  ^»t«  SoToroigmt j,  or  admittod  HbM  Hm^  frtMl 
mistaken  in  thair  oonstrMden  of  tka  OonatiLtutioa  T  Wilk  an  iaraata  amJ 
solidate  eactions,  is  not  saaoaBlon  as  possfl^e  to-daj  as  U  was  M  IMff 

STATE  SOVERBIGNTY  STILL  THE  DEMOCRATIC  OtfiBD. 


Tho  trath  is,  at  tbm  doaa  of  tha  war  tba  oonfederataa  wsai  bedll/  late  ^4 
Demoeratlo  partj,  and  ara  now  in  full  eontrol  of  its  poUtiaa.  TkajT  wani 
out  from  U  to  ersanixa  thair  Cenfftderaej  in  aoeordanca  witk  Mspctedlplaaj 
and  ibay  rstomad  to  H  witUont  an/  profession  of  ehauffo  •£  ftillk*  Ikay* 
reantarad  its  fiiUewship  net  as  repentant  prodi|r<kls,  but  as  zIflitfU  kitn^ 
and  dominate  It  lo^aj  as  they  did  before  the  war.  Oompara  tliair  aanlrol 
as  described  hj  Alexander  BLSteyens,  and  their  control  now  as  skawm  fa) 
the  Senate  aiid  Honaa  e^  BsfpraaantaiiiYes.  Now  as  ^e»,  the  BapabUaani 
party  stands  for  Katlosal  ■rrara^rttty,  aad  the  Pamoarstle  paitf  for  Cid 
sorereifi^ntj  of  the  Stataa.  And  &ia  primary  differenae  will  bd  Itead  tc| 
underlie  the  position  of  tbese  parties  on  arerj  current  question.  Xtoettan 
laws,  tariff  laws,  bank  laws,  haalth  eoBanissiens  alike  reoelTS  flMlr  pavtg^ 
eolorinji:  from  this;  and  tkis  dtAreaae  is  fkm  key  to  mnloek  afi  parlf^  con-i, 
troyersies. 

TARIFF  ISSUE  BEFORE  THE  WAR. 

The  Demoeratie  party  as  at  present  constituted  was  organized  nnder  the 
administration  of  President  Jackson.  Up  to  kis  election,  difif^ranees 
oonceminff  the  tariff  had  been  personal,  not  sectional.  But  the  stoppag'e  oi 
the  slave  trade  in  ISOS,  the  inyention  of  the  cotton  gin,  increasing  the  profit- 
ableness of  that  staple,  the  concentration  of  political  power  in  tiie  handset 
the  slaye  masters,  and  other  eauses  had  been  working  a  revolution  in  pub- 
lip  opinion  eoncerning  ^e  institution.  In  the  northern  states  there  were 
comparatively  few  slaves ;  their  labor  was  found  to  be  nnprofitabla,  and 
it  was  gradually  abolished.  In  the  South,  slaves  advanced  in  prioe  by' 
reason  mt  eutting  off  the  foreign  supply,  and  their  labor  in  l^e  eotton 
fields  was  found  to  be  profitable  to  the  owners,  howev«r  wasteitil  to  th^ 
community  at  large,  and  so  the  opinions  of  the  two  sections  grew  apart. 
The  slave  owners  grew  to  desire  free  trade,  in  order  to  obtain  Ibreign 
goods  at  the  lowest  price  and  to  find  markets  for  tiieir  eottoa.  llie^ 
deprecated  manufactures  at  the  North,  preferring  Oiat  tiiat  seoiiaa  rmBsai^ 
agrieultaral  and  raise  abundant  food  products  ft>r  their  slave  laborarsJ 
And  these  eoonomio  differences  beeame  elearly  sectional,  and  oulmlnated 
when  Sonfk  Carolina  proposed  to  nullity  the  tariff  acts  of  ISM  and  lUB^ 


"^  A  ehrflHced  man  wfll  neve?  want  to  s«R  » 

for  luore  tban  it  Is  worth,  nor  will  he  want 

-  anrtkini:  for  less  than  what  it  is  worth.** 

— Bobt.  G.  Ineersoll. 


VAiam  JS9UM  BSFOBX:  THE  WAK,  (Continued.) 

H  Wtts  than  ttifttCaihminisra  took  a  definite  position  in  faver  of  slay^ry' 
aaiisii^  jmt  ««,  etfr9%  trade  in  &•  interest  of  slavery,  and  oft^e  subjaga-' 
tkm  mi  tlM  I>«>mooralio  party  to  ^e  will  of  the  slave  oligarchy.  The 
hBmedlate  dispute  conoeraing  th«  tariff  was  settled  for  the  time  being  by 
a  •omprozaltte  aet,  gradnally  reducing  the  duties  at  stated  periods.  In 
1S40  Hm  Wblg  party  oleoted  (leneral  William  H.  Harrison  as  President, 
ol>takied  a  majority  of  members  in  Congress,  and  passed  the  protective 
tariff  of  1S42.  In  1844  the  Demoerats  were  successful,  and  in  1846  repealed 
ih«  Whig  measure,  and  passed  the  tariff  of  1846,  commonly  called  the 
"  Walker  Tariff. "  Its  character  may  be  best  stated  in  the  language  of 
title  national  Democratic  platform  <rf  1848. 

"  Mesolv^df  'Efeat  the  fruits  of  the  great  political  triumph  of  1848,  which 
rteoted  James  K.  Polk,  *  *  ♦  have  fulfilled  the  hopes  of  the  Democ- 
raoy  of  tiie  Union,  *  *  *  in  the  noble  impulse  given  to  the  cause  ot 
flroe  trade  by  tbe  repeal  of  the  tariff  of  1842,  and  the  creation  of  ihe  more 
eqnal,  honest,  and  productive  tariff  of  1846. " 

Notwithstanding  this  boast,  events  proved  that  this  free  trade  measure 
was  neittier  equal,  honest,  nor  productive.  During  the  fifteen  years  ot 
its  existence,  with  its  modification  in  1857,  the  balance  of  foreign  trade 
was  constantly  against  us,  to  meet  which  we  sent  abroad  all  the  gold 
taken  from  the  rich  mines  of  California.  The  crash,  postponed  by  the 
Mexican  war  and  its  events,  came  in  1857,  of  which  President  Buch- 
anan says : 

"  With  all  lh«  elements  of  national  wealth  in  abundance,  our  manu-, 
factnres  were  suspended,  our  usefal  public  and  private  enterprises  were 
arrested,  and  thousands  of  laborers  were  deprived  of  employment  and 
reduced  to  want,  ^' 

Mr.  Buchanan  tries  hard  to  persuade  himself  that  this  was  not  due  to 
the  tariff,  but  with  an  empty  treasury,  declining  revenues,  and  ad 
valorem  frauds,  it  was  useless,  and  he  was  compelled  to  say  to  Congress: 

"  It  is  now  quite  evident  that  the  financial  necessities  of  the  govern-, 
raent  will  require  a  modification  of  the  tariff  during  your  present  session! 
for  the  purpose  of  increasing  revenue.  In  this  aspect  I  desire  to  reiterate) 
the  recommendation  contained  in  my  last  two  annual  messages  in  favori 
of  imposing  specific  instead  of  ad  valorem  duties  on  all  imported  articles 
to  which  these  can  be  properly  applied. " 

And  so  this  unequal,  dishonest,  and  unproductive  free  trade  measure, 
which  had  squandered  |400,000,000  *  of  gold  in  buying  #»reign  goodsJ 
which  we  ooi^t  to  Itare  made  ourselTM,  and  created  a  public  debt  ot 
1^50,000,000  !*««  Aafleiont  revenue,  gave  place  to  the  Morrill  protective 
tariff  of  IML,  wtth  1^  incoming  of  the  Bepnbllcan  party. 

•  Exp*H  ot  sy—to  MM.m.Ui;  Imports  of  •peel*  «M.460,85«:  Lost  UW.Wt^tH. 
t  Amo«»«  «r  9«(M>«SM  iolr  1.  IMft,  f».BH;Mt{  amout  Jnijr  U  vm,  tUM^JUL 


aa4  not  wbat  you  pl«as«."  —Ben  Franklim. 


bBMOOiATTC  POSITION   SINCE   THE  WAR. 

Sinoe  tha  war  ik»  I>«mocratic  party  has  never  had  the  courage  to  arow 
its  free  trade  principles,  but  with  aH  its  changes  it  has  still  drifted 
baek  toward  its  old  x>ositioD.  In  1^4  it  declared  in  its  national 
platform  ibr  "  a  tariff  for  reyentue  upon  foreign  imports,  and  such  equal 
taxation  under  the  internal  rerenue  laws,  as  will  afford  incidental  protec- 
tion to  domestic  manufactures."  In  1872  it  supported  Horace  Greeley  on  a 
blatform  whidi  **  recognizing  irreconcilable  differences  of  opinion  with 
regard  te  the  respeetire  systems  of  protection  and  free  trade,  we  remit 
the  discussion  of  the  subject  to  tiie  people  in  their  congressional  districts." 
In  1176  it  denounced  "  the  present  tariff,"  declared  '*  reform  is  necessary 
}n  tfie  sum  and  modes  of  federal  taxation,"  and  that  **  we  demand  that  all 
oustom-hoose  taxation  shall  be  only  for  revenue. "  In  1880  it  simply 
proposed  "  a  tariff  lor  revenue  only."  In  1884  it  indulges  in  a  long  tirade 
pf  denunciation  of  Republican  tariff  legislation,  pledges  itself  "  to  revise 
the  tariff  in  a  spirit  of  fairness  to  all  interests,"  declares  that  "  it  is  not 
proposed  to  injure  any  domestic  industries, "  but  that  "  the  necessary  re- 
duction can  and  moat  be  effected  without  depriving  American  labor  of 
the  ability  to  eompete  successfully  with  foreign  labor,  and  without  im- 
posing lower  rates  of  duty  than  will  be  ample  to  cover  any  increased 
cost  of  production  which  may  exist  in  consequence  of  the  higher  rate 
|of  wages  prevailing  in  this  country.**  In  1888  it  is  still  of  opinion  that 
m  reforming  the  tariff  **our  established  domestic  industries  should 
not  be  endangered,"  but  that  "due  allowance  for  the  difference  between 
the  wages  of  American  and  foreign  labor,"  so  as  to  "encourage  every 
branch  of  such  industries."  But  in  1892  it  recovers  from  this  lapse  into 
protectionism,  and  declares— 

"We  denounce  Republican  protection  as  a  fraud,  a  robbery  of  the 
great  majority  of  the  American  people  for  the  benefit  of  the  lew.  We 
declare  it  to  be  a  fundamental  principle  of  the  Democratic  party  that  the 
federal  government  has  no  constitutional  power  to  impose  and  collect 
tariff  duties,  except  for  the  purposes  of  revenue  only. " 

And  here,  at  last,  it  gives  an  honest  utterance  to  its  sentiments.  No 
toore  tenderness  concerning  "  established  industries  "  ;  no  more  twad- 
dle about  " allowing  for  difference  of  wages"  ;  no  "  incidental  protec- 
tion "  nonsense.  No  "  protection  is  a  fraud  " ;  "  tariff  for  revenue  only  " ; 
"  the  government  is  a  federation ; "  "  the  constitution  does  not  permit  the 
protection  of  any  industry."  And  so  the  Democratic  party  plants  itself 
again  on  its  ante-war,  State  sovereignty  platform  of  free  trade.  Such 
are  its  declarations.    We  shall  see  how  it  attempts  to  carry  them  out. 


Those  wlio  carried  the  war  for  the  Union 
and  equal  and  universal  freedom  to  a  victorions 
issue,  can  never  safely  relax  their  vigilance  until 
the  ideas  for  which  they  f oTig:ht  have  heoom*  em- 
bodied in  the  endurins:  forms  of  individual  and 
Bational  life.  -J.  A.  Garfield. 


All  matter  in  this  volume  is  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  by  sec- 
tions, the  BLACK  FACED  LETTERS  indicating  the  subjects. 


AD  VALOREM  DUTIES  vs.  SPECIFIC  DUTIES. 

AN  AD  VALOKEM  DUTY 

Is  a  stated  percent,  that  is  levied  upon  the 
value  of  the  goods  imported.  Illustration:  The  duty  on  certain 
manufactures  of  silk  is  fifty  per  cent,  of  their  foreign  value. 

A.  SPECIFIC  DUTY 

Is  one  laid  on  the  quantity  of  the  goods  imported ;  it 
is  so  much  per  yard,  per  ton,  per  bushel,  etc.,  without  regard  to  the  cost; 
for  example :  "  Eggs,  5  cents  per  dozen,"  or  "  Wheat,  26  cents  per  bushel." 

An  ad  valorem  duty,  as  the  name  implies,  is  a  certain  per  cent,  of  the 
value  of  the  goods  at  the  point  of  shipment;  for  example,  *•  Horses  and 
mules, '20  per  cent,  ad  valorem." 

Each  of  these  methods  of  rating  has  advantages  over  the  other  in 
special  cases,  and  in  some  instances  it  seems  best  to  combine  them.  But 
where  practicable  the  specific  duty  is  to  be  preferred  to  the  ad  valorem. 

In  the  first  place,  the  ad  valorem  duty  is  more  favorable  to  fraud.  It 
is  usually  difficult  to  judge  the  difference  in  the  value  of  two  articles, 
while  on  the  other  hand  standards  of  weight  and  measure  can  easily  be 
applied.  As  Henry  Clay  once  said,  in  speaking  against  ad  valorem 
duties,  "  Let  me  write  the  invoices  and  I  care  not  who  fixes  the  duties." 

In  the  second  place,  the  ad  valorem  duties  aggravate  the  fluctuations 
in  price  of  imported  goods  and  of  revenue  from  them,  each  increase  in 
import  price  being  accompanied  by  an  increase  of  duty,  and  vice  versa. 

And  in  favor  of  specific  duties  it  may  be  said  that  they  encourage  the 
importation  of  better  goods.  Thus,  if  the  duty  on  horses  is  so  much  a 
head,  it  has  the  effect  of  barring  out  the  poorer  grades. 

In  "  reforming  backward  "  from  the  specific  duties  of  the  McKinley  act 
toward' ad  valorem  duties,  the  committee  has  ignored  the  teachings  of 
experience  as  recorded  in  history. 

The  subject  was  discussed  by  the  "  Fathers  of  the  Constitution,"  who 
ioined  in  framing  our  first  tariff,  with  marvelous  directness,  intelligence, 
and  foresight,  and  with  a  decided  preference  for  specific  duties. 

AliEXANDEB  HAMIIiTON, 

In  1796,  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  said : 
♦•  In  other  nations  experience  has  led  to  contract  more  and  more  the 


l^tan.  In  faTor   of    a   prote«tiTe    tarff    a&d 
Internal  improrements.  —Abraham  Lincoln. 


▲I>  TAI.OKBM  DUnSS,  {0*Btlam«<.) 

number  of  artiol«s  rated  ad  yalorem,  and,  of  course,  to  extend  the  num- 
ber of  those  rated  specifically." 

■XCfBSTABY  07  THB  TBUASUBT  QALJULTUH, 

In  1801,  Mid: 
"  In  order  to  ipiard  aa  £ftr  as  possible  ag^ainst  the  yalue  of  ffoode  being 
xmderrated  in  the  invoices  it  would  be  eligible  to  lay  specific  duties  on 
all  such^articles  now  paying  duties  ad  valorem  as  may  be  susceptible  ol 
that  alteration." 

SEGBBTABT  OV  THB  TBEASUBT  CBAWVOBI), 

In  1817,  under  a  resolu- 
tion of  Congress,  made  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  subject,  and 
reported : 

"  It  is  certainly  prudent  to  diminish,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  list  oi 
articles  paying  ad  valorem  duties." 

He  recommended  the  transfer  of  over  one  hundred  articles  from  the  ad 
valorem  to  the  specific  schedule. 

At  the  session  of  Congress,  183^40,  President  Van  Buren  forwarded  a 
message  covering  reports  of  the  Secretary  and  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury,  with  opinions  of  Attorneys  General  Butler  and  Grundy,  and 
letters  from  collectors  of  customs  in  all  the  principal  ports  pertaining  to 
the  practical^operation,  for  about  six  years,  of  ad  valorem  duties.  It  waa 
the  unanimous  judgment  of  these  officers  that  the  ad  valorem  system  was 
"lunequal,  uncertain,  unsafe,  diverse  in  its  construction,  injurious  to  the 
revenue,  open  to  unfair  practices,  and  greatly  expensive,  from  the  num- 
ber of  persons  required  to  execute  it." 

JAMSS  BUCHANAN, 

In  1842,  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  said : 
1^       "I  am  not  only  opi)Osed  to  any  uniform  scale  of  ad  valorem  duties,  bu< 
to'any  and  all  ad  valorem  duties  whatever,  except  where,  from  the  nature 
of  the  article  imported,  it  is  not  possible  to  subject  it  to  a  specific  duty." 

WALTBB  FOBWAED, 

Then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  favored  specific 

duties  because  of  "  the  security  of  the  revenue  against  evasions." 

DANIEL  WBBSTBB, 

In   1846,  presenting,  in  his  argument  to  the  Senate, 
many  instances  of  fraud  under  ad  valorem  duties,  said  : 

"  It  has  been  the  experience  of  this  Government  always  that  the  ad  val- 
orem system  is  open  to  innumerable  frauds.  What  is  the  case  with 
England  T  In  her  notions  favorable  to  free  trade  has  she  rushed  madl^ 
into  a  scheme  of  ad  valorem  duties?  Sir,  the  system  of  ad  valorea 
duties  is  not  free  trade,  but  fraudulent  trade." 


If  ^National  pride  and  National  prosperity 
are  wortli  preserving,  tlien  American  indastrica 
and  American  labor  must  be  protected  by  tariff 
laws  from  the  ruinous  competition  of  the  cheap 
labor  of  ^European  and  Asiatic  countries. 

—Senator  J.  H.  Gallineer,  of  New  Hampghlre. 


AtD  VAIiORTJM  DUTIES,  (Continued.) 
SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY  MEREDITH, 

In  1849  said: 
••  A  specific  duty  is  more  easily  assessed,  more  favorable  to  commerce 
more  equal,  and  less  exposed  to  frauds  than  any  other  system." 

SECRETARY  3IANNING, 

The  first  Democratic  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
since  the  war,  reported  on  the  relative  merits  of  specific  and  ad  valorem 
duties.  In  preparing  this  report,  which  was  transmitted  to  Congress  in 
18|5,  he  took  the  preliminary  step  of  addressing  an  inquiry  to  the  men 
of  practical  and  special  experience,  consisting  of  all  the  collectors  and 
Treasury  agents  of  long  service  and  high  standing.  The  answers  were 
without  exception  in  favor  of  specific  duties,  and  many  of  them  were 
especially  forcible  in  their  condemnation  of  the  ad  valorem  system. 

MR.  JAMES  D.  POWER, 

A  special  agent  of  sixteen  years  service,  made 
the  following  strong  statement: 

"  Ad  valorem  rates  of  duty  afford  temptations  and  opportunities  for 
fraud  which  cannot  be  guarded  against,  even  by  the  most  rigid  rules  and 
vigilant  watchfulness.  The  assessment  of  values  under  this  system  is 
based  upon  expert  knowledge  of  values,  the  most  uncertain  and  arbitra- 
ry methods  that  could  be  devised,  *  *  *  Fraud  of  this  nature  is  diffi- 
cult to  detect,  and  more  difficult  still  to  establish.  In  the  absence  of  doc- 
umentary proof  it  resolves  itself  into  a  mere  difference  of  opinion  between 
experts." 

CliEVEIiAND  ADMINISTRATION: 

On  the  basis  of  this  expert  evidence 
the  following  strong  position  was  taken  in  two  separate  Treasury  reports. 

"  That  very  extensive  frauds  have,  during  many  years,  been  perpetrated 
upon  the  revenue  by  false  invoice  value,  I  cannot  doubt.  *  *  *  Sellers 
openly  propose  to  buyers  in  tliose  cities[the  great  cities  of  Europe]  to  make 
a  fictitious  invoice  for  use  at  the  custom-house  in  this  countr  j.^^—Secretarj/ 
Manning,  1885. 

"  It  is  therefore  desirable  that  in  revising  and  reducing  rates  of  duty  they 
should  be  made  specific  instead  of  ad  valorem  so  far  as  the  nature  of  the 
merchandise  will  admit.  Theoretk^ally  considered,  ad  valorem  are  pref- 
erable to  specific  duties;  but  in  practice  *  *  *  the  former  are  the  too  easy 
source  of  deception  and  inequality  at  the  custom-house." — Secretary 
Fairchild,  1887. 

PHILADELPHIA  RECORD. 

That  great  Democratic  organ,  in  its   issue 
of  December  1, 1893  says: 
**  One  of  the  most  unsatisfactory  features  of  the  new  tarilf  bill  is  its  ar- 

10 


Free  trade  will  offer  free  raw  materials 
without  power  to  use  thera,  whicli  is  no  more 
than  to  give  a  man  ruffles  who  wants  a  shirt. 

—Senator  Justin  S.  Morrill,        Vermont. 


AD  VAIiOREM  DUTIES,  (Continued.) 

bitrary  substitution  of  ad  valorem  for  specific  duties.  This  is  contrary 
to  the  policy  of  commercial  nations  that  have  had  quite  as  much  oxperionce 
as  our  own  with  the  operation  of  tarifFlaws.  Every  government  of  Europe 
has  found  itself  obliged  to  adopt  the  specific  system  of  duties  in  view  ol 
the  temptations  and  opportunities  to  commit  fraud  on  the  revenues. 
What  with  corruption,  inside  and  outside  of  the  custom-house,  these  gov- 
ernments have  seen  that  it  would  take  an  army  of  oflicials,  constantly 
watching  each  other,  to  protect  the  revenues  from  fraudulent  artifices 
under  the  ad  valorem  system.  It  will  scarcely  be  pretended  that  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  revenue  laws  of  this  country  is  more  honest,  or  that 
there  is  less  cunning  in  evading  them,  than  in  most  other  countries.  In 
fact  the  only  serious  frauds  upon  the  customs  of  this  country  are  in  under- 
valuations under  the  ad  valorem  form  of  duty,  and  of  this  honest  mer- 
chants are  constantly  complaining. 

But  the  bill  itself  is  violently  inconsistent  with  its  own  theoiyofad 
valorem  duties,  as  many  absurd  examples  will  show.  Barley,  oatmeal, 
rye,  and  other  farm  products  are  reduced  to  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  20 
per^cent.  and  rice  is  reduced  from  a  specific  dutj'-  of  2  cents  to  1*  cents  at 
pound.  What  was  the  necessity  for  tliis  distinction?  Wns  it  feared  that 
an  ad  valorem  duty  on  rice  would  expose  the  enormous  rate  ol  protective 
tax?" 

THE  CINCINNATI  ENQUIRER, 

Another    great  Democratic   newspaper 
gives  its  testimony  to  this  effect : 

*'  If  all  imports  are  to  bear  an  equal  proportion  of  the  burden  of  taxation, 
the  natural  way  to  ascertain  this  proportion  would  seem  to  be  by  uji  ad 
valorem  tax  ;  that  is  to  say,  a  tax  of  such  a  percentage  on  the  value  ol 
the  article  imported.  But  experience  has  tauglit  tiiat  the  ascertainment 
of  the  value  of  imports  is  attended  with  great  dilficiilty.  It  has  boon 
discovered  that  all  importers  are  not  honest ;  that  some  of  them  have 
arranged  with  the  houses  from  which  they  purchase  foreign  goods  tc< 
make  up  for  them  two  invoices,  the  one  invoice  a  true  one  and  the  othoi 
a  false  one.  The  true  one  governs  only  the  payment  for  the  goods  ar.d 
the  computing  of  the  profits  on  their  sale  in  this  country.  The  false  one, 
is  presented  at  the  custom-house  as  a  basis  for  the  payment  of  duties. 
Of  course  the  talse  one  represents  that  the  goods  were  purchased  for 
much  less  than  they  really  were." 

FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

What  has  experience  taught  the  older  nations  ol 
the  world?  We  can  judge  from  this :  At  the  present  time  England  has 
38  duty  items,  all  specific :  France,  619,  all  specific;  Austria-Hungary, 
857,  all  specific;  Russia,  440,  all  specific;  Surd  en,  above  300,  all  speci- 
fic; Denmark  63,  all  specific;  Germany,  4',U  all  but  2  specific;  Italy 

11 


If     this      GoTerniuont     will     undertake    the 
policy   of    international    arrangement    regarding 
■Uver  and  eold,  that  policy  will  be  accomplished. 
—Senator  William  B.  Allison,  Iowa. 


AI>  TAIiOBBM  DUTIES,  (ContUneil.} 

837,  all  but  1  specific ;  Norway,  about  600,  all  but  6  specific ;  Spain,  369, 
all  but  1  specific.  Is  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  wiser -than  all  the 
nations  of  the  world  ? 

Almost  the  only  American  authority  of  any  consequence  that  the  com- 
mittee can  quote  in  support  of  ad  valorem  duties  is  Robert  J.  Walker, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  Polk's  Administration,  and  author  of  the 
tariff  bill  of  1846. 

SECRETARY  DANIEI<  MANNING 

Said  this  concerning  that  act : 
"  Undervaluations  seem  to  have  abounded  under  the  tariff  law  of  1846." 

It  is  pretended  by  some  that  the  Democratic  party  favors  "  incidental  " 
protection. 

JAMES  BUCHANAN, 

Siid  on  this  subject : 
"  Ad  valorem  duties  deprive  American  manufacturers  of  nearly  all  th€ 
benefits  of  incidental  protection." 


AGRICULTURE, 


AGRlCUIiTURE.    (See  also  Farmers,) 

AGRICULTURE  IN 

1846,  TThen  Democrats  and  ReTenue  Tariff  were  Blesa* 
lug'  the  Country.    From  au  Ohio  Newspaper. 

The  Sheriff  of  Muskingum  County,  as  stated  by  the  Gfuernsey  IHrnes 
in  the  summer  of  1842,  sold  at  auction  one  four-horse  wagon  at  $5.50 ; 
ten  hogs  at  6 J  cents  each ;  two  horses  (said  to  be  worth  ?50  to  §75  each)  at 
^2  each  ;  two  cows  at  $1  each ;  a  barrel  of  sugar  at  $1.50,  and  a  store  oi 
goods  at  that  rate.  In  Pike  County,  Mo.,  as  stated  by  the  Hanibal 
Journal,  the  Sheriff  sold  three  horses  at  $1.50  each  ;  one  large  ox  at  12i 
cents ;  five  cows,  two  steers  and  one  calf,  the  lot  at  $3.25 ;  20  sheep  at  13i 
cents  each  ;  24  hogs,  the  lot  at  25  cents  each ;  one  eight-day  clock  at  $2.50 ; 
lot  of  tobacco,  seven  or  eight  hogsheads,  at  $5 ;  three  stacks  of  hay,  each 
at  25  cents,  and  one  stack  of  fodder  at  25  cents. 

AGRICULTURE,  STATISTICS  OF    (See  Farms.) 

AGRICULTURE,  BENEFITS   &C. 

Who   are    the  poor    farmers,    and 
wliero  arc  they  found?    They  are  found  in  the  sections  of  the  Union 

1^ 


When  I  talk  about  wages  I  use  tlie  word  in 
its  broadest  sense,  as  the  price  and  value  of  serrioe, 
whether  of  brain  or  muscle. 

—Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  Main*. 


▲GBICUItTUIUS,  (Gentinned.) 

where  the  States  are  given  up  almost  wholly  to  agriculture;  they  aro 
found  in  localities  where  the  market  for  the  products  of   their  farms 

is  hundreds  if  not  thousands  of  miles  away  from  the  places  where 
they  are  produced.  Another  illustration  is  given  by  Prof.  Dodge 
which  still  further  demonstrates  the  benefits  of  protective  tariff  leg- 
islation to  the  farmers  of  America.  In  the  grouping  of  the  States, 
he  further  shows  the  value  of  products  per  capita  to  the  individual 
cultivator.  His  statistics  show  that  in  the  first  group  of  States,  where 
the  population  engaged  in  farming  is  less  than  30  per  cent,  that  the 
value  of  the  products  of  the  farm  per  capita  to  individual  cultivator  avera- 
ges $457,  in  the  second  class  it  averages  $394,  in  the  third  class  $261,  and 
in  the  fourth  class  $360;  in  other  words,  a  man  engaged  in  agriculture  in 
any  of  the  first  group  of  States,  for  the  same  labor  in  the  cultivation  oi 
the  same  number  of  acres,  will  make  185  per  cent,  more  than  the  individ- 
ual cultivator  in  the  States  where  over  70  per  cent,  of  the  population  is 
engaged  in  farming. 

These  facts  ought  to  satisfy  even  a  British  free  trader  that  agriculture 
is  more  profitable  where  it  has  a  market  at  the  door  of  the  farmer  for  all 
that  he  raises  on  his  farm. 

AGRICULTURE,  DEPARTJ^IENT  OF.    Its  new  chief  being:  meas- 
ured by  the  farmers  of  the  country. 

If  Grovor  Cleveland  in  the  selection  of  a  Secretary  of  Agriculture  had 
searched  this  broad  land  over  with  the  single  purpose  of  finding  and 
placing  in  power  the  worst  American  enemy  of  the  American  agricultur- 
ist, he  could  not  have  made  surer  work  than  in  the  choice  of  Secretary 
Morton,  whose  unrelenting  hostility  to  the  farmers  of  our  country  has 
already  been  abundantly  proved.  This  extremely  prejudiced  and  ama- 
zingly self-opinionated  officer  has  deliberately  undertaken  and  is  now 
earnestly  prosecuting  the  work  of  breaking  down  the  principles  which 
have  been  established  for  half  a  century  for  the  equalization  of  our  agri- 
cultural interests  with  those  of  other  great  industries,  and  which  reached 
their  fall  maturity  under  the  able  administration  of  Mr.  Morton's  great 
predecessor.  The  scientific  investigations  made  for  the  Department  and 
covering  the  available  information  obtainable  throughout  the  world 
were  a  special  feature  of  Secretary  Rusk's  work  is  so  enlarging  the  scope 
of  the  Department  that  there  might  come  to  the  plain  everyday  agricul- 
turalist the  scientific  and  practical  information  that  would  enable  him  to 
so  conduct  his  work  as  to  secure  the  best  results.  Mr.  I^Iorton  used  his 
first  opportunity  to  contract  and  cripple  this  arm  of  the  work  and  rend- 
ered the  great  expenditure  which  had  been  wisely  made,  under  tiie  au- 
thority and  direction  of  Congress,  in  its  behalf  almost  useless. 

Another  glaring  instance  of  Mr.  Morton's  maladministration  is  seen  in 
his  curtailment  of  the  meat  inspection  service.  The  pretense  made  by 
foreign  governments  that  American  meats  were  diseased  and  unwhole- 

13 


Congrress  lias  repeatedly,  and  not '  'without 
success,  directed  their  attention  to  the  encourajje- 
znent  of  manufactures.  The  object  is  of  too  much 
consequence  not  to  insure  a  continuance  of  their 
efforts  every  way  which  shall  appear  cligrible. 

— Geoi-gre  Washington. 


AGRICUIiTURE,  DEPARTMENT  OP    (Continued.) 

some,  under  which  they  were  denied  admission  to  the  markets  of  Eu- 
rope, was  one  of  the  great  obstacles  that  confroted  Secretary  Rusk  at  the 
beginning  of  his  term  of  office.  The  problem  was  an  old  one,  and  its  sol- 
ution had  been  deemed  hopeless,  but  through  the  energy  of  the  Secretary  > 
the  system  of  meat  inspection  was  so  enlarged  and  extended  that  Euro- 
pean buyers  became  satisfied  that  there  w^as  no  longer  a  chance  of  their 
being  imposed  upon  by  the  importation  of  unsound  meat  from  America  i 
and  the  restrictions  were  removed,  the  foreign  markets  opened  to  the 
products  of  our  stock  farms,  and  under  the  new  impetus  thus  given  our 
exportation  of  beef  and  pork  was  vastly  increased,  to  our  great  profit. 

One  of  the  first  and  worst  acts  Mr.  Morton  found  it  possible  to  accomp- 
lish was  the  curtailment  of  this  meat  inspection,  and  by  this  means  be 
has  been  and  is  engaged  in  wresting  from  our  live  stock  interest  the  pro- 
tection thrown  around  it  by  General  Rusk,  and  we  are  again  laid  open 
to  the  charge  by  foreign  governments  that  we  are  nursing  pleuro- pneu- 
monia and  other  dread  diseases,  so  that  we  have  every  reason  to  fear  that 
we  shall  soon  again  be  confronted  by  the  fact  that  the  ports  of  entry  in 
France  and  Germany  are  closed  against  our  beef  and  pork,  which  means 
a  loss  only  to  be  estimated  in  millions. 

The  farmers  of  the  United  States  will  soon  be  called  upon  to  indorse 
the  acts  of  Secretary  Morton  at  the  ballot  box.  Indorsing  Morton  con- 
demns Rusk. 

AGRICULTURE,    Department   work  under  Republican  Control, 
Resume  of  the  work. 

1.  Contagious  x^leuro-pneumonia,  which  threatened  the  entire  cattle  in- 
dustry of  the  country,  completely  eradicated. 

2.  Losses  from  Texas  fever  almost  entirely  prevented. 

3.  The  treatment  of  cattle  on  board  ship  regulated,  and  cruelty  and 
avoidable  losses  prevented. 

4.  The  danger  of  introducing  disease  with  imported  animals  removed. 

5.  The  prohibition  against  the  admission  of  our  pork,  which  had  been 
enforced  for  years  by  Germany,  Denmark,  Austria,  France,  Italy,  and 
Spain,  removed. 

6.  From  one-half  to  1  cent  per  pound  added  to  the  value  of  our  pork  in 
the  markets  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britian,  when  bearing  the 
United.States  Government  inspection  certificate. 

7.  The  triumphant  refutation  of  allegations  of  contagious  diseases  among 
American  cattl-e  shipped  abroad,  as  the  result  of  a  system  of  inspection  ot 
American  live  cattle  abroad  and  of  individual  identification. 

8.  The  sugar  industry  placed  upon  a  footing  which  promises  ultimate- 
ly to  supply  the  entire  domestic  consumption  with  a  home-grown  prod- 
uct. 


If  by  a  reversal  of  our  policy  the  home 
market  is  destroyed,  whei-e,  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  will  the  farmer  turn  to  dispose  of  his  sur- 
plus products  ? 

—Hon.  J.  C.  Burro\irs,       MJchisran. 


A-GBICUIiTURE,  DEPARTMENT  \I^ORK    (Continued.) 

9.  Indian  corn  successfully  introduced  as  a  human  food  in  the  leading 
countries  of  Europe,  with  a  likelihood  of  adding  to  the  value  of  that  crop, 
eveji  in  years  of  the  greatest  production. 

10.  Tlie  first  steps  taken  toward  the  extension  of  our  trade  in  Agricul- 
tural products  throughout  Latin- American  countries. 

11.  Measures  adopted  to  effectually  check  the  growing  imports  of  raw 
cotton  from  abroad. 

12.  The  saving  to  farmers  and  horticulturalists  annually  of  millions  of 
dollars,  by  successfully  combating  the  depredations  of  diseases  and  in- 
sects on  vegetation. 

13.  The  wide  extension  of  the  Weather  Bureau  service  in  the  special  in- 
terest of  agriculture. 

14.  The  publication  of  the  three  books,  viz.,  Diseases  of  the  Horse,  Cat- 
tle, and  Sheep,  have  alone  been  worth  more  to  the  agricultural  interests 
than  the  entire  cost  of  the  Department  for  four  years  under  Secretary 
Rusk. 

By  a  comparison  of  the  year  1892  with  the  year  1889,  the  last  year  of 
the  first  Cleveland  Administration,  we— 

Increased  our  exports  of  bacon,  hams,  and  lard  by  ^19,000,000. 

Exported  ^12,000,000  more  of  beef  products. 

Exported  ^16,000,000  more  live  cattle. 

Exported  ^150,000,000  more  of  cereals;  namely,  wheat,  tpll5,000,000;  flour, 
^,000,000,  and  corn,  $7,000,000. 

Exported  $2,500,000  more  seed. 

Exported  |1,500,000  more  fruits  and  nuts. 

Exported  ^2,000,000  more  oil  cake  and  meal. 

Increased  the  foreign  sale  of  all  agricultural  products  by  $275,000,000. 

What  is  the  farmers'  department  of  this  Government  doing  under  its 
present  head?  Instead  of  expanding  and  continuing  the  efforts 
inaugurated  by  Secretary  Rusk  to  elevate  the  American  farmer 
and  promote  his  material  interests,  a  system  of  false  economy  has  taken 
the  place  of  the  intelligent  and  progressive  policy  maintained  for  the  four 
years  of  President  Harrison's  Administration.  Meat  inspection,  the  key- 
stone to  the  successful  raising  of  the  foreign  prohibition  of  our  meat  prod- 
ucts, has  been  curtailed,  sugar  experiments  practically  abandoned,  pre- 
ventive measures  against  the  recurrence  of  pleuro-pneumonia  withdrawn, 
and  the  work  of  the  scientific  divisions  of  the  Department  contracted. 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS,  SALE  OF.      (Prices    abroad 

and  at  Home.) 

The  Democrats  for  a  long  period  have  been  claiming  that  agricultural 
implements  have  been  sold  abroad  or  in  foreign  countries  cheaper 
than    they  are  sold  to  the  customers  in  the  United  States.    In  suppori^ 

15 


It  may  be  a  question  as  %•  how  far  tbte 
Oorernment  or  any  government  shonld  go  in 
leiTislatiniT  to  fornisli  work  for  its  citizens;  bat 
there  shonld  be  no  question  that  to  close  up  the 
aTenmes  of  employment  already  created  is  Tioious 
lesi*lation. 

—Senator  James  McMillan,  Mlohican. 


AeSIOIILTUBAI.  IMPIiBMENTS,  SAI.1E  OF    (Continued.) 

of  this  sllegation  Senator  Vest,  of  Missouri,  offered  in  the  Senate, 
Ausrust  20, 1890,  the  following: 

"I  did  not  choote  to  bring  in  anything  in  the  way  of  extracts  from  news- 
papers, but  calling  for  the  original  documents  themselves,  I  procured 
with  very  considerable  expense  and  trouble,  considering  the  size  of  the 
pamphlet,  a  copy  of  the  *  Suplemento '  of  the  American  Mail  and  Ex- 
port Journal,  sent  to  Buenos  Ayres  and  distributed  there  and  published 
in  Spanish,  of  exactly  the  same  date  of  the  home  edition,  which  I  have 
in  my  hand.  This  is  published  in  *  New  York,  April,  1890,  whole  No. 
165,'  and  the  foreign  edition  is  published  with  this  at  the  head  of  it,  as 
the  Spaniards  write  it :  '  Abril  de  1890,  Suplemento  No.  155.'  The  Amer- 
ican Mail  and  Export  Journal.  Precio  Corriente  Ilustrado  de  Manufac 
turas  y  Productos  Americanos.    Para  Exportacion.' 

'*  It  gives  the  price-current  and  is  illustrated  with  the  identical  photo- 
graphs and  the  same  numbers,  of  the  Ann  Arbor  Agricultural  Company, 
and  not  only  the  same  numbers  and  the  identical  photographs,  but  the 
same  patent  marks  upon  the  representations  of  the  implements.  Of 
course,  they  could  not  change  the  patent  marks  into  Spanish,  and  with 
that  exception  they  are  identical  in  the  two  publications.  Here,  for  in- 
stance— and  any  Senator  can  see  for  himself,  if  he  wants  the  truth— is 
*No.  30,  instrumentos  de  agricultura,  Ann  Arbor  Agricultural  Com- 
pany, |4.'.  This  is  the  export  price  of  *  The  Advance  plow.  No,  30,'  and 
by  the  home  edition  it  is  shown  that  the  same  plow  is  sold  to  the 
American  farmer  at  $8— just  double .    *    ♦    * 

**  Mr.  President,  here  in  the  foreign  edition  of  the  same  date,  this  supple- 
ment to  the  same  paper  published  in  New  York,  is  a  note  in  Spanish,  ot 
which  I  happen  to  know  very  little :  *  For  information  apply  to  Howard, 
Lockwood  &  Co.,  New  York ; '  obviously  the  agent  of  the  Ann  Arbor 
Agricultural  Company,  and  they  are  prepared  to  furnish  at  these  prices. 
No.  34,  for  instance,  is  a  plow.  There  is  the  photograph  of  it  (exhibiting) 
sold  in  Buenos  Ayres  or  anywhere  in  South  America  for  |9,  and  here 
(exhibiting)  is  a  photograph  of  the  identical  plow,  with  the  same  marks, 
and  identically  the  same  in  every  way,  sold  in  the  United  States  for  $18— 
just  double. 

"  So  it  is  all  through  the  entire  list.  Here  is  what  is  called  the  •  Clipper,' 
a  celebrated  agricultural  implement  manufactured  at  Ann  Arbor,  which 
is  sold  abroad  for  |9.50,  marked  '  Clipper.'  I  have  seen  [tliem  in  my 
State  with  the  metallic  mark  upon  them,  and  here  is  the  identical  dupli- 
cate of  it,  a  '  Clipper '  with  the  same  mark  upon  it,  which  sells  in  the 
United  States  for  $18." 

To  this  Senator  Allison  replied  as  follows :  . 

•*I  have  their  letter  in  my  Committee-room,  in  which  they  state  that 
their  price  to  the  people  in  the  Argentine  Confederation  is  precisely  the 
home  price,  with  freight  and  commissiona  added.    Sk>  there  U  at  least 


Clip  protection  from  oar  tariff,  »nd  Ameri- 
cans, like  Sampson,  would  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
Philistines. 

—Senator  Justin  S.  Morrill,  of  Termont. 


AOmiCUIjTITKAI.  IMP]:.IBinDNTS,  SAXB  OV    (C«ntlm««d.) 

one  establishment  that  manufactures  asrricultural  implements  which 
does  not  charg^e  less  to  foreigners  than  it  does  to  our  own  people,  and  I 
will  say  in  that  connection  that  this  establishment  has  two  thousand 
eight  hundred  reapers,  made  in  my  own  State,  which  are  now  in  use  in 
the  Argentine  Republic." 

And  on  Auffust  22,  Senator  Stockbridge,  of  Michigan,  answered  Mr. 
Vest  in  the  following  statement : 

"  Mr.  President,  yesterday,  and  also  the  day  before,  I  think,  the  Senator 
from  Missouri  (Mr.  Vest)  introduced  a  New  York  advertising  sheet,  giv- 
ing prices  of  various  farming  implements  manufactured  in  my  own 
State,  and  also  produced  a  copy  of  the  same  publication  published  in 
Spanish  in  the  New  York  edition.  The  photographs  of  the  implements 
with  the  prices  were  given,  and  the  same  were  given  in  the  Spanish  pub- 
lication. 

"  The  point  to  which  the  Senator  called  attention  was  that  for  the  identi- 
cal implement,  the  same  number  and  size,  the  price  in  the  Spanish  pub- 
lication was  just  one-half  what  it  was  in  the  New  York  publication.  I 
was  very  much  surprised  at  first  at  that,  because  I  knew  this  Ann  Arb®r 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  while  they  are  good  business  men  and 
doing  a  good  business,  I  was  surprised  to  learn  that  they  were  making 
ftilly  100  per  cent,  upon  the  manufactured  articles  sold  in  this  country. 

"  I  could  not  understand  it.  I,  upon  reflection,  became  entirely  satisfied 
of  what  I  find  is  the  fact,  that  the  New  York  publication  is  a  general  ad- 
vertising paper  for  circulation  in  this  country,  advertising  various  manu- 
factured articles  and  giving  the  retail  prices.  Now,  when  that  document 
is  sent  to  a  wholesale  dealer  in  this  country  he  gets  it  with  the  price  at 
which  he  expects  to  purchase  that  article,  the  price  of  the  article  at  retaiL 
I  have  had  occasion  to  know  about  this  from  my  own  experience.  A 
price-list  is  sent  to  him  in  this  case,  I  have  no  doubt,  giving  50  per  cent. 
discoTint  from  the  prices  stated  in  the  advertising  sheet,  which  is  in- 
tended to  cover  the  freight  and  the  profit  of  the  dealer.  He  sells  to  his 
customer. 

"  The  Spanish  publication  gives  the  identical  article  together  with  the 
net  wholesale  price  to  the  wholesale  dealer.  The  Michigan  advertiser 
did  not  expect  to  reach  the  consumer  in  South  America,  but  sent  his  cir- 
culars to  the  wholesale  dealers  in  agricultural  implements,  and  so  gave 
them  the  net  wholesale  price. 

"  I  say  I  concluded  that  was  the  fact,  but  I  did  not  like  to  make  the  state- 
ment without  its  being  supported,  and  I  took  the  pains  to  telegraph  these 
parties  to  ascertain  what  were  the  facts  in  the  case.  I  will  read  a  copy  of 
the  telegram  I  sent : 

'AjfN  Abbor  Agrioultxtral  CoMPAirr, 
Akn  Arbor,  Mich. 

17 


Can  aliens  make  treaties  easier  than  friends 
can  make  laws  ?  —A  Liincoln. 


AGRICULTURAIi  IMPIiEMENTS,  SALE  OF,  (Continued.) 

Does  your  discount  from  prices  published  in 
American  Mail  and  Export  Journal  make  prices  to  home  wholesale 
dealers  the  same  as  the  net  prices  published  in  Spanish  journals? 
Answer  paid  for. 

F.  B.  Stookbbidge.' 

*'  To  that  dispatch  I  receired  this  reply: 

'Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  August  22, 1890. 
Hon,  F.  B.  Stockbridqe,  Washington : 

Prices  to  wholesale  dealers  in  this  country  are  the  same  as 
to  foreign  wholesale  dealers,  with  boxing  and  New  York  delivery  added. 

Ann  Arbor  AGRiouiiTURAL  Company.' 
"  This  advertisement  of  the  Ann  Arbor  Agricultural  Company  was  the 
only  one  which  was  specifically  alluded  to  by  the  Senator.  There  are  to 
ray  certain  knowledge  other  manufacturing  concerns  in  this  country 
who  export  largely.  I  know  from  my  own  knowledge  that  the  Stude- 
baker  Manufacturing  Company,  of  South  Bend,  Ind.,  export  wagons  and 
carriages  quite  largely ;  and  although  no  case  was  made  against  them  for 
welling  to  foreigners  at  half  price,  I  telegraphed  to  them  asking  them  the 
question  as  to  their  prices.  I  have  a  copy  of  my  dispatch  to  them, 
which  perhaps  I  had  better  read  : 

'  Studebaker  Bros.,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

Are  your  prices  the  same  to  American  and  for- 
eign customers? 

F.  B.  Stockbridqe.' 

"  To  that  dispatch  I  received  the  following  reply : 
*  South  Bend,  Ind.,  August  21st,  1890. 

Hon.  F.  B.  Stookbridge,  Washington : 

We  have  never  made  a  distinction  in  price  in  favor  of  a 
foreign  market ;  all  reports  to  the  contrary  are  absolutely  untrue.  ^ 

Studebaker  Bros.  Manufacturing  Company. 

Per  C.  S.' 

*•  I  also  knew  ot  another  Indiana  concern,  well  known  to  the  Senators 
from  that  State,  who  export  their  product  very  largely.    I  allude  to  the 
Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Company.    I  telegraphed  them  also  the  following : 
*  Oliver  CniiiLED  Plow  Company,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

Do  you  make  lower  prices  to  foreign  than  to  American 
wholesale  dealers? 

F.  B.  Stookbridge.' 
Their  reply  I  will  read : 

'  Hon.  F.  B.  Stookbridge,  Washington : 

We  do  not  make  lower  prices  to  foreign  than  to  Amer 
can  wholesale  dealers.  Are  prepared  to  prove  that  all  such  reports  are 
false  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works.'  " 

18 


aU. 


With   malice   teward  noue,  with   charity  for 
—Abraham  Liincoln. 


AGRICUIiTURAIi  IMPIiEMENTS,  SAXE  OF    (Contined.) 

The  Farm  Implement  News  of  Chicago  says :  "It  is  well  known  that 
American  implements  are  sold  to  foreign  farmers  at  much  higher  prices 
than  to  American  farmers.  We  have  frequently  called  the  attention  of 
our  readers  to  this  fact ;  but  in  order  to  show  more  clearly  the  diiference, 
we  will  quote  the  retail  prices  of  1890  on  the  folloAving  machinery  and 
implements,  giving  highest  figures  for  all  sections  east  of  the  Missouri 
River : 

"  Twine  binders,  standard  size,  retail,  United  States,  about  3145 ;  Eng- 
land, $225;  France,  $240;  in  Italy  and  other  countries  at  still  higher 
prices. 

"  Mowers,  standard  size,  retail,  United  States,  about  ^;  in  England, 
$70  to  ^ ;  in  France,  $80  to  $90. 

"Sulky  hay  rakes,  retail.  United  States,  $18  to  $25,  according  to  size 
and  quality;  same  rakes  in  France,  $40  to$50;  nearly  as  high  in  Eng- 
land. 

"Hay  presses,  steam  power,  retail,  United  States,  $450;  in  England, 
$750 ;  in  France,  $800. 

"  Hay  presses,  horse  power,  standard  reversible  style,  retail,  United 
States,  $285 ;  in  France,  $500 ;  in  Argentine  Republic,  about  $560. 

"  No.  40  Oliver  plow,  with  wheel  and  jointer,  retail.  United  States,  $14 ; 
in  England,  $16  to  $18;  in  other  foreign  countries  still  higher.  Other 
plows  and  other  makes  of  plows  are  sold  abi-oad  at  proportionate  ad- 
vances over  home  prices. 

"  Grain  drills,  nine-hoe,  retail.  United  States,  about  $60;  in  France  and 
Italy,  $140. 

"In  this  way  we  might  go  through  the  whole  list  of  agricultural  iw.- 
plements  exported  to  foreign  countries.  In  every  case  the  implement 
brings  higher  prices  abroad." 

AGRICULTURE  vs.   OTHER  OCCUPATIONS. 

With  whom  does  the 
agriculturist  have  a  mark  e  t  for  his  products  ?  The  official  statements  o1 
Government  statisticians  show  that  where  30  per  cent,  of  the  people  are 
farmers  and  70  per  cent,  of  the  people  engaged  in  other  occupations  the 
farmer  receives  $457  of  an  annual  income,  while  in  states  where  the  re- 
verso  is  true,  70  per  cent,  of  the  people  farmers  and  30  percent,  engaged 
in  other  occupations,  the  farmer  only  receives  an  annual  income  of  §160— 
a  difference  of  $297  annually  to  the  farmer  who  lives  in  a  community  of 
diversified  industries  as  against  the  farmer  who  lives  in  a  community 
of  agriculture.  This  illustration  of  a  market  needs  no  enlarged  state- 
ment, for  all  who  buy  and  sell  are  thoroughly  informed  of  these  result^ 
Texas  and  Pennsylvania  are  fair  examples  of  the  operation  of  this  prin- 
ciple. 

19 


Tlie  ascendency  of  the  Democratic  party 
after  thirty-two  years  of  retirement,  bearing:  upon 
its  banner  the  motto  "down  with  American  indus- 
tries," as  in  1861  the  motto  upon  its  escutcheon 
was  "  down  with  the  American  Union,"  is  tlie  cause 
of  our  trouble.         —Hon.  Seth  Li.  Millilcen,  Maine. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  PROTECTION. 

The  cost  of  agricultural  pro- 
duction in  the  State  of  New  York  is  44  per  cent,  higher  than  the  cost  of 
such  production  in  Canada,  and  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the 
duties  laid  on  the  agricultural  products  of  Cananda.  The  Dominion 
Government  imposes  highly  protective  duties  on  the  agricultural  pro- 
ducts of  the  United  States.  That  Government  has  also  for  years  main- 
tained a  policy  of  aggression  against  American  interests  from  the  Banks 
of  Newfoundland  to  Vancouver  Island.  This  now  justifies  retaliatory 
measures.  The  State  of  New  York  is  first  in  wealth,  first  in  commerce, 
first  in  manufactures,  and  among  the  first  in  agriculture.  The  agricul- 
ture of  New  York  is  absolutely  dependent  upon  the  home  markets  of  the 
State,  and  very  largely  upon  the  markets  created  by  its  manufactures. 

ALABAMA. 

Area,  50,722  square  miles.  Enabling  act  approved,  March  2, 
1819.  First  State  Constitution  formed,  August  2, 1819,  admitted  as  a  State, 
December  14, 1819. 

Legislature  is  composed  of  33  Senators  and  100  Representatives.  Meets 
bienm'ally,  (Nov.  13, 1894.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  1st.  Monday  in  August,  (1894.) 

Senator  John  T.  Morgan,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  James  L.  Pugh,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,  1897. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  151,757;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  12,514;  Republican,  1,015 ;  Peo- 
ples, 7, 156. 

2nd.  Population,  188,214;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,781;  Rep., 863;  Ind.  Fusion, 
10,994. 

3rd.  Population,  179,680 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,885 ;  Rep., 252 ;  Peoples,  9,928. 

4th.  Population,  161,184;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,159;  Rep.,  1,948;  Pop.,  8,534 ; 
Scattering  56. 

5th.  Population,  185,720;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  13,357;  Rep.,  2,205;  Pop., 
^1,518. 

6th.  Population,  158,838;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  14,342;  Rep.,  2,054;  Pop., 
6,453. 

7th.  Population,  130,451 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  10,917 ;    Rep.,  98 ;  Pop,  9,091. 

8th.  Population,  176,088;  Vote  1892,  Dem,,  15,607;  Rep.,  11,808;  Pop., 
2,279;  Scat.,  96. 

9th.  Population,  181,085;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  20,848;  Rep.,  461;  Pop.,  8,954; 
Ind.  Pop.  103. 

ALLOYING. 

Compounding  two  or  more  metals  together  in  suitable  or 
legal  proportions  for  coinage.    Gold  and  Silver  are  alloyed  for  standard 


It  Is  not  within  the  letter  nor  spirit  of 
American  institutions  tliat  one  narrow  section  of 
our  broad  domain  may,  for  selfish  interest,  domin- 
ate and  ruin  all  the  rest. 

—Senator  Thomas  C.  Power,  Montana. 


AI^IiOTINO.    (Continned.) 
coins,  and  alloys  are  variously  made  of  nickel,  copper,  tin  and  zinc  for 

uiiuor  coins. 

AMERICAN  WORKMEN,  (See  Labor.) 
ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

In  the  Argentine  Republic  the  standard 
is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  peso  ;  the  value  in  United 
States  coin  is  $0.96.5;  the  coins  are  gold:  Argentine  (§4.82.4)  and  i  Ar- 
gentine ;  silver :  peso  and  divisions.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of 
gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

ARKANSAS. 

Area  52,198  square  miles.  First  State  Constitution  formed, 
Jar..  80, 1836.    Admitted  as  a  State,  June  15, 1836. 

Legislature  is  composed  of  31  Senators  and  93  Representatives,  and 
meets  biennially,  (Jan.  14, 1895.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  1st.  Monday  in  Sept.  1894. 

Senator  James  K.  Jones  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,1897. 

Senator  James  H.  Berry,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  220,201 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,679 ;  Rep.,  9,541. 

2nd.  Population,  206,187;    Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,508;  Pop.,  7,272;  ScatJ. 

3rd.  Population,  190,805;   Vote  1892,  Dem.,  17,493;  Pop.,  8,197. 

4th.  Population,  147,806;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  13,630;  Pop.,  5,910;  Scat.  9. 

5th.  Population,  197,942;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  13,700;  Pop.,  267. 

6th.  Population,  160,181 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  16,594;  Pop.,  1,926;  Scat.  415. 

ASSAYING. 

Chemical  analysis  of  metals  or  ores.  This  term,  as  em- 
ployed in  reference  to  mints  and  coinage,  refers  particularly  to  the  pro- 
cesses for  determining  the  component  parts  and  relative  proportions  of 
a  mixed  alloy  of  gold  and  silver,  or  of  the  various  alloys  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  minor  coins. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

In  Austria-Hungary  the  standard  is  gold;  the 
monetary  unit  is  the  crown ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  ^.20.3 ; 
the  coins  are  gold :  former  system-4  florins  (^1.92.9),  8  florins  (^.85.8), 
ducat(f2.28.7)  and  4  ducats  ($9.15.8) ;  silver :  1  and  2  florins  ;  present  sys- 
tem gold :  20  crowns  (^.05.2)  and  10  crowns  (?2. 02.6).  The  ratio  be- 
tween gold  and  limited  tender  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  13. 69  of  silver. 


The  piosperity  of  every  class  of  our  cltlKena 
Is  intimately  connected  wltli  the  prosperity  of 
every  otlier  class.  A  T>1oav  aimed  at  the  maniifac- 
turlngr  classes  will  fall  heaviest  upon  the  ajjrricul- 
tural  and  laboring  classes.  My  sympathies  are 
with  the  srreat  army  of  laborers. 

—Senator  Dolph,  OresTon. 


B 


BALANCE  IN  THE  U.  S.  TREASURY. 

EACH  YEAR  1791  TO  1894. 


1     . 

lialnnce  in 

Balance  in 

C3 

Balance  in 

1791 
1792 

II.  S.  Treasury. 

^ 

U.  S.  Treasury. 

^ 

U.S.  Treasury. 

1826 
1827 

^,  201,  650.  43 
6,  358,  686.  18 

1861 
1862 

^2,  979,  530.  78 
30,  963,*857.  83 

1973,' 965! '75 

1798 

783,  444.  51 

1828 

6,  668,  286.  10 

1863 

46,  965,  304.  87 

1794 

763,  661.  69 

1829 

5,  972,  435.  81 

1864 

36,  523,  046.  13 

1795 

1,  151,  924.  17 

1830 

5,  755,  704.  79 

1865 

134,  433,  738.  44 

179G 

616,  442.  61 

1831 

6,  014,  539.  75 

1866 

33,  933,  657.  89 

1797 

888,  995.  42 

1832 

4,  502,  914.  45 

1867 

160,  817,  099.  73 

1798 

1,  021,  899.  04 

1833 

2,  Oil,  777.  55 

1868 

198,  076,  437.  09 

1799 

617,  451.  43 

1834 

11,  702,  905.  31 

1869 

158,  936,  082.  87 

1800 

2,  161,  867.  77 

1835 

8,  892,  858.  42 

1870 

183,  781,  985,  76 

1801 

2,  623,  311.  99 

1836 

26,  749,  803.  96 

1871 

177,  604,  116.  51 

1802,. 

3,  295,  391.  00 

1837 

46,  708,  436.  00 

1872 

138,  019,  122.  15 

1803 

5,  020,  697.  64 

1838 

37,  327,  252.  69 

1873 

134,  666,  001.  85 

1804 

4,825,811.60 

1839 

36,  891,  196.  94 

1874 

159,  293,  673.  41 

1805 

4,  037,  005.  26 

1840 

33,  167,  503.  68 

1875 

178,  833,  339.  54 

1806 

3,  999,  388.  99 

1841 

29,  963,  163.  46 

1876 

172,  804,  061.  32 

1807 

4,  538,  123.  80 

1842 

28,  685,  111.  08 

1877 

149,  909,  377.  21 

1808 

9,  643,  850.  07 

1843 

30,  521,  979.  44 

1878 

214,  887,  645.  88 

1809 

9,  941,  809.  96 

1844 

39,  186,  284.  74 

1879 

286,  591,  453.  88 

1810 

3,  848,  05(5.  78 

1845 

36,  742,  829.  62 

1880 

386,  832,  688.  65 

1811 

2,  672,  276.  57 

1846 

36,  194,  274.  81 

1881 

231,  940,  064.  44 

1812 

3,  502,  305.  80 

1847 

38,  261,  959.  65 

1882 

280,  607,  668.  37 

1813 

3,  862,  217.  41 

1848 

33,  079,  276.  43 

1883 

275,  450,  903.  53 

1814 

5,  196,  542.  00 

1849 

29,  416,  612.  45 

1884 

374,  189,  081.  98 

1815 

1,  727,  848.  63 

1850 

32,  827,  082.  69 

1885 

424,  941,  403.  07 

1816 

13,  106,  592.  88 

1851 

35,  871,  753.  31 

1886 

521,  794,  026.  26 

1817 

22,  033,  619.  19 

1852 

40,  158,  353.  25 

1887 

626,  848,  755.  46 

1818 

14,  989,  465.  48 

1853 

43,  338,  860.  02 

1888 

512,  851,  434.  36 

1819 

1,  478,  626.  74 

1854 

50,  261,  901.  09 

1889 

659,  449,  099.  94 

1820 

2,  079,  992.  38 

1855 

48,  591,  073.  41 

1890 

673,  399,  118.  18 

1821 

1,  198,  461.  21 

1&56 

47,  777,  672.  13 

1891 

691,  527,  403.  76 

1822 

1,  681,  592.  24 

1857 

49,  108,  229.  80 

1892 

726,  222,  332.  60 

1823 

4,  237,  427.  55 

1858 

46,  802,  855.  00 

1893 

778,  604,  339.  28 

1824 

9,  463,  922.  81 

1859 

35,  113,  334.  22 

1894 

774,  201,  776.  31 

1825 

1,  im,  597.  13 

1860 

e}3,  193,  2'i8.  60 

The  citizens  of  no  State  who  rely  upon  the 
citizens  of  another  State  to  purchase  their  pro- 
ducts can  support  a  measure  that  wHl  rob  them 
of  the  means  with  which  they  buy. 

—Hon.  Chas.  Curtis,  Kansas. 


BALANCE  OF  TRADE.    (See  also  Imports  and  Exports.) 

Exports  of  domestic  products  are  considered 
an  indication  of  national  prosperity,  as  showing  what  the  people  can 
spare  from  their  own  living,  and  what  means  they  have  with  which  to 
purchase  foreign  commodities.  Exports  pay  debts,  give  activity  to 
commerce,  and  save  the  payment  of  specie  on  our  imports.  People  may 
think  that  it  matters  little  what  may  be  the  state  of  imports  and  exports  ; 
but  a  little  reflection  will  show  that  finally  balances  must  be  paid  in  the 
precious  metals.  Hence,  it  is  desirable  that  the  balance  of  trade  should 
be  in  our  favor,  and  not  against  us. 

FEDERALISTS. 

The  Federalists  were  in  power  for  twelve  years  from  the  organization 
of  the  Government,  during  which  time  the  balance  of  trade  was  against 
us  to  the  amount  of  §129,918,766. (See  the  following  table.) 

Table  showing  balance  of  trade  under  Federalists  1790  to  1801. 


President. 

Year. 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

r  1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 

None. 

^,  794,  844 
10,  187,  959 

10,  746,  902 

Washington 

.... 

4,  990,428 

1,  573,  767 

21,  766,  796 

14,  372,  067 

18,  529,  200 

1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 

7,  024,  60S 

403,  626 

Adams 

20,280,988 
17,  247,  686 

Total 

$129,  918,  766 

DEMOCRATS. 

BALANCE  OF  TRADE. 

The  Democrats  came  into  power  with  the  inaugu- 
ration of  Jefferson  in  1801.  The  balance  of  trade  changed  against  us, 
with  the  exception  of  ten  years,  to  the  close  of  Buchanan's  administra- 
tion, covering  a  period  of  fifty-two  years.  Mr.  Cleveland  succeeded  in 
1884,  and  we  held  the  balance  of  trade  for  two  years  during  his  term,  so 
that  we  have  a  total  of  $171,947,891  excess  of  exports  for  the  whole  number 
of  years,  (fifty-six)  in  which  the  Democrats  had  control,  while  the  ex- 
of  imports  amounted  to  $1,124,741,034.      The  following  table    wlU 


Bradford  kept  quiet  darins  the  riclssitudes 
of  the  Wilson  Bill  for  fear  of  prejudicing:  the 
issue.  But  now  that  it  l8  finally  accepted,  rejoic- 
ings have  broken  forth. 

The  PaU  MaU  Gaaette,  London,  Auf.  16, 1894. 


DEMOCBATS,  BAI.ANCB  OF  TBABE.    (Continued.) 

show  the  years  covered  by  Democratic  Presidents,  and  the  effect  on 
foreign  trade  for  each  term. 

Table  showing  balance  of  trade  under  Democrats  1802  to  1861^  and  1886 

to  1889. 


President. 

Year. 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

f  1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
180G 
1807 
1808 
1809 

$3,  850, 176 

8,866,633 

7,  300,  996 

Jefftirson  . 

25,  033,  979 

27,  873,  037 

30,  156,  850 

34,  559,  040 



7,  196,  767 

Madiion. 


Monroe. 


1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 

1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


$7,  916,  833 
"5r860V997 


549,023 


18,  642,  030 
"38,*602V764 


6,  037,  559 
60,  483,  521 
65, 182,  648 
11,  578,  431 

28,  468,  867 

16,  982,  479 

4,  758,  331 

24,512 

18,  521,  594 

4. 155,  328 

8, 197,  932 


Adams. 


Jackson 


Van  Bimm.. 


1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 

1830 
1831 
1832 
1838 
1834 
1836 
1836 
1837 

1838 
1839 
1840 
IMI 


2,  977,  009 

345V736 

8,  949,  779 


9,008,282 

25i'iio,''iai 


202,752 
i6,"g98',*873 


23,  589,  527 
13,  601, 159 
13,  519,  211 
6,  349,  485 
21,  548,  493 
52,  240,  450 
19,  029,  676 


44,  245,  288 
U;*i40,"678 


The  Wilson  BUI  Is  a  revenue  bill    without 

revenue  and  a  protective  bill  -without  protection. 

—Hon.  Jno.  F.  Liacej,  Iowa. 


DEMOCRATS,  BAXANCE  OF  TRADE.     (Continued.) 


President. 

Year. 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

r  1846 
1847 
1848 

[   1849 

8,  330,  817 

Polk 

34,  317,  249 

10,  448,  129 



855,027 

Pierce  and   Bucha- 
nan  


1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 
I  1861 


8,  672,  620 


60,844,234 
38,  899,  205 
29,  212,  887 
54,604,582 


38,  431,  290 
20,  040,  062 
69,  766,  709 


1886 

1887 

1888 
1889 

44,  088,  694 
23,  863,  443 

Cleveland. 

28,  002,  607 

2,  730,  277 

Total 

fl71,  949,  891 

$1,005,994,182 

WHIGS. 

BAI.ANCE  OF  TRADE. 

The  first  Whig  President  was  elected  in  1840,  on 
a  purely  tarifif  issue.  The  excess  of  exports  in  our  favor  for  the  three 
years  of  the  Harrison-Tyler  administration  are  a  marvel  standing  in  the 
midst  of  all  the  years  of  Democratic  tariff  for  revenue,  showing  a  greater 
advantage  to  the  United  States  than  any  term  from  Jefferson  to  Grant 
The  appended  table  will  show  the  result  of  the  two  Whig  administra- 
tions of  1840,  and  1850  inclusive : 

Table  showing  balance  of  trade  wider  Whigs  1843  to  1852. 


President. 

Year, 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 

?3,  802,  924 

40,392,225 

3,  141,  226 

Harrison  and  Tyler 

87. 144.  211 

1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 

29,  133,  800 

Taylor  and  Fillmore 

21,  856,  170 

40,  456, 167 

60,287,983 

547,  336,  375 

TotaL 



1158,  878,  331 

There  Is  no  union— no  Government  even— that 
can  force  men  for  any  great  length  of  time  to 
carry  on  a  losing  business. 

—Hon.  Wm.  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts. 


BAIiANGE  OF  TBABS.    (Continued.) 

REPUBLICAN. 

BAIiANCX:  OF  TBADF. 

The  Republicans  came  into  power  in  1861  by  the  in. 
auguration  of  President  Lincoln.  The  balance  of  trade  in  1862  gave  us  an 
excess  of  a  little  more  than  ?1 ,000,000,  but  the  results  of  the  civil  war 
drove  trade  against  us  by  reason  of  the  Southern  blockade  of  more  than 
one-half  of  the  Atlantic  coast ;  while  we  were  compelled  to  buy  from  for- 
eign governments  more  than  one-half  of  all  the  munitions  of  war,  to- 
gether with  clothing,  blankets,  and  other  equipments  necessary  to  main- 
tain the  Government  in  the  support  of  the  great  army  it  constantly  kept 
in  the  field.  From  1866  to  1873  v/as  the  period  of  enlarged  credit,  and  not 
only  improved  in  the  United  States,  but  by  which  the  Government  at- 
tempted to  rehabilitate  and  restore  that  which  was  lost  by  reason  of  the 
great  rebellion.  With  the  extension  of  railroads,  the  improvement  ol 
rivers  and  harbors,  together  with  the  thousands  of  private  enterprises 
that  were  carried  on,  we  sent  to  foreign  governments  the  credit  of  State, 
Nation,  and  individual,  instead  of  the  absolute  products  of  the  field  and 
shop,  and  by  1876  we  had  reached  the  period  of  enlarged  improvement, 
sufficient  to  become  again  a  competitor  in  the  world's  trade.  So  that  from 
the  close  of  the  year  1875  to  the  close  of  the  year  1885,  we  held  the  balance 
of  trade  in  more  than  $15,000,000,000,  by  which  we  recovered  in  thirteen 
years,  under  Republican  control,  more  than  we  lost  in  seventy-six  years 
under  Democratic  control.  The  following  table  will  show  what  was  ac- 
complished by  the  Republicans  during  the  time  they  administered  the 
Government. 

Table  showing  balance  of  trade  under  Republicans  1862  to  1886^  a>nd  189C 

to  1893. 


President 

Year. 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

r  1862 
"Lincoln           1    1863 

$1,  313,  824 

$39,  371,  368 

1   1864 

157,  609,  295 
72,  716,  277 

I  1865 

Johnson. 


1866 
1867 
1868 


Grant. 


1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 


18,  876,  698 


79,  643,  481 
151,  152,  094 


85,  952,  544 
101,  254,  955 

75,  483,  641 
131,  388,  682 

43,  186,  640 

77,  403,  500 

182,  417,  491 

119,  656,  288 


19,  662,  725 


In  1864  the  boys  were  marching  through 
C^orgla.  In  1893  Georgia  is  marcliing  through 
'      "  —Hon.  J 


the  hoys. 


Jno.  F.  Liacey,  Iowa. 


BXFUBUCANS, 

BAI^ANCns  OF  TRADE.    (Continued.) 

President. 

Year. 

Excess  of  Exports. 

Excess  of  Imports. 

1    1878 
1    1879 

1    1880 
1    1881 

257,  814,  234 
264,  6G1,  666 
167,  6&3,  912 
259,  712,  718 

Hayes 

Garfield     and 
thur 


Ai 


I  1882  I 

(  1883 

I  1884 

I  1885  I 


25,  902,  683 
100,  658,  488 

72,  815,  916 
164,  662,  426 


1    1890 
1    1891 

68,  518,  275 

39,  564.  614 

202,  875,  686 

Harrison 

1    1892 
1    1893 

18,  737,  728 

Total 

^1,  875,  856,  715 

§1,  124,  741,  034 

BALANCE  OF  TRADE  SUMMARY. 

It  is  a  notable  fact  that  for  ten  years,  from  1875  to  1885,  the  Re- 
publicans never  had  less  than  $72,000,000  of  a  surplus  in  any  one  year, 
reaching  the  enormous  sum  of  $259,000,000  in  1881 ;  while  Grover  Cleve- 
land at  the  close  of  his  second  year,  in  1887,  found  the  balance  of  trade  to 
be  against  us  to  the  amount  of  $28,000,000 ;  while  President  Harrison  as 
soon  as  inaugurated,  with  the  balance  of  trade  against  us,  brought  this 
trade  back  to  us,  so  that  the  third  year  of  his  administration  gave  us 
$202,000,000  of  an  excess  of  exports  over  that  of  imports. 

A  study  of  these  tables  will  show  what  the  Republicans  and  the  Whigs 
have  been  able  to  accomplish,  as  against  the  Democrats,  in  the  holding 
of  the  balance  of  trade.    The  following  resume  is  given  for  convenience : 

The  Federalists  lost  annually  for  twelve  years  $10,826,536,  or  in  all 
$129,918,432. 

The  Whlirs  controlled  the  Government  for  eight  years,  with  imports 
•mounting  to  $158,878,331,  and  a  total  of  exports  of  $47,336,375,  which  gives 
an  annual  loss  in  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports  of  $13,942,744. 

The  Democrats  had  control  for  fifty-six  years  prior  to  Cleveland's  pres- 
ent term,  in  which  they  show  a  gain  of  exports  of  $171,949,891,  against  a 
loss  in  the  imports  of  $1,005,994,182,  making  the  annual  loss  by  the  Demo- 
crats for  the  whole  fifty-six  years  $14,893,648. 

The  Republicans  had  control  for  twenty-eight  years  in  which  they  show 
a  gain  in  the  excess  of  exports  of  $1,875,856,715  against  a  loss  in  the  imports 
of  $1,124,741,034,  or  an  annual  gain  in  the  excess  of  exports  of  $26,825,560. 

Making  a  final  showing  in  favor  of  the  Republicans  with  $26,000,000  of 
a  gain  against  $14,000,000  of  a  loss  with  the  Democrats,  or  $13,000,000  of  a 
loss  with  the  Whigs  annually.  In  other  words,  the  Republicans  gained 
in  twonty-«lght  years  tnough  to  overcome  very  largely  the  loss  of  all  pre- 
Tlous  adminutratieiiB. 


Every  hlsrlily  cultivated  Nation  has  made  the 
protection  of  domestic  industry  the  special  care 
of  Government.  It  has  been  found  by  the  experi- 
ence of  more  than  twenty  centuries  that  the  pro- 
tection of  domestic  manufactures  by  proMbitions, 
discrimiuatlns  duties,  and  commercial  rejfula- 
tlouB  has  been  and  is  the  true,  natural,  and  wise 
policy  of  nations,  or  all  history  lies. 

— Thadd«ns  Stevens. 


BARLEY  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  NORTHWEST. 

The  production  of  barley  in  Wisconsin  in  1890  was  12,524,757  bushels. 
As  Canada  sent  us  that  year  11,000,000  bushels  of  barley,  under  the  duty 
oflO  cents  existing  prior  to  October  1,  the  average  price  for  the  year  on 
the  Milwaukee  Board  of  Trade  was  48 J  cents,  making  the  value  at  Mil- 
waukee of  the  crop  of  1890 16,074,507.  The  next  year  the  price  of  barley  in 
the  same  market  had  advanced  to  an  average  of  62i  cents  per  bushel, 
owing  to  the  tariff  of  30  cents  per  bushel  fixed  by  the  McKinley  bill. 
The  crop  of  barley  of  the  year  1891,  if  the  acreage  and  yield  had  been  the 
same,  would  have  had  a  value  of  $7,765,473,  and  the  farmers  of  Wisconsin 
would  have  received  for  their  crop  of  barley,  by  reason  of  the  practical 
development,  by  the  McKinley  bill ,  of  the  Republican  theory  of  "Ameri- 
can markets  for  American  farmers,"  more  money  by  $1,690,966  than  they 
actually  did  receive  under  the  tariff  of  10  cents  a  bushel,  which  is  30 
per  cent,  higher  than  the  tariff  proposed  by  this  bill.  Here  is  an  exam- 
ple of  protection  to  the  American  farmer  by  a  tariff  law  which  bene- 
fits the  farmers  of  Wisconsin  by  increasing  the  proceeds  of  sale  of  the 
crop  of  one  cereal  only,  and  for  one  year  only  by  nearly  |1,700,000. 

Will  some  advocate  of  free  trade  please  explain  how  this  benefit  to  the 
producer  was  paid  by  the  ultimate  consumer,  as  the  beer  glass  in  1891 
was  just  as  large  as  in  1890,  and  the  beverage  was  sold  at  the  same  old 
price  of  6  cents  per  glass  ? 

BARLEY  PRODUCE  AND  PRICE. 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  Treasury  Department  of  the 
United  States,  the  imports  of  barley  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for 
the  past  ten  years  were  as  follows : 


Year  ending  June  30— 

Bushels. 

Value. 

1884 

8,  693,  902 

9,  984,  870 
10, 194, 107 
10,  351,  895 

10,  445,  751 

11,  365,  881 
11,  327,  052 

5,  076,  471 
3, 144,  918 
1,  969,  761 

$5,  919,  965 

6,  620,  827 
7, 176,  397 
6, 170,  660 

7,  812,  814 
7.  721.  475 

1885 .*. 

1886 ^ 

1887 , 

1888 

1889 

1890 , 

6,  627,  377 
3,  221, 189 
1,  591,  305 

1891 

1892 

921,301 

The  sudden  falling  off,  beginning  in  the  autumn  of  1890,  is  ascribable 
to  the  fact  that  on  October  6,  1890,  the  McKinley  bill,  which  raised  the 
duty  from  10  cents  per  bushel  to  30  cents  per  bushel,  became  operative  as 
a  law. 


As  God  delivered  Daniel   from   the  greed  of 

the  lions  of  old,  I  pray  that  he  may  be  able  to  de- 

liTor  the  iaborinff  men  and  women  of  this  country 

from  tho  British  lion  and  the  would-be  reformers. 

«-JB[on.  J.  W.  Moon,  Michigan. 


BASE  BULLION. 

Gold  or  silver  bullion  not  fit  for  coinage  by  reason  of 
the  presence  of  base  metals  until  refined. 

BEET  SUGAR.    (See  Sugar.) 
BELGIUM. 

In  Belgium  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary 
unit  is  the  franc;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0 .19.3 ;  the  coins 
Are  gold :  10  and  20  francs ;  silver :  5  francs.  The  ratio  between 
gold  and  full  legal  tender  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver ;  limited  tender  1  of 
jgold  to  14.38  of  silver. 

BIMETALLISM  DEFINED. 

The  use  of  the  two  metals  as  money  at 
relative  values  set  by  legislative  enactment ;  the  union  of  two  metals  in 
{Circulation  as  money  at  a  fixed  rat*.  Specifically,  that  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  both  coins  of  silver  and  coins  of  gold  as  legal  tender 
jto  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  of  coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulat- 
ing medium  at  a  fixed  relative  value. 

BINDING  TWINE. 

The  new  tarilSf  bill  strikes  down  the  manufacture  of 
binder  twine  in  this  country.  Under  the  present  law  there  is  laid  a  duty  of 
seven-tenths  of  a  cent  per  pound.  The  istle  or  Tampico  fiber,  manila,  sisal 
grass,  and  sunn  used  in  its  manufacture  and  which  are  not  grown  to  any 
extent  in  this  country  were  by  the  act  of  1890  put  on  the  free  list,  while 
hemp,  a  product  of  the  American  farm,  was  made  dutiable  at  ^  per  ton. 

Hemp  and  binder  twine  under  the  provisions  of  this  bill  are  placed  on 
the  free  list. 

The  Nebraska  Binder  Twine  Company  was  organized  in  1890  for  man- 
ufacturing binder  twine  from  hemp.  This  new  and  growing  industry 
has  opened  a  market  for  another  agricultural  product  in  Nebraska.  The 
hemp  from  1,700  acres  of  land  was  consumed  last  season  by  this  com- 
pany. The  amount  of  binder  twine  manufactured  was:  1891,  476,000 
pounds  ;  1892,  626,000  pounds;  1893,  658,000  pounds. 

Under  the  present  prospects  or  until  the  matter  of  the  tariff  on  this 
product  is  settled  the  Nebraska  Binder  Twine  Company  will  not  manu- 
facture another  pound  of  twine.  They  can  produce  the  raw  material 
and  manufacture  the  article  as  cheaply  as  it  can  be  done  in  any  part  of 
the  United  States,  and  therefore,  have  no  fear  of  American  competition, 
but  they  can  not  compete  with  European  pauper  labor  and  their  low 
rates  of  interest  on  capital  invested. 

But  Kentucky  is  to  be  the  great  sufferer  in  order  to  get  this  sort  of  "free 
raw  material."  In  1890  Nebraska  produced  54  tons  of  hemp  which  was 
incraased  300  per  cent  in  3  years.    But  in  tho  same  year  Kentucky  pro- 

28 


Nothinjf  brings  more  bondage  than  too  much 
liberty.  —lien  Franklin. 


BINDING  TWINE.     (Continued.) 

(luced  10,  794  tons,  from  23,  468  acres  planted.  This  industry  ia  to  be 
destroyed  as  an  evidence,  of  Democratic  love  for  the  farmer ! 

Do  these  people  have  any  idea  of  the  vast  interests  they  are  affecting? 
The  Census  statistics  show  that  the  "Cordage  and  Twine"  interests  of  the 
United  States  embraced  140  establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $22,  786,019, 
employing  12,  506  men,  paying  ^4,  412,640  in  wages,  consuming  f 23,372,627 
worth  of  material,  and  turning  out  products  to  the  value  of  $32,376,454. 

BISMARK  ON  AMERICAN  PROTECTION. 

The  success  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  material  development  is  the  most  illustrious  of  modem 
times.  The  American  Nation  has  not  only  successfully  borne  and  sup- 
pressed the  most  gigantic  and  expensive  war  of  all  history,  but  immedi- 
ately afterward  disbanded  its  army,  found  work  for  all  its  soldiers  and 
marines,  paid  off  most  of  its  debt,  gave  labor  and  homes  to  all  the  unem- 
ployed of  Europe  as  fast  as  they  could  arrive  within  the  territory,  and 
still  by  a  system  of  taxation  so  indirect  as  not  to  be  perceived,  much  less 
felt.  Because  it  is  ray  deliberate  judgment  that  the  prosperity  of  Ameri- 
ca is  mainly  due  to  its  system  of  Protective  laws,  I  urge  that  Germany 
has  now  reached  that  point  where  it  is  necessary  to  imitate  the  Tariff 
system  of  the  United  States.— Speech  in  the  Reichstag,  May  12, 1882. 

BLAINE   COMPARES   BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN   PROGRESS. 

In  1860  the  population  of  the  United  States  was  in  round  numbers,  31, 
000,000.  At  the  same  time  the  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  was 
in  round  numbers,  29,000,000.  The  wealth  of  the  United  States  at  that 
time  was  $14,000,000,000 ;  the  wealth  of  the  United  Kingdom  was  $29,000, 
000.000  The  United  Kingdom  had  therefore  nearly  the  same  population, 
but  more  than  double  the  wealth  of  the  United  States,  with  the  machin- 
ery for  manufacturing  four-fold  greater  than  that  of  the  United  States. 
At  the  end  of  twenty  years  (1880)  it  appeared  that  the  United  States  had 
added  nearly  $30,000,000,000  to  all  her  wealth,  while  the  United  Kingdom 
had  added  nearly  $15,000,000,000,  or  about  one-half. 

During  this  period  of  twenty  years,  the  United  States  had  incurred  the 
enormous  loss  of  $9,000,000,000  by  internal  war,  while  the  United  King- 
dom was  at  peace,  enjoyed  exceptional  prosperity,  and  made  a  far 
trreater  gain  tiian  in  any  otlier  twenty  years  of  her  history — a  gain  which 
during  four  years  was  in  a  large  part  due  to  the  calamity  that  had  fallen 
ux)Oii  tbe  United  States.  The  United  Kingdom  had  added  6,000,000  to 
her  population  during  ilie  period  of  twenty  years,  while  the  addition  to 
the  United  States  exceeded  18,000,000. 

By  the  compound  ratio  of  population  and  wealth  in  each  country,  even 
without  making  allowance  for  the  great  loss  incurred  by  the  Civil  War, 
it  is  plainly  shown  by  the  statistics  here  presented,  that  the  degree  ot 
progress  in  the  United  States  under  Protection  far  exceeded  that  of  the 
United  l\ingdom  under  Free-Trade  for  the  period  named.    In  1860,  the 

30 


Every  nation  has  three  great  affairs  which 
should  be  the  subject  of  its  ardent  and  constanl 
solicitude— liberty  first,  its  greatness  next,  anc 
finally  its  national  prosperity,  which  consists  m 
drawing  from  its  own  soil  and  the  geniusof  its 
inhabitants  the  greatest  amount  of  prosperity. 

M.  Thier*. 


BI<AIN£  COMPARES  BRITISH  AND  AaiERICAN  PROGRESS.  (Continued.) 
average  wealth  per  capita,  of  the  United  Kingdom  was  f  1,000,  while  in 
the  United  States  it  was  but  ^50.  In  1880  the  United  Kingdom  had  in- 
creased her  per  capita  wealth  to  ^1,230,  while  the  United  States  had  in- 
creased her  per  capita  wealth  to  ^70. 

The  United  Kingdom  had  in  twenty  years  increased  her  per  capita 
wealth  twenty-three  per  cent.,  while  the  United  States  had  increased  her 
per  capita  wealth  more  than  ninty-three  per  cent.  If  allowance  should 
be  made  for  war  losses,  the  ratio  of  gain  in  the  United  States  would  far 
exceed  one  hundred  per  cent.  Upon  these  results  what  ground  has  Mr. 
Gladstone  for  his  assertion? — Reply  to  Gladstone. 

BOLIVIA. 

In  Bolivia  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
boliviano  ;  thevalue  in  United  States  coin  is  §0.61.3 ;  the  coins  are  silver ; 
boliviano  and  divisions.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of 
silver. 

BONDS.    (See  Public  Debt,  Indian  Trusts,  and  Pacific  Railroad.) 
BONDS  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Matthews'  Resolution  declaring  them 
payable  in  silver,  passed  the  Senate  Feb.  18,  1878,  Yeas  42;  Nays  20, 
passed  the  House  Jan.  29,  1878,  Yeas  189;  Nays  79. 

Introduced  in  the  Senate  by  Senator  Stanley  Matthews  of  Ohio. 

Resolved,  hy  the  Senate  {the  Hoiise  of  Representatives  concurring  thei'e- 
in),  That  all  the  bonds  of  the  United  States  issued  under  the  said  acts  of 
Congress  hereinbefore  recited  are  payable,  principal  and  interest,  at  the 
option  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  in  silver  dollars  of  the 
coinage  of  the  United  States,  containing  412i  grains  each  of  standard  sil- 
ver ;  and  that  to  restore  to  its  coinage  such  silver  coins  as  a  legal  tender 
in  payment  of  said  bonds,  principal  and  interest,  is  not  in  violation  of 
the  public  faith  nor  in  derogation  of  the  rights  of  the  public  creditor. 

BOOTS    AND    SHOES,    CHEAPER    IN    AMERICA    THAN    IN 
ENGLAND. 

The  London  Times  of  February  8, 1892,  quotes  from  the  testimony  given 
before  the  Labor  Commission  by  Mr.  J.  Ingle,  Secretary  of  the  Leeds 
Boot  Manufacturers'  Association,  the  following  statements :  "During  the 
past  thirteen  months,  36  firms  in  the  shoe  trade  in  Leeds  have  failed.  Ho 
knoAv  one  place  in  Leeds  where  thousands  of  pounds'  worth  of  machin- 
ery was  not  allowed  to  be  worked  owing  to  the  trade  unionists  declining 
to  work  it  at  a  profit  to  the  employers.  Ever  since  1874  they  had  been 
importing  from  America  men's  strong  boots  suitable  for  workingmen, 
and  selling  them  at  4  shillings  2  pence  a  pair,  8  pence  less  than  they 
could  sell  an  English-made  boot  of  the  same  quality.  We  were  20  or  3Q 
years  behind  the  United  States  in  shoemaking." 

31 


%^ero  Is  a  multitude  of  men  employed  In  all 
these  industries  -who  not  only  contribute  to  the 
want*  of  the  farmer,  but  furnish  him  a  market 


for  his  surplus  products 
—Hon. 


Thos.  J.  Henderson,  nilnois. 


BOOTS  AND  SHOSS.    <Continued.) 
SBST  AND  CHEAPEST  IN  AMERICA. 

A  special  correspondent  of  the  Lon- 
don Boot  and  Shoe  Record,  sent  to  America  in  1891  to  investigate  th« 
American  boot  and  shoe  trade,  said :  "I  have  before  me  a  pair  of  gentle- 
man's whole-golosh  laced  boots  (shoes),  which  would  retail  to  the  public 
in  America  at  two  dollars-  say  eight  shillings  a  pair.  They  are  machine 
eewn,  and,  though  light,  they  are  but  little  inferior  in  value  to  what  is 
known  in  the  trade  as  a  half-guinea  (j^.56)boot. 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES,  THE  INDUSTRY  IN  1890. 

Custom  work  and  repairing  in  1890,  was ^,  803 

Capital  invested,                       "    "            14,230,081 

People  Employed,                    "    "            36,046 

Wages  paid,                               "    "            16,659,242 

Material  used,                           "    "             10,322,557 

"Value  ofproduct  and  repairs,  •'    "             34,531,340 

THE  FACTORY  SYSTEMS  IN  1890. 

Number  of  Factories ^,  082 

Capital  Employed 95,282,311 

People  Employed 139,  333 

Wages  paid QQ,  876,  075 

Material  used 118,  786,  831 

Value  of  Product 220,  649, 358 

Why  should  the  American  shoemaker  or  operative  in  the  great  factory 
system  that  produces  not  only  the  best  but  the  cheapest  boot  and  shoe  in 
the  world,  who  is  enjoying  the  benefit  of  the  American  wage  rate,  with 
the  American  home  and  the  American  market— why  should  he  be  re- 
duced to  the  English  condition  ?  Can  any  better  reason  be  given  than 
that  of  the  Hon.  John  0.  Black  of  Illinois,  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives when  he  said: 

"If  you  want  to  stop  immigration,  reduce  the  condition  of  the  Ameri- 
can laborer  until  it  is  so  degraded  that  foreigners  will  not  come  to  our 
shores." 

This  is  about  the  only  argument  that  Democrats  have  ever  offered 
against  American  thrift  and  enterprise. 

BRAZIL. 

In  Brazil  the  standard  is  gold;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
milreis ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  fO.54.6 ;  the  coins  are  gold ;  6, 
10  and  20  milreis ;  silver :  i,  1  and  2  milreis.  The  ratio  between  gold  and 
silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

BRITISH    POSSESSIONS—NORTH    AMERICA.     (Except   New 
Foundland.) 
In  the  British  Possessions,  North  America  (except  New  Foundland), 


The  political  economy  we  must  practice  is 
that  which  promotes  the  care,  comfort,  and  cnl- 
ture  of  men.  .        ^  ,        , 

—Hon.  Marriott  Brosins,  Pennsylvania. 


BRITISH  POSSESSIONS.    (Contlnaed.) 

the  Standard  is  gold;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  dollar;  the  value  fl.OO 
The  ratio  of  gold  to  limited  tender  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  14.95  silver. 

BRUSSELS  CONFERENCE.    (See  Monetary  Conference.) 

BULLION,  UNPARTED. 

Gold  containing  silver,  or  silver  containing 
gold,  which  has  not  been  subjected  to  the  parting  operation. 

BUSINESS  OUTLOOK,  1894. 

An  Administration  that  has  borrow- 
ed tariff  principles  to  save  industrial  courage  can  afford  to  borrow  cash 
to  save  Treasury  credit. 

Fortunately,  the  people  have  a  good  supply  of  both.  Silver  and  debt 
are  more  in  fashion  at  Washington  than  either  gold  reserves  or  financial 
brains.  Ability  to  create  emergencies  will  never  be  rated  as  high  as  ca- 
pacity to  provide  remedies.    National  credit  is  an  official  trust. 

SIGNBOARDS. 

The  banks  of  issue  in  Europe  are  reported  holding 
11,309,000,000  of  gold,  against  $1,216,000,000  a  year  ago,  showing  a  gain  oi 
about  ^93,000,000,  which  about  equals  our  loss. 

Our  exports  of  gold  since  the  fifty-million  bond  issue  exceeds  $80,000, 
000. 

England's  increase  was  nearly  forty-five  and  one-half  million  dollars, 
and  France's  about  twenty-five  millions. 

The  United  States  Treasury's  free  gold  coin  and  bullion  is  about  $55, 
000,000,  against  $109,109,223  August  1, 1893 ;  the  Treasury's  silver  coin  and 
buUion  $508,948,556,  against  $494,942,»15. 

August  1, 1893 ;  Silver  certificates.  Certificates  of  deposit,  and  Treasury 
notes,  $549,967,921,  against  $480,657,852,  August  1,1893;  showing  a  loss 
of  $54,000,000,  gold,  and  an  increase  of  legal  liabilities  to  pay  gold  on  de- 
mand of  over  $60,000,000. 

The  so-called  tariff  reform  appears  practically  in  control  of  four  of  the 
eight  conferees  from  the  Senate  and  House,  all  but  one  of  whom  report 
as  residents  of  a  territory  containing  very  few  manufacturing  enterprises, 
importing  almost  all  of  its  consumptive  necessities,  and  representing  on- 
ly about  one-tenth  ©f  America's  population  and  one-twentieth  of  its 
wealth,  and  having  but  few  subject  to  income  tax. 

The  assesed  valuation  of  all  property  in  these  seven  States  in  1890  was 
but  85  per  cent,  of  that  of  the  State  of  New  York,  which  continues  the 
leading  manufacturing  State  in  the  United  States. 

Twenty-one  months'  control  of  the  Government  by  the  Cleveland- 
Tammany- Altgeld-D«b8-Sugar-and- Whiskey  compound,  remind  us 
of  the  Buchanan-Missouri  compromise  ante-war  days,  and  the  losses  far 
exceed  those  of  the  cruel  war  period. 


But  If  XFe  adopt  the  policy  of  the  Oemocratlc 

party  and  enter  upon  free-tratle,  then,  beyond  all 

question,  our  entire  revenue  becomes  a  tax  paid  by/ 

the  people  Avithout  rebate  or  diminution.  / 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,  New  Hampshirf 


BUSINESS  OUTI.OOK,  1894.     (Continued.) 

The  business  depression  and  destruction,  in  the  name  of  tariflf  Reform 
and  State  rights,  appears  to  be  past  or  passing,  and  the  apparent  suprem- 
acy of  ideas  in  conflict  with  public  interest  and  ^morality  seems  to  have 
about  run  its  course. 

The  political  atmosphere  of  Europe  may  be  disturbed  in  a  way  that 
will  help  our  recovery.  Europe  continues  drawing  our  gold,  cotton  and 
grain,  as  they  did  prior  to  our  Civil  War,  and  our  Treasury,  lately  over- 
stocked with  gold,  is  now  nearly  depleted,  while  Europe  never  had  such 
a  large  gold  supply  or  such  cheap  food  and  clothing. 

If  there  is  a  monarchical  understanding  in  which  anti- Americans  are 
aids,  their  purpose  being  to  eventually  cripple  a  too  rapidly  growing  Re- 
p  iblic,  it  may  prove  a  boomerang.  Twenty-seven  States  elect  Gover- 
nors and  United  States  Senators  this  fall,  and  the  American  spirit  may 
defend  itself. 

(From  Clapp  and  Co.,  Weekly  Market  Letter,  August  1, 1894.) 

BUTTER.     (See  Cheese,  also  Dairy  Farming.) 

BUY   WHERE    YOU    CAN    BUY    CHEAPEST,    not  the  best 
ECONOivrr. 

On  a  Western  farm  in Township, County State  duringa 

busy  time,  when  the  harvest  was  ready,  one  of  the  boys  had  just  returned 
home  from  school.  The  father  proposed  to  the  son  that  he  go  into  the  wheat- 
field  and  assist  in  cutting  the  wheat.  The  price  to  be  paid  was  $4.00  per 
day— just  double  the  ordinary  harvest-day's  wages.  The  boy  accepted 
the  offer  and  continued  to  work  until  the  harvest  was  put  away.  The 
father,  sometime  afterward,  when  hauling  his  wheat  to  market,  asked 
the  book-keeper  in  the  large  mill  where  he  was  delivering  his  wheat,  to 
do  a  little  figuring  for  him,  so  that  he  might  be  able  to  determine  the 
profit  on  his  crop.  In  giving  the  items  of  labor  he  said,  "13  days  at  ^,00 
per  day  for  John."  The  clerk  looked  at  the  farmer  in  surprise  and  said, 
"Why,  you  did  not  pay  that  much  per  day  to  your  hands  in  the  field  ?" 
"Yes,  I  did,"  was  the  reply.  "Well"  said  the  clerk,  "I  know. that  I 
could  have  hired  plenty  of  help  at  less  than  two  pilars  per  day ;  why, 
there  were  strangers  passing  the  mill  looking  for  work,  almost  every  day." 
The  farmer,  after  a  moment  of  serious  thought,  said:  "Well,  I  did  pay 
that  boy  of  mine  more  than  I  need  to  have  paid  to  some  stranger  or  for- 
eicner,  but,  you  see,  my  boy  John,  wants  to  go  back  to  school  again  next 
winter,  and  he  is  a  good  boy.  He  always  pays  me  well  for  what  I  do  for 
him,  and  you  see,  after  all,  it  is  not  a  big  price.  That  thirteen  days  work 
just  comes  to  $52,00  cash.  I  give  the  boy  the  money  in  his  own  hands, 
and  I  know  where  it  is  ;  he  just  gave  it  to  his  mother  to  keep  for  him. 
So  you  see  that  money  is  in  our  own  house ;  it  is  where  we  could  get  it  in 
case  of  tight  times.  Now,  if  I  had  hired  some  of  those  fellows  who  come 
along  to-day  and  are  gone  in  a  few  days,  even  though  I  had  only  paid 

34 


Sach  a  thing  an  consistency  in  the  Democratic 
party  is  not  looked  for  or  expected. 

—Hon.  £lijah  A.  Morse,  Massachusetts. 


BUT  WHI:BI:  you  can  buy  cheapest,  &c.     (Continued.) 

$2.00  a  day,  I  would  be  out  some  money,  for  the  stranger  would  have 
taken  away  $26.00  for  the  thirteen  days  that  I  never  would  see  again. 
Also,  John,  my  boy,  would  not  have  §52.00.  So,  when  he  is  to  get  ready 
for  school  this  winter,  I  would  have  to  raise  just  ^2.00  which  he  now  owns 
himself,  and  that  ain't  all ;  I  have  a  payment  to  make  on  that  old  swamp 
property  which  I  bought  last  year,  and  if  I  should  be  a  little  short,  John 
can  loan  me  §50.00  without  interest  until  I  get  the  potato  crop  ofif. 

So,  you  see,  Mr.  Clerk,  you  may  be  a  great  deal  smarter  than  I  bo  in 
figuring,  but  I  tell  you  that  I  believe  in  takin'  care  of  things  at  home, 
if  you  do  pay  a  little  more  to  them  who  you  may  expect  some  return 
from.  I  never  could  see  no  use  in  sending  the  money  away  to  buy 
things  cheap.    I'm  for  home  market— home  industry." 

35 


All  the  benefits  of  the  most  polished  and 
refined  civilization  come  to  us  only  througrh  the  in- 
telligent, persistent  toil  of  the  American  working- 
man  under  the  protecting  shield  of  a  Republican 
tariff.  —Hon.  A.  A.  Taylor,  Tennessee. 


CALIFORNIA. 

Area,  157,801  square  miles. 

Proclamation  issued  by  Gen.  Riley,  appointing  the  first  day  of  August 
for  the  election  of  delegates  to  a  Convention,  June  3,  1849— Convention 
met  at  Monterey  to  form  a  Government,  September  1, 1849— Convention 
formed  a  Constitution  and  adjourned,  October  13,  1849— Constitution 
adopted,  and  Governor  and  Members  of  the  Legislature  elected,  Novem- 
ber 13,  1849— Legislature  assembled  at  San  Jose,  December  15, 1849— the 
Governor  inaugurated  at  San  Jose,  December  20, 1849— by  Act  of  Congress 
admitted  as  a  State,  September  9, 1850. 

Legislature  composed  of  40  Senators  and  80  Representatives.  Meets 
biennially,  (Jan.  7, 1895.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday,  in  Nov.  (1894.) 

Senator  George  C.  Perkins,  (REP.)term  expires  with  Election  ol 
Successor. 

Senator  Stephen  M.  White,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  163,  037;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  19,306;  Rep.,  13,123. 

2nd.  Population,  155,998 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  20,741 ;  Rep.,  6,781. 

3rd.  Population,  162,750;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  13,130;   Rep.,13,162. 

4th.  Population,  147,642 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  14,997;  Rep.,  13,226. 

5th.  Population,  228,717 ;   Vote  1892,  Dem.,  13,694;  Rep.,  14,660. 

6th.  Population,  165,018 ;   Vote  1892,  Dem.,  20,676;  Pvcp.,  14,271.. 

CAPITAL  AND  LABOR.    (See  also,  Labor  and  CapitaL) 

CAPITAIi  AND  I.ABOK. 

A  few  years  ago  the  London  Times  had  an 
exhaustive  article  on  this  subject,  and  as  to  the  cost  of  production  in  the 
100  the  Times  classified  it  thus :  In  England  56  per  cent,  goes  to  labor, 
21  per  cent,  to  capital,  and  23  per  cent,  to  government.  In  France  41  per 
cent,  goes  to  labor,  36  percent,  to  capital,  and  23  per  cent,  to  government. 
In  the  United  States  72  per  cent,  goes  to  labor,  23  per  cent  to  capital,  and 
6  per  cent,  to  government. 

CAPITAL,  LABOR  AND   MATERIAL,    the    share    of   each 

UNDER  PROTECTION. 

Our  industrial  system  is  not  an  accident,  it  is  operated  by  anindustrisj 
law  in  which  there  are  three  elements  capital,  labor  and  material.  Theii 
proportions  run  very  nearly  as  follows :  Capital,  20  per  cent. ;  labor  2/ 
per  cent,  and  material,  60  per  cent.  Taking  the  statistics  of  manufac- 
tures in  the  United  States  since  1870,  this  proportion  is  found  to  run 
through  all  general  statistics  of  manufactur*.    It  teaches  one  great  les- 


If  the  prices  of  our  home  products  are  lowered 
bj  act  of  Conirress,  they  must  be  produced  cheaper 
if  they  are  to  be  made  here  at  all. 

—Hon.  Wm.  F.  Draper,  Massachusett*. 


OAPITAIi,  liABOB  ANI>  MATEBIAIi.     (Continued.) 

son— that  there  is  a  law  of  economic  distribution  under  the  operation  of 
our  protective  system,  which  is  maintained  by  preventing  foreign  com- 
petition from  reducing  or  increasing  the  prices  at  which  any  article  is 
sold.  Our  tariff  laws  have  been  so  adjusted  that  the  foreign  competitor 
was  not  able  to  pay  the  tariff,  and  then  change  the  course  of  the  market 
by  the  price  at  which  he  might  sell  his  goods. 

By  examining  the  report  of  the  Census  Bureau  on  manufactures,  it  will 
be  found  that  each  and  every  item  reported  conforms  to  this  law.  The 
variation  is  not  greater  than  5  per  cent  usually.  Where  such  variations 
occur,  it  goes  to  labor  rather  than  to  capital.  The  following  tables  exem- 
pliiy  the  result  of  the  Eleventh  Census,  as  reported  (the  figures  are  taken 
from  Extra  Census  Bulletin  No.  67,  March  15, 1894) : 

£Xampijb:  1. 


Agricultural  implements  (pages  6  and  7), 

Amount. 

Per 
cent. 

Product,  total        

$81,  271,  651 
42,  732,  813 
21,  811,  761 
16,  727,  077 

100 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost    

53 

Wages,  cost. 

27 

20 

In  this  example,  wages  have  an  advantage  over  material  and  miscel- 
laneous cost  of  7  per  cent.,  capital  holding  its  just  share  of  20  per  cent. ; 
otherwise,  the  foregoing  rule  is  true  and  the  statistics  in  the  manufacture 
of  agricultural  implements  is  borne  out  by  this  table. 


EXAMPLE  3. 


Boots  and  shoes. 


Product,  total 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost 

Wages,  cost 

Balance  to  capital 


Amount. 


1220,  649,  358 

128,  003,  350 

66,  375,  076 

26,  270,  932 


Per 
cent. 


100 
58 
30 
12 


Here  material  and  miscellaneous  cost  fall  below  their  proportionate 
share,  2  per  cent. ,  while  labor  is  increased  one-half  above  its  proportion- 
ate share,  reaching  30  per  cent. ,  capital  losing  8  per  cent. 


In  the  affairs  of  the  political  world  man  is  not 
tlie  unit.  Under  Providence,  in  political  ecomony, 
Nations  and  States  are  tlio  supreme  units. 

—Senator  Watson  C.  Squire,  TVasliington. 


CAPITAX,  liABOR  AND  MATERIAL.    (Continued.) 
EXAMPIiE  3. 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products. 


Product,  total 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost, 

Wages,  cost 

Balance  to  capital 


Amount. 


$128,  421,  535 
78,  896,  301 
28,  789,  047 
20,  736,  187 


Per 

cent. 


100 
61 
23 
16 


In  this  example  we  find  that  the  material  cost  is  1  per  cent,  above  its 
proportionate  share,  being  61  per  cent,  instead  of  60  per  cent. ;  wages  23 
per  cent,  instead  of  20  per  cent. ,  being  3  per  cent,  above  its  share,  capital 
losing  to  wages  and  material  4  per  cent. 


EXAMPLE  4. 


Clothing,  men'^s,  custom  work  and  repairing. 


Product,  total 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost. 

Wages,  cost 

Balance  to  capital 


Amount. 


$126,  219, 151 
58,  408,  060 
48,  551,  103 
19,  259,  588 


Per 
cent. 


100 
47 
38 
15 


111  this  table  material  and  cost  lose  13  per  cent. ,  capital  loses  5  per  cent, 
and  wages  gain  18  per  cent. 


EXAMPLE  5. 


Iron  and  steel. 


Product,  total 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost 

Wages,  cost 

Balance  to  capital 


Amount. 


$430,  954,  348 

312,  696,  596 

84,  665,  506 

33,  592,  246 


Per 
cent. 


100 

72 

20 

8 


In  the  fifth  example,  iron  and  steel,  which  stands  for  the  general  manu- 
facture of  this  product,  we  find  that  material  and  miscellaneous  cost 
reaches  72  per  cent.,  or  a  gain  of  12  per  cent,  over  the  general  rule  of  ma- 
terial cost  in  other  manufactures.  Capital  loses  12  per  cent,  and  wages 
remain  stationary  at  20  per  cent. 


The  loAver  tlie  standard  of  washes,  the  lower 
the  standard  of  citizenship. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


C'APITAIi,  IiABOB  AJSn  MATERIAL.     (Continued.) 
EXAMPIii:  6. 

Summary. 


Industry. 


Agricultural  implements 

Boots  and  shoes 

Bread,  etc 

Clothing,  men's,  etc 

Iron  and  steel 

Average 


Material. 


Per  cent. 
53 
68 
61 

47 
72 


581-5 


Wages. 


Per  cent. 
27 
30 
23 
38 
20 


27  3-5 


Capital 


Per  cent. 
20 
12 
16 
15 
8 


141-5 


In  these  five  examples  we  have  as  a  result  but  slight  variations  from 
the  absolute  share,  running  through  all  manufacturing,  showing  a  loss 
of  2  per  cent,  to  material  and  miscellaneous  cost,  while  wages  gain  an 
increase  of  5  per  cent. ,  capital  losing  6  per  cent.  Here  we  have  a  further 
and  distinctive  proof  from  absolute  statistical  information  that  labor  has 
had  since  the  census  of  1880  an  increase  above  its  share  in  the  industrial 
system  of  the  United  States,  in  the  wages  paid  over  all  other  interests,  as 
shown  by  the  foregoing  tables. 

In  order  to  prove  that  the  foregoing  is  not  a  garbled  or  isolated  state- 
ment, the  totals  in  the  statistics  of  all?»manufactures  for  the  United  States, 
in  this  same  report  before  quoted,  are  shown  to  be  as  follows : 

EXAMPIiB  7. 

Total  manufactures  for  the  United  /States  for  1890, 


Product,  total 

Material  and  miscellaneous  cost 

Wages,  cost 

Balance  to  capital 


Amount. 


|9,  370, 107,  624 
6,  789,  812,  411 
2,  282,  823,  265 
1,  297,  471,  948 


Per. 

cent. 


100 
62 
24 
14 


In  this  total,  material  and  miscellaneous  cost  is  2  per  cent,  above  the 
general  average.  Wages  are  4  per  cent,  above  and  capital  is  6  per  cent. 
below,  the  loss  falling  upon  capital's  share. 

These  examples  are  the  living  proofs  of  the  necessity  of  equal  and  fair 
protection  in  any  national  law. 


When  I  talk  aboat  wair«8>  I  use  the  word  la 
Its  broadest  sense  as  the  price  an«l  Talne  of  serrloe, 
whether  of  brain  or  muscle. 

— BLon.  Thomas  B.  Seed,  Main«. 


CARPETS. 

The  census  reports  for  1890 show  the  following: 

Factories 174 

Capital f88,  208,  842 

Employes 29, 121 

Wages..- 11,683,116 

Material 28, 644,  905 

Value  of  Product 47,  770,  802 

We  bought  from  foreign  countries  under  the  McKinley  tariff  in  1893, 
$1,575,313,  on  which  we  collected  $985,638  as  duty. 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

In  Central  American  States:— Costa  Rica,  Guate- 
mala, Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Salvador,  the  standard  is  silver ;  the 
monetary  unit  is  the  peso ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  10.61.3 ; 
their  coins  are  silver ;  peso  and  divisions.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1 
of  gold  to  15  J  of  silver. 

CHEAP  BUYING  NOT  OUR  MISSION. 

If  the  rule  is  that  it  is  the  ftmc- 
tion  of  statesmanship  to  make  it  possible  to  sell  where  you  can  sell 
dearest  and  buy  where  you  can  buy  cheapest,  at  what  point  of 
time  has  legislation  the  right  tg  Interfere  and  say  that  the  pro- 
ducer shall  not  hire  his  labor  at  as  low  a  price  as  others  are  hiring 
it.  We  condemn  without  qualification  the  doctrine.  We  do  not  believe 
that  it  is  the  true  mission  of  statesmanship  in  America  to  buy  where  we 
can  buy  cheapest  and  sell  where  we  can  sell  dearest.  We  do  not  believe 
in  that  doctrine,  because  conditions  that  surround  the  laboring  classes  in 
this  country  are  widely  different  from  the  conditions  that  surround  the 
laboring  men  of  other  nations ;  and  we  should  be  false  to  the  position  we 
have  taken  if  we  did  not  draw  a  line  of  distinction  between  the  men  of 
their  countries  and  the  men  of  this  country.  The  laboring  men  of 
America,  whether  farmers,  miners,  mechanics,  or  operators,  are  not  to  be 
judged  by  any  standard  of  comparison  brought  across  the  water. 

CHEAP  GOODS  AND  CHEAP  MEN. 

The  President  of  the  United  States, 
in  his  annual  message  to  Congress,  talks  very  glibly  about  the  reduced 
price  of  goods  compensating  for  any  redaction  of  wages  which  might  be 
brought  about  by  his  tariff  policy.  And  this  is,  >to  a  great  extent,  the 
stock  in  trade  of  the  free-trade  theorists. 

Oh,  yes  1  cheap  goods  and  cheap  products  of  the  workshop  and  the  farm 
are  the  things  to  make  men  happy  and  contented  with  their  lot  in  liil*. 
We  deny  it  utterly.    Adults,  with  no  one  depending  npon  them,  may  lM 


It  is  ttme  ir«  sliould  l>eooine  a  litHe  mortt 
A]n«rio»nls«d,  and  instoad  of  feeding  the  panpera 
and  laborers  of  Surope,  feed  our  own,  or  else  in  a 
•bort  time,  hj  contluoinc  onr  present  poUej*  we 
sl&all  all  be  panyera  ourselves. 

—Andrew  Jaokapn* 


OBLKAP  OOODS  AND  CHBAP  MBN.    (Continued.) 

satiflfied  with  a  bare  living.  But  the  wage- worker,  the  toiler  in  sum- 
mer's lastitude  and  winter's  froats  and  snows,  wants  more-than  a  living. 
He  wants  something  fbr  eld  age— somthing  for  his  children.  Besides  being 
fed  and  clothed  they  want  books  to  read,  and  pens,  and  ink,  and  paper, 
and  pencil.    They  want  an  education  with  which  to  fight  life's  battle. 

Go  talk  to  the  toilers  in  the  iron  hills  and  coal  mountains  in  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Virginia,  or  the  bituminous  coal  deposits  of  the  great  West, 
about  the  advantages  of  cheap  food,  and  cheap  clothing,  and  cheap  com- 
modities of  every  description,  and  they  will  tell  you  very  quickly  that 
what  they  want  is  steady  employment  and  good  wages,  and  they  will 
take  care  of  the  food  and  clothing  part  of  this  whole  business. 

We  are  opposed  to  cheap  goods  and  cheap  agricultural  products.  Cheap 
goods  and  cheap  products  mean  cheap  labor— starvation  wages  for  toil- 
ing slaves,  whithout  hope  and  without  ambition  for  the  Aiture.  Huts  and 
hovels,  and  nakedness,  and  pauperism,  and  crime  follow  sadly  after  the 
procession  of  cheap  labor. 

OHBAP  OOODS  I>ONT  StABJC  PEOPI.I:  HAPPT. 

The  greatest  advan- 
tage of  protection,  however,  is  to  be  seen  in  the  condition  of  labor 
under  its  mantle.  Wages  ar©  not  only  higher  than  in  England, 
Ireland,  Italy,  Hungary,  Poland,  and  other  free-trade  or  semi-free- 
trade  countries,  but  the  condition  of  the  laborer  is  infinitely  more 
bearable  and  hopeful.  He  may  live  comfortably  and  respected,  and  he 
may  educate  his  children  and  expect  them  to  become  worthy,  usefiil,  and 
leading  citizens.  They  are  eligible  to  all  places  under  the  Government, 
capable  of  any  business  enterprise,  and  may  hold  any  social  position. 
This  state  of  things  exists  only  where  protection  is  general,  and  it  is  that 
only  in  the  United  States.  Goods  are  cheap  in  Italy,  in  Hungary,  and  in 
Poland,  but  labor  is  cheaper,  and  the  laborer  cannot  buy.  The  laboring 
man  emigrates  from  free-trade  countries  to  protective  ones,  not  from  pro- 
tective countries  to  free-trade  ones. 

OHBAP  ULBOB. 

Cheap  labor  is  a  national  curse.  Nay,  more,  it  is  barbar- 
ism itself.  Hl-paid  labor  means  a  degraded  standard  of  life.  Therefore, 
well-paid  labor  and  its  attendant  consequences  are  to  be  desired  and  are 
not  to  be  feared. 

OKBAPUTIKO. 

The  cost  of  living  is  reduced  to  a  common  factor.    The 
prioe  ilxwi  the  oondition.    Barbarism  Ui  the  condition. 


Obligations  as  they  are,  pi-operty  as  it  is.  cur- 
rency as  it  is,  and  all  the  relations  of  civilized 
countries  as  they  are.  With  these  conditions  re- 
maining:, both  g:old  and  silver  must  be  used. 

—Senator  Wm.  B.  Allison,  Iowa. 


CHEAP  LIVING,  united  states  ani>  englanw  compared. 

FOOD  STUFFS. 

From  a  late  report  issued  by   Secretary  Greshaui-1894. 

"The  articles,  however,  which  make  up  the  great  cost  of  living  of 
every  household  are  those  which  are  at  once  consumed  in  their  use,  name- 
ly, the  food  stuflfs,  coal,  oil,  gas,  etc.  Many  of  these  articles  are  fixed 
quantities  and  of  comparatively  fixed  values,  whereas  others  vary  ac- 
cording to  the  season,  e,  g.,  butter,  eggs,  etc.,  as  to  the  quantity  or  selec- 
tion used.  In  such  cases  I  have  obtained  the  average  maximum  and 
minimum  cost. 

"  The  following  is  a  comparative  list,  perhaps  not  complete,  but  suffi- 
ciently so  to  show  the  difierence  between  most  of  the  chief  articles  ot 
daily  consumption,  and  to  give  a  fair  comparative  table  : 

PRICE  LIST  OF  ARTICIiES  OF  DAII.T    CONSUMPTION. 

England.    United  States, 

cents.  cents. 

Oatmeal,  per  pound 5  5 

Bread,  per  loaf. 9  10 

Flour,  per  25  pound  bag 85  66 

Baking  powder,  (Royal,)  per 

half  pound 30  25 

Beef,  perpound 10   to  22  8    to  20 

Mutton,  per  pound 10  to  20  6    to  16 

Sausage,  per  pound 16  to  18  16 

Pork,  per  pound 16  12 

Ham,  per  pound 16  16 

Bacon,  perpound 14  16 

Fish,  perpound 6   to  24  10   to   25 

Butter,  per  pound 25  to  46  22  to  45 

Eggs,  per  score 35  to  80  20  to  80 

Milk,  per  quart 6  6  to    8 

Tea,  perpound 40  to  80  30  to  1.00 

Coflfee,  per  pound 25  to  60  25  to  45 

Cocoa,  per  pound 40  25 

Lard,  perpound 16  to  18  13 

Soap,  per  pound 5  to   10  6  to  25 

"All  the  above  prices  I  have  procured  from  the  most  reliable  sources- 
trom.  houses  carrying  large  stocks  and  catering  particularly  to  the  wants 
and  purses  of  the  masses." 

OHBAP  LIVING  IN  ENGLAND  COMPENSATES  FOR  LOW  WAGES. 

The  reckless  assertion  has  sometimes  been  made  that  the  cheaper  cost 
of  living  in  Great   Britain  fully  compensates  for  the  lower  rate  of  &ee- 


Tills  record  of  nliatue,  Mr.  Speaker,  will  only 

be   8111-passed    Avlien  this    repeal  of  every  federal 

statute  that  jjuai-ds  the  ballot  box  shall  bo  achieved. 

—Hon.  Robert  G.  Cousins,  Iowa. 


CHKAl*  LIVING  IN  KNGI.AND,  &c.     (Continued.) 

trade  wages.  In  the  thirty-five  years  ending  in  1887,  4,222,900  immigrants 
from  the  British  Kingdom  came  into  the  United  States,  and  their  action 
brands  the  assertion  as  a  colossal  inveracity.  The  meaning  of  this  is  fur- 
ther accentuated  by  the  fact  that  the  total  number  of  foreignborn  resi- 
dents in  the  United  Kingdom  at  the  last  census  was  less  than  the  half  of 
1  per  cent,  of  the  population.  The  British  low-grade  wages  and  living 
breed  discontent  at  home,  and  attract  no  Americans,  but  expelled  last 
year  281,487  of  their  own  subjects,  of  whom  72  per  cent,  came  to  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  all  are  swift  witnesses  against  free-trade  fabrications. 

The  wages  of  laboring  men,  beyond  all  dispute,  are  far  greater  in  the 
United  States  than  in  any  other  coimtry  in  the  world,  and  the  cost  ol 
subsistence  here  is  only  increased  by  its  higher  grade  and  more  gener- 
ous amount.  Undoubtedly  it  is  more  difficult  for  our  sixty-two  millions 
of  people  to  find  profitable  employment  in  1888  than  it  was  for  thirty-five 
or  thirty-six  millions  in  1861,  and  the  difficulty  would  be  greatly  aug- 
mented should  free  trade  or  the  policy  of  non-protection  ever  become 
dominant  in  tariff  legislation. 

CHEESE,  BUTTER  AND   CONDENSED   MILK,   factory  pro- 

DUCT,  1890. 

Factories ^ « 4,  712 

Capital «16,  624, 163 

Employes 14,921 

Wages 85,  390,  705 

Materials 51,  364,  574 

Products 62,  686,  043 

Annual  wages  paid  per  capita,  $361.27. 

CHEMICALS,    1890. 

Establishments 563 

Capital 855,  032,  452 

Employes 16,952 

Wages 89,  691,  843 

Material 33,  694,  927 

Products 59,  352,  548 

Annual  wages  paid  per  capita,  §571.72.    Imports  1893, 815,769,436;  Duty 

received,  54,799,213 ;  Duty  under  old  law,  31.01  per  cent. ;  Duty  under 

new  law,  24.44  per  cent. 

CHILE. 

In  Chile  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver  ;  the  monetary  unit  is 
the  peso ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.91.2 ;  the  coins  are  gold  ; 
escudo($1.82.4),  doubloon  (^.56.1)  and  condor  (^9.12.3);  silver:  peso  and 
divisions.    The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

43 


Democratic  policy  every  time  it  has  been  tried 
has  brongrht  mildew  and  bligrht,  hunger  and  want 
and  universal  disaster,  shame  and  misery. 

—Aon.  A.  A.  Taylor,  Tennessee. 


CHINA, 

In  China  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  tael 
(customs) ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is,  shanghai  ^.90.6,  haikwan 
?1.01.    No  gold  in  use  as  money. 

CHINESE  liABOB  is  excluded  from  the  United  States  npon  the  same  princi- 
ple that  a  protective  tariff  is  enacted. 

What  would  be  the  necessity  of  excluding  the  Chinese  from  our  shores 
if  the  fruits  of  their  labor  in  China  are  permitted  to  come  in  competition 
with  the  fruits  of  American  labor?  What  is  to  prevent  Chinese  shoe- 
makers (and  they  are  skilled  artisans)  from  flooding  our  markets  with 
hand-sewed  shoes  costing  a  few  cents  a  pair  and  annihilating  their  man- 
ufacture in  Newark  and  elsewhere;  where  the  wholesale  price  is  ^.50  per 
pair?    The  answer  is,  nothing  but  a  high  protective  duty. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM. 

The  following  table  is  prepared  from  the  names  and  figures  given  in 
Senate  Executive  Document  No.  105,  2d.  Session  63rd.  Congress. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  Secretary  Hoke  Smith's  letter  of  transmittal : 

Mat  31, 1894. — Ordered  to  lie  on  the  table  and  be  printed. 

"Department  op  the  Interior, 

Washington^  May  28^  1894. 
"  Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  the  lists  of  appointments,  promo- 
tions, reductions,  dismissals,  and  resignations  by  request,  occurring  in 
this  Department  between  March  4,  1893,  and  April  19,  1894,  which  have 
been  prepared  in  compliance  with  the  following  resolution  of  the  Senate, 
adopted  on  the  date  last  mentioned : 

^  Mesolvedy  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  be  directed  to  transmit  to  the  Senate,  in  separate  lists,  the  names 
of  all  clerks  and  employes  appointed,  promoted,  reduced,  dismissed, 
and  who  have  resigned  by  request  since  the  fourth  day  of  March, 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-three,  and  the  State  to  which  each  such  clerk 
or  employ 6  is  accredited ;  also  that  such  of  them  as  served  in  the  Army 
or  Navy  of  the  United  States  at  any  time  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion 
shall  be  designated  by  some  distinguishing  mark  in  each  list.* 

"The  'clerks  and  employes'  covered  by  the  accompanying  lists  are 
those  in  or  directly  connected  with  the  Bureaus  of  the  Department,  and 
not  those  whose  appointment  is  vested  in  the  President. 

"  '  Such  of  them  as  served  in  the  Army  or  Navy  of  the  United  States  at 
any  time  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion '  are  designated  by  a  star  before 
the  name. 

Very  respectfully, 

HOKB  Smitk, 

Secretary, 
Ths  Pbebidbnt  of  tkb  Sbnate." 


No  man  can  buy  another  man's  labor  until  he 
can  sell  his  own.  Samuel  J.  Bandall. 


Civil.  SERVICE  REFORM.    (Continued.) 

EX-SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS  OF  THE  UNION  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

Of  the  appointments  in  the  Interior  Department,  as  shown  by  this  docu- 
ment, 809  were  made ;  of  which  number  only  44,  or  5  pei-  cent,  were  ex- 
soldiers  or  sailors  of  the  Union  Army;  while  859  dismissals  are  reported, 
184,  or  21  per  cent,  of  which  were  soldiers  or  sailors.  Or  more  than  four 
times  as  many  ex-soldiers  and  sailors  were  dismissed  as  were  appointed. 

Table  showing  the  number  of  appointments^  promotwnSf  reductions,  dis- 
missals, and  resignations  by  request,  occurring  in  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment between  March  4, 1S9S,  and  April  19, 1894 : 


Appointments. 

Reinstatements. 

Promotions. 

1 

1 

Reductions. 
Dismissals. 
Resignations. 

i 

Gain. 

Loss. 

State. 

1 

3 

i 

I 

1 

eS 

1 

Alabamii 

44 

1 

126,580 
900 

8 

17.300 

36 

1 

$19,280 
900 

Alaska     

Arizona 

Arkansas 

24 
23 

6 
21 

6 

139 

10 

153 

5 
84 

as 

3 
23 
19 
59 
23 
15 
59 
33 
25 
20 
45 
59 

15,  810 
19,  260 

3,040 
12,080 

4,080 
56,560 

6,980 
137,660 

2,320 
54,  140 
51,760 

2,200 
14,280 

9,086 
32,120 
12,820 

8,100 
30,660 
20,185 
12,580 
18,600 
22,220 
34,740 

6 
14 

8 
32 

4 
193 

7 
11 

3 
76 
56 

3 
37 
45 
11 

6 
19 
63 
32 
29 
17 
16 
42 

3,460 
12,040 

8,700 
27,  210 

3,  820 
118,660 

5,900 

5,560 

2,120 
56,790 
37,060 

1,320 
30,  630 
34,240 

6,620 

3,840 
14, 160 
42,030 
19,200 
24,150 
14,020 

9,900 
38,340 

18 
9 

12,  350 
7,220 

Colorado 

2 
11 

$5,560 

Connecticu  t 

15, 130 

Delaware 

2 

260 

Dist.  of  Col 

54 

62, 100 

Florida 

3 

142 

2 

8 
27 

1,080 

132, 100 

200 

Georgia 

» 

Idaho 

Illinois 

2,650 

Indiana 

14,700 
880 

Indian  Ter 

Iowa 

14 

26 

16,250 

Kansas 

24,154 

Kentucky  

48 
17 

25,500 
8,980 

Louisiana 

Maine 

4 
4 

6,060 

Maryland 

11,370 

Massachusetts ... 

1 

985 

Michigan 

4 

11,  570 

Minnesota 

3 
29 

29 

420 

Mississippi 

12,320 

Missouri 

12.320 

45 


None  of  the  benefits  promised  by  Democrats 

have  followed  their  victory. 

-Hon.  Philip  S.  Post,  Illinois. 


Civil-  SERVICE  REFORM.    (Continued.) 


Total 
Sala- 
ries. 

L 

5| 

.  be 

|| 

Total 
Sala- 
ries. 

Gain. 

Loss. 

State. 

d 
is 

Total 
Sala- 
ries. 

1 

1 

Total 
Sala- 
ries. 

Montana  

1 
11 

3 

7 

32 

o 

133 
92 

5 
86 

3 

4 
109 

6 
45 

4 

54 
47 

I 

9 
118 

9 
48 
52 

1 

,?120 

3,  800 

1,  120 
4,180 

15,  740 

1,900 

77,  220 

42,  170 

2,  045 

43,  290 
2,  100 
2,  100 

52,  059 

2,  120 

24,  300 

4,  190 
27,  880 
27,  460 

1,000 

4,680 

00,  640 

5,  200 
2<),  700 
4.],  330 

100 

3 

19 

1 

6 

20 

1 

153 

19 

6 

112 

1 

() 

116 

4 

12 

3 

12 

9 

^3,  4i0 

15,  i;)0 

720 

4,900 

11,  660 

200 

114,  631 

11,  740 

6,  260 

82,  700 

2,000 

6,  020 
92,  110 

3,  840 

7,  380 
2,300 
7,462 
4,460 

2. 

8. 

33,  320 

Nebraska 

11,  390 

Nevada 

2 
1 

12 
2 

400 

N.  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

720 

4,  o;so 

700 

New  York 

20 

37,  411 

North  Carolina 

73 

30,  430 

North  Dakota 

1 
26 

4,  215 

Ohio 

3:),  41.0 

Oklahoma 

-J 

100 

Oregon 

<> 

'^Ei 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

40,  051 

2 

1' 
42 

38 
1 

\ ,  7L' ) 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

16,  :.2.) 

1,890 

20,  418 

23,  000 

1,  000 

Tennessee 

Texas . 

Utah.. 

Vermont 

22 

m 

2 
25 

27 
4 

16,  430 

43,  780 

2,  700 

15,  560 

19,  140 

2,300 

13 

11,  750 

52 

7 

23 

25 

1(5,  860 

2,500 

11,  140 

24,  190 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin.. 

Wyoming 

3 

2,  200 

The  table  shows  the  number  appointed,  reinstated,  and  promoted,  to- 
gether with  the  number  of  reductions,  dismissals,  and  resignations  by 
request,  with  the  total  of  salaries  involved.— Example:  Georgia  has  a 
total  of  153  appointed,  etc.,  to  whom  were  paid  annually  ^137,660.  There 
are  reported  eleven  dismissals,  etc.,  to  whom  were  paid  §5,560,  showing 
Georgia's  civil  service  record  Ibr  the  year  to  be  a  gain  of  142  appointments, 
with  salaries  aggregating  $132,100.  With  Georgia  we  compare  Kansas, 
almost  equal  in  population.  Kansas  received  during  this  same  period  19 
appointments,  etc.,  with  total  salaries  of  ^9,085;  being  a  fraction  over  1 
per  cent.,  or  one  appointant  for  Kansas  and  100  for  Georgia.  But,  of  the 
dismissals,  etc.,  45  were  from  Kansas,  with  salaries  amounting  to  f3'i,0(>0, 
or  while  one  was  dismissed  from  Georgia,  four  were  dismisseci  from 

46 


When  you  ro;>  the  laborins  men  of  their  em- 
ployuient,  you  rob  the  fair.iers  of  their  custome  s. 
— Hon.  Chas.  Curtis,  Kansas. 


CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM.     (Continued.) 

Iliiusas.  The  totals  showing  that  Georgia  has  in  one  ye?'  142  appoint- 
nienl.s  more  and  Kansas  26  less  than  each  had  when  r^cveland  was  inau- 
gurated. Georgia  draws  from  the  public  Treasury  ^132,100  more,  and 
ii:iaisas  ^24,154  less— a  new  deal  in  which  Georgia  has  the  advantage  by 
§!J  .16,2.34. 

This  is  Dernocratie  Oivil  Service  Reform!  Compare  the  Southern  and 
Northern  States.    Compare  the  Democratic  and  Bepvblican  States. 

CIVIL  SERVICE 

Reform    methods  as  published  in  the  Washington 
News,  a  radical  Democratic  newspaper,  August  10th,  1894. 

"PAY  UP  OR  STEP  OUT 


Colored   Employes   in  the    Departments   Ha^e 
Been  Warned  to  that   Effect. 


stand   and   Deliver   Way    of   Raising    Campaign   Funds. 


Letters    Soliciting:    Contributions  Sent  by     Democratic    Congfressional 

Committee. 


A  letter  dated  June  30,  setting  forth  the  necessity  for  united  action 
among  those  who  favor  the  present  Administration  and  constitute  the 
colored  contingent  of  the  Democratic  party.  While  no  direct  appeal  for 
money  is  made,  a  printed  copy  of  the  letter  written  by  President  Cleve- 
land to  Oen.  Chauncey  F.  Black,  dated  April,  18,  is  inclosed,  the  conclud- 
ing paragraph  of  ivhichis  asfolloivs :  *  I  cheerfully  inclose  a  contribution 
to  the  funds  necessary  to  carry  on  the  good  work  of  your  organization, 
with  a  hearty  wish  for  its  continued  success  and  usefulness.'  This  was 
construed  to  be  a  very  strong  hint,  but  not  an  actual  solicitation. 

On  July  25,  the  following  letter  was  sent  to  every  colored  employ^  in 
the  Government  service  In  this  city: 

47 


I  look  at  the  tariff  with  an  •ja  to  th*  jprfq^r 
dlntribution  of  labor  and  roTenu*. 

.— Andr«w  ^Jackson. 


Omi,  Mb^tX€JK,    ((O^atlnm**.) 

*My  dear«ir:  ;yv'e  /sent  you  a  letter  eome  days  ago,  from  which  we 
have  had  no  reply.  -The  Congressional  Committee  needs  the  immediate 
assistance  of  all  lits  jfrieiid^.  you  will,  gtherefore,  .call  and  see  ua  at  the 
.above  address  until  5:30  p.  m.,  at  the  committee  rooms,  Wormley's  Hotel,, 
ifrom  7  to  8  p.  m.,  or  at  the  headquarters  of  the  National I^egro  Democratic 
JLeague,  No.  338  Indiana  avenue,  from  8  to  10  p.  m. 

*  Chas.  J.  Faulkner^  TJ.  S.  Senate,  Chairman  Congressional  Committee. 

*Xiawrence  Gardner,  Secretary  Congressional  Committee. 

'*B.G.  .Still,  Chief.' 

The  letter  is  hand-written,  and  the  names  of  Senator  T'aulkner,  and 
^Secretary  Gardner  appear  on  the  left  hand  side,  just  above  the  signature 
pf  Mr.  Still.  The  letter  head  is  that  of  the  Afro- American  Bureau  of  Or- 
Wnization,  containing  as  the  advisory  board  C.  H.  J.  Taylor,  Kansas; 
5i.  L.  Koonce,  Alabama ;  H.  C.  C.  Astwood,  New  York ;  T.  W.  Swanm, 
[Pennsylvania ;  W.  E.  Gross,  New  York ;  Clifford  Plummer,  Massachu- 
setts ;  John  Brown,  New  Jersey,  and  J.  T.  C.  Newson,  Texas.  Some  of 
[these  letters  only  to-day  reached  their  destination. 

As  may  be  easily  surmised,  the  signatures  in  ink  of  Senator  Faulkner 
^nd  Lawrence  Gardner  created  consternation  among  those  holding  office. 

But  in  some  of  the  Departments  a  more  complete  reign  of  terror  was 
^established.  As  an  illustration,  it  is  stated  on  conclusive  authority  that 
^n  the  Navy  Department,  M.  L.  Koonce,  whose  name  appears  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Advisory  Board,  made  a  personal  canvas  of  the  colored  em- 
toloyfis.  Mr.  Koonce  is  messenger  to  Chief  Clerk  Micou,  Secretary 
pEerbert's  son-in-law,  who  has  the  appointment  and  dismissal  of  minor 
pmploy^s,  and  his  utterances  were  given  great  consideration.  He  told 
jthose  of  his  own  race  connected  with  the  Department  that  they  must 
make  a  satisfactory  contribution  of  funds  at  once  or  their  positions  would 
l^e  immediately  forfeited.  He  urged  his  personal  friends  to  fortify  them- 
selves against  removal  by  producing  the  required  assessment,  and 
warned  his  acquaintances  that  further  disregard  of  Mr.  Still's  letter 
would  be  fatal  to  continuance  in  office." 

REPORTS  CURRENT  CONCERNING  COLLECTIONS. 

There  is  not  a  Depart- 
ment of  the  Government  in  Washington,  but  what  every  officer,  clerk 
and  employ^  is  made  to  pay  tribute  to  the  party  in  power,  by  making 
contributions  to  the  National  Campaign  Fund.  One  office,  where  about 
350  persons  are  employed,  is  reported  as  raising  ^9,000.  Monthly  sub- 
scriptions of  5  per  cent,  of  the  salary  to  be  paid  for  five  months. 

aVIL   SERVICE   IN  THE  DEPABTMBNT  OF  AOBI0UI.TUBE. 

In  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Secretary  Morton,  self-named  the 
"  Sage  of  Arbor  Lodge,"  and  the  pretended  originator  of  the  sentimental 
'*  Arbor  Day,"  holds  in  contemptible  soom,  and  by  high-handed  as  well 


As  th«  baroniet«r  lndloat«s  th«  condition  of 
the  mtnxosph«r«,  so  do  the  revenues  of  a  country 
indicate  prosperity*        —Hon.  John  H.  Gear,  Iowa. 


CivxTi  SSSTICnS.    (Contiansd.) 

as  underhand  methods,  persistently  violates  the  civil  service  law,  which 
is  termed  in  his  own  inelegantly  humorous  vocabulary  the  "  law  of 
snivel  service."  So  curiously  ignorant  was  he  as  to  the  provisions  of  this 
most  well  known  piece  of  legislation,  binding  all  executive  ofiftcers,  and 
covering  the  cases  of  more  than  nine-tenths  of  his  clerical  employes,  that 
after  executing  what  he  boastfully  regarded  as  a  master-stroke  of  policy, 
JD.  detailing  more  than  a  dozen  Republican  clerks  for  duty  at  the  oflGlce  of 
the  Civil  Service  Commission,  he  was  amazed  far  beyond  his  normal 
point  of  profanity,  upon  being  informed  that  these  same  clerks  were  still 
to  be  paid  from  his  Department's  appropriation.  He  supposed  that  he 
had  unloaded  all  these  men  upon  the  pay-rolls  of  the  Commission,  and 
that  they  would  drop  out  of  the  Government  service  a  little  later,  on  the 
passage  of  the  Agricultural  bill  for  the  present  fiscal  year.  With  two  un- 
important exceptions,  all  of  these  detailed  clerks  remain  in  the  ■ervice, 
and  bid  fair  to  assist  in  welcoming  Mr.  Morton'i  successor  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  on  the  4th  day  of  March,  1897 ;  and  throughout  the 
Department,  as  at  the  rooms  of  the  Commission,  th»  "  Sage  "  is  a  laugh- 
ing-stock for  his  silly  notion. 

*'Th«  best  laid  ichsmes  o'  mice  and  men 
Oans  aft  a-ffley." 

One  of  th«  most  flagrant  instances  of  this  executive  oflScer^s  defiance 
of  a  law  he  has  sworn  to  obey  and  maintain,  is  found  in  the  case  of  the 
Skinner  family,  three  women  and  a  man,  sisters  and  brother,  nieces  and 
nephew  of  the  Secretary's  wife.  The  young  women  are  employed,  in 
contempt  of  the  law,  as  clerks.  No  one  of  them  has  ever  passed  a  civil 
service  examination,  as  required  by  the  statute.  Their  brother  was  made 
foreman  of  the  Department  printing  office,  at  $1,200,  taking  the  place  of  a 
JI,000  man,  after  a  special  (non-competitive)  examination  by  the  Civil 
Service  Commission.  Mr.  Skinner's  application  for  this  examination  was 
formally  sworn  to,  as  prescribed  by  law.  In  it  he  committed  perjury  by 
claiming  citizenship  in  a  State  of  the  Union.  He  is  a  British  subject,  a 
legal  resident  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  These  facts  were  brought  to 
the  attention  of  the  Commission,  and  upon  them  due  complaint  was 
made.  Mr.  Morton  was  notified  thereof,  and  drove  hot-foot  to  the  Com- 
mission's office,  where  he  profanely  demanded  to  know  what  difference 
residence  made.  Being  informed  that  perjury  always  involved  a  differ- 
ence, he  gulped  a  little,  swallowed  much,  and  returned  to  his  domain, 
whence  he  wrote  to  advise  the  Commission  that  Mr.  Skinner  had,  much 
to  his  surprise,  tendered  his  resignation,  and  desiring  to  know  whether 
he  ought,  under  the  rules,  to  accept  the  same.  He  was  informed  that  not 
only  was  it  strictly  proper  for  liim  to  perform  this  function,  but  it  would 
be  just  as  well  for  him  to  do  it  in  the  manner  sometimes  known  as  p.  d. 
q.    The  letter-books  of  the  Commission  are  public  property,  open  to  in- 


Liegislatlon  can  turn  liuman  endeavor  from 
nnprofitable  into  profitable  channels. 

Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Massaohnsetts. 


C'lVIIi  SERVICE.     (Continued.) 

spectioii,  and  they  relate  the  foregoing  facts.  Nevertheless,  Mr.  George 
D.  Skinner,  Canadian,  nephew,  is  to-day  (September  1, 1894)  the  foreman 
of  the  printing  office  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  at 
Washington.  He  and  his  sisters,  who  board  at  the  same  house,  were  dis- 
satisfied with  the  difference  between  the  prices  of  living  in  Washington, 
Canada,  Michigan,  etc.,  and  made  protest.  Immediately  thereupon  their 
landlady  was  placed  on  the  rolls  of  the  Department  as  a  scrub-woman 
at  ^0  a  month,  which  enabled  her  to  somewhat  reduce  the  rate  of  pay 
for  the  food  and  lodging  of  the  Secretary's  folks,  and  incidentally  to  ride 
the  high-horse  in  the  ranks  of  her  companions  in  the  charwomen's  force, 
but  the  latter  is  hardly  a  civil  service  matter. 

A  very  respectable  young  gentleman  of  Sweden,  in  fact,  a  real  baron, 
was  presented  to  Mr.  Morton  by  Representative  Harter,  of  Ohio,  as  a 
highly  proper  private  secretary,  at  $2000.  He  had  been  gladly  drawing 
11200  as  a  clerk  in  the  oflace  of  the  Adjutant  General,  a  sub-division  of  the 
War  Department,  where  he  was  known  as  an  unnaturalized  chap  who 
had  crept  under  the  blanket  somehow  and  "caught  on."  In  the  wilds 
of  his  adopted  State,  Mr.  Morton  accepted  this  political  child  "sight  un- 
seen," and  only  recognized  his  own  lack  of  sagacity  after  the  occurrence 
of  many  most  awkward  and  blundersome  botherations  brought  about 
by  his  fledgling,  some  of  which  compromised  not  only  himself  but  his 
master,  the  President. 

Mr.  Morton  brought  with  him  Monsieur  E.  Aime  Barbaux,  a  young 
Frenchman  (unnaturalized),  who  had  carelessly  cared  for  cows  at  Arbor 
Lodge,  the  Sage's  farm  near  Nebraska  City.  All  Government  books  of 
account  are  subject  to  inspection.  The  records  kept  by  the  appoint- 
ment clerk  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  will  show  that  this  Nebras- 
ka Frenchman  is  charged  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  upon  the  soil  of 
which  he  never  set  foot  until  he  came  to  it  for  his  present  job.  At  first 
he  was  put,  on  messenger's  pay,  in  the  stable,  but  soon  he  appeared  in 
the  Department  express  and  post  office,  with  increased  pay,  and  now  he 
draws  the  salary  of  a  clerk,  and  does  clerical  Avork,  though  he  has  never 
passed,  and  can  never  pass  the  examination  required  by  law. 

In  most  of  the  divisions  of  the  Department  the  civil  service  law  is  gross- 
ly disregarded.  Messengers  are  assigned  to  clerical  duty,  performing 
that  higher  class  of  service  during  most  of  the  working  hours,  and  thus 
affording  some  slight  pretense  of  economy  in  shamelessly  violating  the 
Statutes  of  the  United  States. 

Much  that  might  be  said  and  firmly  proved  is  here  withheld  for  the 
protection  of  a  few  who  otherwise  might  snfler  ii-om  the  blizzard  of  the 
wrath  of  Julius  ;  but  if  any  statement  here  made  shall  be  denied,  those 
who  vote  for  good  or  evil  can  have  names  and  dates  and  all  the  circum- 
stances, which  are  here  at  hand. 


60 


The  Democratic  party  while  power  is  retained 
by  them,  force  the  people  into  economic  condi- 
tions. Tliey  do  not  want  and  refuse  to  listen  to  the 
cry  of  ruined  business  and  the  appeal  of  honest 
men  for  work. 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,  New  Hampshire. 


CLEVELAND  AND  HARRISON,  the  work  of  theik  adminis- 
trations COMPARED  BY  THE  VOLUME  OF  TRADE  WITH  THE 
WORI.D. 

From  1877  until  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  of  1888,  the  balance  of  trade 
remained  with  the  United  States  as  against  other  countries.  In  the  first 
year  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  term  we  had  §164,000,000  advantage,  but  the  sum 
began  to  diminish  rapidly  under  his  management  of  public  aflairs,  so 
that  at  the  close  of  his  second  year  it  had  dropped  to  §44,000,000,  and  fin- 
ally at  the  close  of  his  four  years  there  was  found  to  be  a  balance  against 
us  of  more  than  §28,000,000. 

It  is  a  difficult  problem  for  any  observing  man  to  give  a  reasonable  ex- 
cuse for  the  fact  that  our  traJe  with  foreign  nations  should  change  from 
a  surplus  in  our  favor  of  §164,000,000  to  a  balance  against  us  of  §28,000,000 
in  four  years,  but  there  are  reasons  for  it,  purely  political,  we  think,  in 
this  case,  as  has  been  shown  by  the  spirit  of  the  Democratic  party  from 
its  earliest  history.  Mr.  Cleveland's  free  trade  message  of  1887  did  more 
to  cripple  our  business  and  shorten  our  trade  than  any  other  one  act  of 
his  first  administration.  The  Emperor  Napoleon  said  that  if  a  Nation  was 
made  of  adamant,  free  trade  would  grind  it  to  powder.  Threatened  free 
trade  has  uniformly  destroyed  our  commerce  with  outlying  Nations,  so 
that  the  balance  has  always  been  against  us  in  such  times. 

The  inauguration  of  Benjamin  Harrison  in  1889,  with  a  balance  for  the 
year  closing  three  months  afterward  (June  30),  shows  a  small  balance  of 
§2,700,000  against  us,  but  with  the  assurance  of  a  continuous  protective 
system  the  tide  turned  early  in  our  favor,  and  by  the  close  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  June  30, 1890,  we  had  an  excess  in  our  favor  of  §68,000,000,  and  at 
the  end  of  his  term  the  closing  year,  1892,  showed  a  profit  on  our  side  of 
the  ledger  of  §202,000,000,  or  a  total  for  his  Avhole  term  of  §310,000,000,  tak- 
ing the  Nation  at  the  time  when  the  trade  was  against  us.  President 
Cleveland,  inaugurated  March  4,  1893,  when  there  was  flowing  to  our 
shores  a  large  balance  of  trade,  the  year  previous  showing  an  average  of 
§17,000,000  per  month,  we  find  that  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1893,  four 
months  after  his  inauguration  for  his  second  term,  there  is  a  balance 
against  us  of  nearly  §18,000,000,  and  the  eleven  months  of  the  present  fis- 
cal year  of  1894  to  May  30,  shows  a  balance  of  §210,000,000  against  us,  or  a 
total  for  the  twenty- three  months  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  present  term  of  §229, 
000,000.  If  we  add  to  this  the  sura  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  first  two  years  in 
his  former  term,  we  have  a  total  loss,  as  against  the  present  twenty- three 
months,  of  §456,000,000  in  foreign  trade  alone.  The  public  may  question 
the  correctness  of  the  statement,  but  tariff  tinkering  has  had  more  to  do 
with  these  results  than  any  other  one  thing.  The  following  tables  are 
appended  in  order  to  show  that  the  figures  above  given  have  not  been 
garbled,  but  are  taken  from  the  official  records. 

51 


I  am  for  my  countrymen  first. 

—Hon.  £lijah  A.  Morse,  Massachusetts. 


CliEVEULND  AND  HABRISON.     (Continued.) 

FOREIGN  TRADE  1885-8.      CLEVELAND'S    ADMINISTRATION. 


Year. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Excess  of 
Exports. 

Excess  of 
Imports. 

1885 

$742, 189,  755 
679,  524,  830 
716,  183,  211 
695,  954,  607 

$577,  527,  329 
635,  436,  136 
692,  319,  768 
723,  957, 114 

$164,  662,  426 
44,  088,  694 
23,  863,  443 

1886 

1887 

1888 

$28,  002,  607 

Total 

$2,  833,  852,  303 

$2,  629,  240,  347 

$232,  614,  563 

$28,  002,  607 

FOREIGN  TRADE   1889-92.     HARRISON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 


Year. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Excess  of 
Exports. 

Excess  of 
Imports. 

1889 

$742,  401,  376 

857,  828,  684 

884,  480,  810 

1,  030,  278, 148 

$745, 131,  652 
789,  310,  409 
844,  916, 196 
827,  402,  462 

$2,  730,  277 

1890 
1891 

$68,  518,  275 
39,  564,  614 
202,  875,  686 

1892 

Total 

§3,  514,  989,  017 

$3,  206,  760,  719 

$310,  958,  575 

$2,  730,  277 

FOREIGN    TRADE    1893-4.     CLEVELAND'S    ADMINISTRATION.      (2ND.  TERM). 


Year. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Excess  of 
Exports. 

Excess  of 
Imports. 

1893 

$847,  665, 194 
813,  699,  849 

$866,  400,  922 
603,  212,  094 

$18,  735,  728 
210,  487,  755 

Total 

$1,  661,365,  043 

$1,  469,  613,  016 

$229,  223,  483 

CLOTHING,  MEN'S,    1890. 

Establishments 18,  658 

Capital $182,  552,  938 

Employes 243,857 

Wages Ill,  389,  672 

Materials 179,  425,  661 

Products 378,  022,  815 

Annual  wages  paid  per  capita,  $456.78 


Democratic  rule  has  Ibeen  ujnonjmons  witli 
Jow  prices  for  farm  prodnots,  and  liard  times  for 
American  laborers  andprodacers. 

>-Hon.  Fhlllp  S.  Post,  Illinois.^ 


CLOTHING,   UNITED  BTATES  AND  ENGIiAND  COMPABED. 

Fjom  a  late  Consular  IUp«rt,  issued  by  the  Democratic  Secretary  of 
State,  1894. 

We  have  heard  so  much  of  the  great  difference  in  cost  in  favor  of  the 
British  workmen  that  the  figures  below  will  be  extremely  refreshing. 

CI.OTHING. 

"As  to  matters  of  clothing,  it  is  much  more  diflacult  to  com- 
pare with  any  satisfactory  degree  of  certainty,  but  when  one  takes  into 
consideration  the  quality  of  the  material,  the  fit  and  general  finish,  one 
finds  very  little  difference  in  the  cost  of  the  same  article  in  the  different 
countries.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  articles  I  have  compared  are 
of  the  cheaper  grade,  and  such  as  are  used  by  the  laboring  classes : 

PKICES  OF  CLOTHING  IN    ENGIIAND  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN 

1892. 

Men's  Clothing-                                                   England,  United  States. 

Cotton  shirts,  (linen  bosom). ^1.25  $0.75 

Flannel  shirts.... 1.50  1.25 

Woolen  undershirts 1.00  .75 

Woolen  drawers 1.00  .75 

Hose 25  .30 

Boots 2.00  1.60 

Shoes ^ 1.50  1.25 

Women's  Clothing- 
Woolen  undervests $0.65  f0.50 

Woolen  drawers .90  -76 

Hose 25  .30 

Shoot»,(low) 1.12  1.00 

Stuff  dresses 10.00  12.50 

Cotton  dresses 4.25  6.00 

Hats 1.00  1.25 

Bonnets 2.00  3.50 

Shawls 2.00  2.60 

"There  is  little  difference  in  the  aggregate  cost  of  children's   clothing. 

While  the  boots,  cotton  and  woolen  underclothes,   and  collars  and  cufls 

are  slightly  cheaper  in  America.    In  outside  clothing,  hose  and  hats,  the 

little  difterence  would  be  in  favor  of  England." 

aOTHING,  WOMEN'S,  DRESSMAKING,  1890. 

Establishments .'. 19,587 

Capital $12,  883,  079 

Employes 07,598 

Wages 22,  373,  636 

Materials 23,  393,  829 

Products 57,  071,  732 

Annual  wages  paid  per  capita,  $330.98. 


The  egtlmation  of  values  Is  somethlni;  beyond 
reach  of  legislation. 
•  —Hon.  Jos.  H.  TTalker,  Massachusetts. 


CLOTHING,  WOMEN'S,  factory  product  i89o. 

Establishments 1,  224 

Capital '. $21,  259,  528 

Employes 42,008 

Wages 18,  812,  787 

Materials 34,  277,  21& 

Products 68,  164,  019 

Annual  wages  paid  per  capita,  ^447.83. 

COAL. 

To  put  coal  on  the  free  list  will  work  unnecessary  evil  to  a  class 
of  labor  now  poorly  paid.  A  mighty  manufacturing  fabric  has  been 
built  up  in  the  United  States,  the  basis  of  which  is  coal  and  iron  ;  from 
an  invested  capital  in  1850  of  not  much  more  than  ^500,000,000  to  an  in- 
vested capital  of  probably  $5.000,000,000 ;  from  less  than  a  million  em- 
ployed to  probably  six  millions.  For  over  forty  years  our  coal  produc- 
tion and  our  iron  ore  production  have  kept  pace  with  this  progress.  In 
1850  the  total  product  of  coal  was  but  seven  and  a  quarter  million  tons ; 
in  1892,  180,000,000  tons,  within  2,000,000  tons  of  the  output  of  Great 
Britain  the  same  year.  In  less  than  a  generation  the  production  of  iron 
ore  has  gone  from  3,000,000  to  16,000,000  ton«.  With  such  a  showing  as 
this  why  experiment? 

The  United  States  to-day  produces  more  than  one-third  of  the  world's 
supply  of  coal. 

The  present  is  a  critical  time  in  the  history  of  coal  mining  and  trans- 
portation. Instead  of  ^2  and  $2.25  per  day,  the  wages  of  the  British  mi- 
ner range  from  CO  cents  to  $1  per  day.  The  railroad  eraploj'-es  of  all  sorts 
average  in  England  less  than  half  the  rate  they  are  paid  here.  Labor 
receives  much  less  in  Canada  than  in  the  United  States,  and  there  is  no 
law  to  prevent  the  employment  of  Chinamen  and  coolie  labor  in  the  No- 
va Scotia  mines.  This  is  a  question  that  concerns  railroad  employes. 
Thousands  are  idle  who  are  awaiting  a  resumption  of  mining  business, 
the  new  tariff  of  40  cents  per  ton,  is  on  trial,  while  the  House  bill,  put- 
ting Coal  on  the  free  list,  is  pending  in  the  Senate. 


64 


Civilization  itself  is  a  sjmonym  of  protection, 
bavins'  its  foundation  and  growth  in  indncins: 
men  to  add  otlier  pursuits  to  the  primal  pursuits  of 
airriculture  and  herding:. 

—Hon.  Jos.  H..  Walker,  Massachusetts. 


COAL,  DUTY  ON,  FROM  ir89  TO  1894. 

The  changes  from  time  to  time  in  the  duty  on   bituminous  coal  is 
shown  in  the  following  compilation  of  the  tariff  laws,  to  wit: 


Year. 

Rate. 

Duty  per  ton. 

1789 

2  cents  per  bushel,  eouals     

?0.  56 

1790-1792 

3  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

.84 

1792-1794 

4i  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

1.26 

1794-1812 

5  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

10  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

1.  40 

1812-1816 

2.80 

181&-1824 

5  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

1.40 

1824-1842 

6  cents  per  bushel,  equals 

1.68 

1842-1846 

1.75 

1846-1857 

30  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  equals 

24  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  equals 

80.  65  to  .75 

1857-1861 

.  55  to  .65 

1861-1862 

1.00 

1862-1864. 

1.10 

1864r-1872 

1.25 

1872-1893 

.  75 

1894 

.40 

COAL,    PRODUCT,   VAIiUE,   PRICE   AND  NUMBER    OF  PERSONS  EM- 
PLOYED IN  INDUSTRY. 


States. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian  Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

Michigan 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

New  Mexico 

North  Carolina... 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 


Average 

Total 

Total 

Total 

price 

number 

product. 

value. 

per 

of  em- 

ton. 

ployes. 

/Short  tons. 

5,  529,  312 

m,  788,  898 

$1.05 

10,  075 

535,  558 

666,  230 

1.24 

1,128 

85,178 

209,  711 

2.46 

187 

3,  510,  830 

5,  685,  112 

1.62 

5,747 

216,  498 

212,  761 

.99 

467 

17,  862,  276 

16,  243,  645 

.91 

34,585 

3,  345,  174 

3,  620,  582 

1.08 

6,436 

1,  192,  721 

2,  043,  479 

1.71 

3,257 

3,  918.  491 

5,  175,  060 

1.32 

8,  170 

3,  007,  276 

3,  955,  595 

1.31i 

6,559 

3,  025,  313 

2,  771,  238 

.92 

6,724 

3,  419,  062 

3,  053,  580 

.89 

3,886 

77,990 

121,  314 

1.56 

230 

2,  733,  949 

3,  360,  659 

1.23 

5,893 

564,648 

1,  330,  847 

2.36 

1,158 

1,500 

4,500 
1,  074,  601 

3.00 
1.62 

661,  330 

1,083 

6,679 

9,599 

1.44 

90 

40,  725 

39,  250 

.96 

54 

13,  562,  927 

12,  722,  745 

.94 

22,576 

65 


A  political  party  may  fool  part  of  the  peopl« 
all  the  time,  and  all  the  people  part  of  the  time. 


but  no  political  party  can  fool  all  the  people  all  the 

— Abranam  liincoln. 


time. 


OOAI.,  *o.    (Continu**.) 


States. 


Oregon... 

Pennsylvania  bituminous. 

Rhode  Island 

Tennesee... 

Texas  ....*.#....... 

Utah 

Virginia.. 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wyoming 


Total , 

Pennsylvania  anthracite. 


Grand  total. 


Total 
product. 


Short  tons. 

34,661 

46,  694,  676 


2,092,064 

245,  690 

361,  013 

675,  205 

1,  213,  427 

9,  738,  755 

2,503,939 


126,  856,  566 
52,  472,  504 


179,  329,  071 


Total 
value. 


148,546 
39,  017, 164 


2,  355,  441 

669,333 

562,625 

678,429 

2,  763,  547 

7,  852, 114 

3, 168,  776 


J125, 124,  381 
82,  432,  000 


1207,  266,  381 


Average 

price 

per 

ton. 


4.29 
.84 


1.13 
2.32 
1.56 

.86 
2.28 

.80 
1.27 


1.57 


?1. 16 


Total 
number 
of  em- 
ployes. 


90 

66,655 


4,926 
872 
646 
836 

2,564 
14,867 

3.133 


212,  893 
129,050 


341,943 


COAL,  1893. 

Our  imports  in  1893,  were  valued  at  $3,701,642,  on  whioh 
we  collected  a  duty  of  $839,625. 

New  law  reduces  the  duty  from  an  average  ad  valorem  rate  of  23.80  to 
13.80  on  all  grades. 

COFFEE     FKICES  ENOKBASBD  BT  BEUOTHIO  THB  TARIFF. 

During  the  five  years  of  1868-'72  there  was  an  import  duty  of  5  and  8 
cents  a  pound  on  coffee.  There  were  imported  1,231,432,087  pounds  at  a 
cost  of  $126,294,643.  On  this  the  Government  collected  a  revenue  of  $53, 
018,331.  At  the  clamorous  demand  of  the  Democratic  party  this  "robber 
tariff,"  which  taxed  the  poor  man's  breakfast  table,  was  repealed,  and 
coffee  put  on  the  free  list.  During  the  next  five  years,  1873-*77,  there  were 
imported  1,675,097,330  pounds  of  coffee,  at  a  cost  of  $273,993,877,  from  which 
the  Government  derived  no  revenue.  The  average  price  of  coffee  for  the 
five  years  of  tariff  tax  was  10  cents  and  1  mill  per  pound ;  the  average 
price  for  the  five  years  of  free  trade  was  16  cents  and  5  mills.  Repealing 
the  tariff  on  coffee  cost  the  Government  in  five  years  $53,018,331  in  loss  of 
revenue,  and  cost  the  people  $107,206,229  in  increased  price  of  coffee.  And 
such  is  the  price  of  Democratic  statesmanship  I  But,  you  ask.  How 
could  this  be?  When  we  repealed  our  tariff,  Brazil  levied  an  export  tax 
and  transferred  the  $53,000,000  to  her  coffers,  and  the  importers  formed  a 
"syndicate"  and  transferred  the  $107,000,000  to  their  pockets.  No  wonder 
New  York  importers  want  free-trade. 

[See  Evans,  Export  Duties,  1867  to  1883,  p.  127.] 

66 


Th«  STstcm  of  indireot  tax«s  !•  our  mno«str«l 
poller,  hallowed  by  the  numgeH  of  the  fathers  and 
the  acceptance  of  aubsequent  (generations  in  this 
land.         —Senator  Watson  C.  SQuire,  Washington. 


COIN. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  OF— RELATING  TO. 

Art.  1,  Sec.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  *  »  *  to  coin  money 
regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coins,  and  fix  the  standard  of 
weights  and  measures. 

Art.  1,  Sec.  10.  No  State  shall  «  »  *  coin  money,  emit  bills  of  credit, 
make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts. 

After  tke  Declaration  of  Independence  and  before  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation each  of  the  thirteen  original  States  had  the  right  to  coin  mon- 
ey. The  Articles  of  Confederation  gave  to  Congress  "the  sole  and  exclu- 
sive right  and  power  of  regulating  the  alloy  and  value  of  coin  struck  by 
their  own  authority  or  by  the  respective  States."  Under  this  provision 
the  States  retained  the  right  to  coin  money  concurrently  with  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Confederation,  but  only  according  to  the  standard  of  fine- 
ness, weight  and  value  prescribed  by  the  central  Government. 

The  right  to  emit  or  issue  paper  money,  known  as  "bills  of  credit," 
had  been  exercised  by  the  several  States  before  the  adoption  of  the  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation,  and  by  these  authority  was  given  to  the  United 
States  to  issue  such  bills. 

The  object  of  delegating  to  the  United  States  the  sole  and  exclusive 
right  to  regulate  the  alloy  and  value  of  coin  was  to  insure  uniformity  as 
to  weight,  fineness  and  value  throughout  the   several   States. 

Before  the  passage  of  a  money  system  the  Confederation  of  States  gave 
way  to  the  present  compact  under  the  Constitution.  Thus  the  coinage  of 
money  and  the  regulation  of  what  should  be  used  in  the  payment  of  debts 
were  placed  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  National  Government.  The 
States  may  make  gold  and  silver  coin  a  legal  tender,  but  it  must  be  in 
conformity  with,  and  subordinate  to,  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

It  was  doubtful  whether  Congress  had  the  right  to  make  coins  composed 
of  any  other  metals  than  gold  or  silver  a  legal  tender,  but  in  1864  base 
metal  coins  were  made  a  limited  tender. 

COINS    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES,  AUTHORITY   FOR    COINING    AND 

CHANGES  IN  WEIGHT  AND  FINENESS. 
COINS,  GOIiD. 

(Legal  Tender  in  all  payments.) 

DOUBLE   EAQIiE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  March  3, 1849. 

Weight,  516  grains ;  fineness,  .900. 

Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  $1,145,463,340. 

S7 


Protection  declares  that  men  cannot  right- 
fully segrresrate  themselves  from  their  fellows  in 
civilized  society. 

—Hon.  Jos.  H.  Walker,  Massacbusetts. 


COINS.    (Continued.) 
EAGLE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 
Weight,  270  grains ;  fineness,  916§. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  June  28, 1834,  to  258  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  June  28, 1834,  to  0.899,225. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  $217,694, 120. 

HALF    EAGLE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 
Weight,  135  grains ;  fineness,  0.916§. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  June  28, 1834,  to  129  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  June  28,  1834,  to  0.899,225. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18,  1837,  to  0.900. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30,  1893,  $199,533,635. 

QUARTER    EAGLE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  April  2, 1792. 
Weight,  67.5  grains ;  fineness,  .916S. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  June  28, 1834,  to  64.5  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  June  28, 1834,  to  0.899,225. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  $28,595,567.50. 

THREE-DOLLAR   PIECE 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  February  21, 1853. 
Weight,  77.4  grains  ;  fineness,  .900. 
Total  amount  coined  to  September  26, 1890,  $1,619,376. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  September  26, 1890. 

ONE  DOLLAR. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  March  3, 1849. 
Weight,  25.8  grains ;  fineness,  .900. 
Total  amount  coined  to  September  26, 1890,  $19,499,337. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  September  26, 1890. 

COINS,  SIIiVER. 

(Legal  Tender  in  all  payments  except  stipulated  otherwise  by 

contract.) 

DOLLAR. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792 
Weight,  416  grains ;  fineness,  .892.4. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  412i  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  February  12, 1873. 
Total  amount  coined  to  February  12, 1873,  $8,031,238. 
Coinage  reauthorized,  act  of  February  28, 1878. 
Amount  coined  from  March  1, 1878,  to  June  30, 1893,  $419,332,450. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  $427,363,688. 

58 


I  do  not  believe  in  that  solitary  protection  sen- 
timent that  proposes  simply  to  benefit  a  locality. 

—Hon.  John  H.  Gear,  Iowa. 


COINS.    (Contlntied.) 
TRADE  DOLiiAR    (Was  a  legal  tender.)    (No  longer  coined.) 
Authorized  to  be  coined ,  act  of  February  12, 1873. 
Weight,  420  grains ;  fineness,  .900. 

Coinage  limited  to  export  demand,  joint  resolution  July,  22,  1876. 
Coinage  prohibited,  act  of  March  3, 1887. 
Total  amount  coined,  ^35,965,924. 

HALF  DOLLAR.    (Legal  tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  ten  dollars.) 
Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2,  1792. 
Weight,  208  grains ;  fineness,  .892,4. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  208i  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  February  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Weight  changed,  act  February  21, 1853,  to  192  grains. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  12, 1873,  to  12i  grains,  or  15>2/i  jrr:un^ 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30,  1893,  $;i24,(>i8,004. 

COLUMBIAN  HALF  DOLLAR.    (Not  a  legal  tender.) 
Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  August  5,  1892. 
Weight,  192.9  grains ;  fineness,  .900. 
Total  amount  coined,  ^2,501,052.50. 

QUARTER  DOLLAR.    (Legal  tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  ten  do]  l;i  r:^. ) 
Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2,  1792. 
Weight,  104  grains  ;  fineness,  .892,4. 

Weight,  changed,  act  of  January  18,  1837,  to  103i  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  21, 1853,  to  96  grains. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  12, 1873,  to  6J  grums,  or  JX>. 45  grains 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  ^1,891,443.25. 

COLUMBIAN  QUARTER  DOLLAR.    (Not  a  legal  tender.) 
Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  IMarch  3,  1893. 
Weight  96.45  grains ;  fineness,  .900. 
Total  amount  coined,  $10,005.75. 

TWENTY-CENT  PIECE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  March  3, 1875. 
Weight,  5  grams,  or  77.16  grains ;  fineness,  .900 
Coinage  prohibited,  act  of  May  2,  1878. 
Total  amount  coined,  §271,000. 
DIME.    (Legal  tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  ten  dollars.) 
Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 
Weight,  41.6  grains  ;  fineness,  .892.4. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  January  18,  1837,  41i  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  21, 1853,  to  38.4  grains. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  12, 1873,to  2i  grams,  or  38.58 grains 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30,  1893,  ^28,115,898.00. 

59 


I  clonbt  even  if  we  are  wiser,  that  at  any  time 
in  our  past  history  there  has  been  more  of  selfish- 
ness, of  avarice  and  creed,  than  there  is  today  in 
the  country.       — Hon.  Thoi.  J.  Henderson,  Illinois. 


COINS.    (Conllnaed.) 
HALF  DiXB.    (Lesral  tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  ten  dollars.) 
Authorized  to  bo  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 
Weight,  20.8  grains ;  fineness,  .892,4. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  20fi  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  January  18, 1837,  to  .900. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  February  21, 1853,  to  19.2  gi«,ins. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  February  12, 1873. 
Total  amount  coined,  $4,880,219.40. 

THREE-CENT  PIECE. 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  Mar.  3, 1851. 
Weight  12§  grains ;  fineness,  .750. 
Weight  changed,  act  of  Mar.  3, 1853,  to  11.52  grains. 
Fineness  changed,  act  of  Mar.  3,  1853,  to  .900. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  February  12, 1873. 
Total  amount  coined,  $1,282,087.20. 

COINS,  MINOR. 

(Legal  Tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  25  centsin  any  one  payment. 

FIVE-CENT  (nickel). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  May  16, 1866. 

Weight,  77.16  grains,  composed  of  75  per  cent,  copper  and  25  percent 

nickel. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30, 1893,  $12,  971, 127. 40. 

THREE-CENT  (NICKEL). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  Mar.  3, 1865. 

Weight  30  grains,  composed  of  75  per  cent,  copper  and  25  per  cent. 

nickel. 
Total  amount   coined  to  September  26,  1890,  $941,  349.48. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  September  26, 1890. 
two-oent  (bronze). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  22, 1864. 

Weight,  96  grains,  composed  of  95  per  cent,  copper  and  5  per  cent. 

tin  and  zinc. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  February  12,1873. 
Total  amount  coined,  $912, 020. 

CENT  (OOPPEIl). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 

Weight,  264  grains. 

Weight  changed,  act  of  Jan.  14, 1793,  to  208  grains. 

Weight  changed  by  proclamation  of  the  President,  January  26, 1796, 

in  conformity  with  act  of  March  3, 1795,  to  168  grains. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  Fob.  21,1857. 
Totfil  amonnt  coined,  $1,  562,887.  44. 

60 


There  Is  no  Justice  in  protecting  the  mann- 
f actarer and  ref oslns  toprotect  the  product  of  the 
farm.  —Hon.  Chas.  Curtis,  Kansas. 


COINS.    (Centlnaed.) 
CENT  (nickel). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  February  21, 1857. 

Weight,  72  grains,  composed  of  88  per  cent,  copper  and  12  per  cent 

nickel. 
Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  April  22, 1864. 
Total  amount  coined,  ?2,  007, 720. 

CENT  (bronze). 

Coinage  authorized,  act  of  April  22, 1864. 

Weight,  48  grains,  composed  of  95  per  cent,  copper  and  5  per  cent. 

tin  and  zinc. 
Total  amount  coined  to  June  30,  1893,  ?7, 096,167.64. 

HALF  CENT    (COPPER). 

Authorized  to  be  coined,  act  of  April  2, 1792. 

Weight,  132  grains. 

Weight  changed,  act  of  January  14, 1793,  to  104  grains. 

Weight  changed  by  proclamation  of  the  President,  January  26, 1796, 
in  conformity  with  the  act  of  March  3, 1795,  to  84  grains. 

Coinage  discontinued,  act  of  February  21, 1857. 

Total  amount  coined,  $39,926.11. 
COINS  OP  STANDARD  VALUE. 

In  modem  times  a  Government  first  establishes 
a  money  of  account  or  ideal  unit,  and  then  fixes  by  law  the  quantity  of 
gold  or  silver  which  shall,  in  the  form  of  a  coin  with  unlimited  legal-ten- 
der power,  represent  that  ideal  unit.  Such  coins,  with  their  multiples 
and  divisions  are  termed  standard  coins,  or  coins  of  standard  value. 

Where  a-  Government  fixes  a  certain  weight  of  gold  and  a  certain 
weight  of  silver,  to  represent  respectively  the  ideal  unit  in  full  legal- 
tender  coins,  a  ratio,  or  relative  valuation  of  the  two  metals  in  the 
coinage,  or  a  double  standard,  is  thereby  established,  and  the  coins  of 
both  metals  are  standard  coins. 
COINS,  SUBSIDIARY  COINS  DEFINED. 

In    the    United     States,    silver 
coins  of  less  denomination  than  the  dollar,  which  have  a  nominal  value, 
exceeding  their  intrinsic  or  bullion  value,  and  limited  as  legal  tender  to 
sums  not  exceeding  five  dollars. 
COINS,  WEIGHT  AND  FINENESS  WITH  THE  AMOUNT  OF  ALLOY. 

In  both  gold  and  silver  coins  we  now  use  900  parts  of  pure  metal  to  100 
parts  of  alloy.    This  is  what  the  inscription  900  fine  means. 

In  our  first  gold  coinage  we  adopted  the  proportion  of  alloy  used  by 
our  mother  country,  England,,  which  as  they  express  it,  is  11-12  fine,  or 
as  we  would  express  it  now,  as  916J  fine.  English  standard  silver  was 
then,  as  now,  925  fine.  The  United  States  adopted  the  odd  standard  of  892 
89-208  fine  for  our  silver.    In  1837  we  adopted  for  both  gold  and  silyer, 

61 


Ireland  to-day  enjoys  almost  absolute  ^ng- 
lish  free- trade.  Do  you  ever  hear  of  a  Democratic 
free-trader  soin^:  to  Ireland  looking:  for  a  job  ? 

J.  F.  Scanlan. 


COINS.    (Continued.) 

the  more  elegant  and  exact  decimal,  French  system  of  alloy  900  fine.  In 
1834,  we  adopted  this  system  for  gold  very  nearly,  but  accurately  in  1837. 
As  most  all  newly  found  gold  contains  some  silver,  and  as  it  was  for- 
merly more  troublesome  and  expensive  to  drive  it  all  out,  the  alloy  for 
the  gold  coins  was  allowed  to  contain  one-half  of  its  weight  in  silver  and 
the  remainder  in  copper.  Since  1873  only  one-tenth  of  the  alloy  is  al- 
lowable of  silver.  The  value  of  the  alloy  in  coin  is  so  slight  as  to  be 
practically  disregarded. 

The  total  weight  of  the  old  standard  gold  dollar  was  27  grains — com- 
posed of  24.75  grains  of  pure  gold  and  2.25  grains  of  alloy.  The  present 
weight  of  the  standard  dollar  is  25.8  grains,  of  which  23.22  is  pure  gold, 
2.58  grains  alloy.  The  former  weight  of  the  silver  dollar  was  416  grains, 
of  the  then  standard  silver,  of  which  371i  grains  were  pure  silver  and 
44^  grains  of  alloy  or  copper.  The  copper  in  our  dollar  since  1837  is,  as 
we  have  observed  before,  3i  grains  less,  leaving  371i  grains  of  pure  silver. 
A  cent'sworthof  copper  will  furnish  enough  alloy  for  about  fifteen  sil- 
ver dollars,  or  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  gold  dollars.  This  alloy  is 
not  put  in  to  add  to  the  weight  or  value  but  only  to  harden  the  metal  and 
preserve  the  coin  from  excessive  wear.  In  1853  finding  that  we  could  not 
retain  in  use  our  small  silver  coins— (our  fifty,  twenty-five,  ten  and  five 
cent  pieces)  the  Government  gave  an  opportunity  to  the  people  to  bring 
all  the  old  ones  that  remained  in  the  country  to  the  mint  and  issued  new 
ones  with  about  six  per  cent,  less  silver  in  them.  Since  then  they  have 
been  named  subsidiary  coins,  and  were  a  legal  tender  for  sums  not 
greater  than  five  dollars.  Since  1879  they  have  been  a  legal  tender  up  to 
ten  dollars.  They  were  no  longer  money,  but  became  token  coins.  The 
changes  we  have  mentioned  are  all  that  have  been  made  in  the  weight 
of  metal  or  ^fineness  in  our  coins  since  the  organization  of  the  mint. 

COINAGE,  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

Under  the  Confederation  each  State,  being  independent,  had  its  own 
coinage  laws.  But  the  Constitution  conferred  on  the  United  States  the 
exclusive  power  "  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  for- 
eign coin.  "  The  original  mint  act  provided  for  "  dollars  or  units  ;— each 
to  be  of  the  value  of  a  Spanish  milled  dollar  as  the  same  is  now  current, 
and  to  contain  371  i  grains  of  pure  silver."  Half  dollars,  quarters,  and 
dimes  were  also  provided  for,  of  proportionate  weight  and  value;  and 
also  gold  coins,  eagles,  and  half  and  quarter  eagles,  of  defined  value  and 
weight.  By  subsequent  acts  of  Congress  the  amount  of  pure  metal  in 
each  of  these  coins  has  been  changed,  except  the  unit,  a  standard  silver 
dollar,— that  has  always  remained  the  same.  The  weight  of  this  standard 
was  determined  by  taking  the  average  of  a  large  number  of  pieces,  and 
not  by  adopting  the  Spanish  legal  weight.  In  consequence  the  Mexican 
standard  dollar,  which  succeeded  the  Spanish,  is  worth  more,  weighing 
377  i  grains  of  pure  silver.    By  the  revised  coinage  act  of  February  13. 


Tills  Nation  is  too  ricli  to  have  any  money  but 
tlie  best  for  the  use  of  all  its  citizens. 

—Hon.  John  H.  Gear,  Iowa. 


COINAGE.    (Continued.) 

1873,  the  silver  dollar  was  dropped  from  the  list  of  coins,  and  a  "  trade 
dollar",  weighing  "four  hundred  and  twenty  grains  troy",  standard 
silver,  was  substituted.  It  was  also  provided  "  That  the  gold  coins  of 
the  United  States  shall  be  a  one-dollar  piece,  which,  at  the  standard 
weight  of  twenty-five  and  eight-tenth  grains,  shall  be  the  unit  of  value", 
etc.  By  an  act  of  July  22, 1876,  the  trade  dollar  was  deprived  of  its  legal 
tender  character,  and  the  coinage  limited  to  the- discretion  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury.  February  28,  1878,  *'  An  act  to  authorize  the  coin- 
age of  the  standard  silver  dollar,  and  to  restore  its  legal  tender  character  ", 
was  passed  over  the  President's  veto.  It  did  not  authorize  coinage  free 
to  all,  but  only  of  bullion  purchased  for  the  Government  at  the  market 
price.  This  is  the  Bland- Allison  bill.  This  was  amended  by  the  so- 
called  "  Sherman  bill ",  of  similar  import,  but  increasing  the  amount  of 
silver  to  be  purchased  and  coined.  This  was  repealed  by  the  present 
Congress  November  2,  1893.  And  now,  while  the  standard  silver 
dollar  is  a  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and  private,  there 
is  no  law  authorizing  its  coinage,  either  on  public  or  private  account.  A 
special  feature  of  the  Bland  and  Sherman  acts  was  that  they  authorized 
the  deposit  of  the  silver  coin  in  sums  of  ten  dollars  or  more  in  the  Treas- 
ury, and  the  issue  of  certificates  instead ;  and  declared  a  purpose  of 
maintaining  "a  parity  "  of  gold  and  silver  at  the  legal  ratio  of  sixteen 
to  one. 

On  the  coinage  question  there  is  no  distinctive  party  issue,  but  wide 
diflerences  of  individual  opinion  on  both  sides.  The  repeal  of  the  Sher- 
man act,  without  any  substitute  provision  for  coinage,  was  an  adminis- 
tration measure,  forced  on  the  Democratic  party  against  its  will  and 
pledges  by  the  imperious  will  of  President  Cleveland. 

COINAGE,  GOLD  DEPOSITS,  1893. 

The  amount  of  gold  deposited  during  the  year  at  the  mints  and  assay 
oflaces  of  the  United  States,  including  gold  contained  in  silver  deposits 
and  purchases,  was  2,732,644,925  standard  ounces  of  the  value  of  ^,839, 
905.53,  as  compared  with  ^,476,975.98  during  the  preceding  fiscal  year,  a 
decrease  of  515,637,070.45. 

Of  the  gold  thus  deposited,  2,496,678,983  standard  ounces,  of  the  value 
of  ^,449,841.50,  were  original  deposits,  and  235,965,942  standard  ounces, 
of  the  value  of  ^,390,064.03,  redeposits,  of  which  $21,894.21  were  fine  bars 
redeposited  for  small,  and  ^,368,169.82  unparted  bars  transferred  from 
the  minor  assay  offices  to  the  mint  at  Philadelphia  for  refining  and  coin- 
age ;  $33,286,167.94  were  classified  as  of  domestic  production,  as  against 
$31,961,546.11  of  the  same  class  of  gold  deposited  during  the  previous  fis- 
cal year,  an  increase  of  $1,324,621.83. 

Of  the  gold  bullion  classed  as  domestic,  $19,690,057.19  were  fine  bars 
bearing  the  stamp  of  private  refineries,  and  813,596,110.75  represented  un- 
refined domestic  bullion. 

63 


In  our  children  rreat  races  are  to  bo  blended 
who  will  contribute  •rery  quality  of  which  ereat 
states  are  bullded. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


COINAOi:.    (Continued.) 

Foreign  gold  bullion  of  the  value  of  $2,247,730.78,  and  foreign  gold  coin 
ofthe  value  of  $6,293,296.33  were  received  and  melted  by  the  mints  and 
assay  offices  during  the  year. 

Worn  and  uncurrent  domestic  gold  coin  (of  the  nominal  value  of 
$806,870)  was  received  for  recoinage,  and  after  melting,  the  coining  value 
of  the  same  was  found  to  be  ^92,470.43.  Old  material  consisting  of  jew- 
elry, plate,  etc.,  of  the  value  of  $3,830,176.02,  was  also  received. 

COINAGE  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER,  1893. 

The  value  of  the  gold  deposited  at  the  mints  and  assay  offices  during 
the  year  was  $50,839,905.53.  Of  this  sum  $46,449,841.50  were  composed  of 
original  deposits  and  $4,390,064.03  were  redeposits.  Of  the  amount  depos- 
ited $33,286,167.94  was  classed  as  of  domestic  production,  $8,541,027.11  for- 
eign gold  coin  and  bullion,  $3,830,176.02  old  material,  and  worn  and  un- 
current domestic  gold  coins  $792,470.43 

The  deposits  and  purchases  of  silver  during  the  year  aggregated  65,- 
822,135.19  fine  ounces,  the  coining  value  of  the  same  in  silver  dollars 
being  $85,103,366.67.  Of  this  sum  $73,666,045.23  was  of  domestic  production 
and  $2,901,180.96  foreign  bullion  and  coin ;  and  of  worn  and  uncurrent  sil- 
ver coin,  $6,913,179.96 ;  old  plate,  etc.,  $753,428.46,  and  redeposits,  $869,534.06. 

The  amount  ofsilver  purchased  under  the  act  of  July  14,  1890,  during 
the  year  was  64,008,162.59  fine  ounces,  costing  $45,531,374.53,  and  the  aver- 
age price,  $0.8430.  The  total  amount  of  silver  purchased  under  the  act  of 
July  14, 1890,  from  August  13, 1890,  to  ISbvember  2,  1893,  inclusive,  was 
168,674,590.46  fine  ounces,  costing  $155,930,940.84,  the  average  price  per 
ounce  being  $0.9244. 

Of  the  silver  purchased  under  this  act,  consumed  in  the  coinage  dur- 
ing the  year,  there  were  4,133,029.56  fine  ounces,  costing  $3,784,417.64,  and 
the  number  of  silver  dollars  coined  was  $5,343,715.  The  seigniorage  on 
this  coinage  was  $1,559,297.36. 

The  coinage  during  the  year  consisted  of  97,280,875  pieces,  valued  as 
follows : 

Gold $30,  038, 140. 00 

Silver  dollars 6,  343,  715. 00 

Subsidiary  silver 7,  217,  220.  90 

Minor  coins 1,  086, 102.  90 

Total $43,  685,  178. 80 

The  total  amount  used  in  the  coinage  ofsilver  dollars  under  the  act  of 

July  14, 1890,  has  been  27,911,259.48  fine  ounces,  costing  $29,110,186.61. 
The  total  number  of  silver  dollars  coined  was  36,087,285.      The  total 

seigniorage  was  16,977,096.39,  leaving  a  balance  on  hand  at  the  mints  ot 

140,099,760  fin«  ouncM,  costing  $126,758^8. 


I  do  not  represent,  standing:  upon  this  floor, 
a  PArt  or  the  whole  of  the  State  of  Nebraska.  I  am 
a  Senator  of  the  United  States. 

—Senator  Chas.  F.  Manderson,  Nebraska. 


COINAGE,  SEIGNIORAGE  ON  SILVER,  1893. 

The  balance  of  profits  on  the  coinage  of  silver  on  hand  at  the  mints  at 
the  commencemtint  of  the  fiscal  year,  July  1, 1892,  was  $70,9(>4.25.  The 
seigniorage  on  the  coinage  of  silver  dollars  during  the  year  amounted  to 
»1,559,297.36.  and  on  subsidiary  coinage  865.05,  a  total  of  $1,559,362.41. 
From  the  seigniorage  there  were  paid  during  the  year  for  expenses  of 
distributing  silver  coin,  824,382.12,  and  for  reimbursements  of  silver  was« 
ted  by  the  operative  officers  and  for  bullion  sold  in  sweeps,  $8,075.05, 
leaving  the  net  profits  on  the  coinage  of  silver  for  the  year,  §1,526,905.24. 
Ofthissum$l,396,109.87  was  deposited  in  the  Treasury  during  the  year. 
The  balance  of  profits  on  the  coinage  of  silver  on  hand  at  the  mints  June 
30, 1893,  was  $201,759.62. 

Including  the  balance  on  hand  at  the  mints  July  1, 1878,  the  net  profits 
on  account  of  the  coinage  of  silver  from  that  date  to  November  1,  1893, 
paid  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  aggregates  $74,262,970.99. 

The  total  seigniorage  on  the  coinage  of  silver  under  the  act  of  July  14, 
1890,  from  August  13, 1890,  to  November  1,  1893,  was  $6,977,098.39.  Of  this 
amount  $78,447.12  was  paid  for  expenses  of  distributing  silver  coins,  and 
$60,849.92  to  reimburse  the  bullion  fund  for  wastage  of  the  operative  offi- 
cers of  the  mints  and  for  bullion  sold  in  sweepings,  and  the  balance  paid 
into  the  Treasury. 

COINAGE  OF  SEIGNIORAGE.    (See  Silver  and  Sei§:niorag:e.) 
COINAGE  OF  SILVER  in  the  united  states  from  i789  to  isos. 

STANDARD  SIIiVER  DOIiLARS. 

From  the  establishment  of  the  Mint  up 
to  1805  there  were  coined  1,439,517  of  tlie  Units,  or  standard  dollars.  At 
the  ratio  of  15  to  1,  these  were  wortli  more  as  bullion  than  as  coin,  and 
consequently  they  were  shipped  abroad.  On  May  1, 1806,  an  order  was 
issued  by  President  Jefferson,  through  Secretary  Madison,  suspending 
their  coinage ;  and  for  29  years  none  were  made.  In  1835, 1,000  were 
coined.  In  1837,  and  afterwards,  a  small  number  each  year.  These  were 
at  the  new  ratio  of  16  to  1  made  by  a  change  in  the  weight  of  gold  coins. 
From  1793  to  1873  the  total  number  of  dollars  coined  was,7,921,238. 
Since  that  date  the  number  has  been,  419,332,450.  The  total  value  of  sil- 
ver, of  all  kinds  of  coin,  from  1793  to  1873,  was  $155,471,901.50.  And  the 
total  from  1873  to  July  1, 1893  $522,449,425.70.  It  will  be  seen  tliat  since  the 
"demonetization"  of  the  silver  dollar,  and  its  restoration,  we  have  coined 
as  many  d(>llai*s  every  four  months  as  "the  fathers"  did  in  eighty  years. 

COINAGE,  SILVER,  PRICE  OF,  IN  1893. 

The  price  of  silver  July  1, 1892,  was  88  cents,  the  highest  price  attained 
during  the  fiscal  year.  The  closing  price  on  June  30, 1893,  was  65  cents,  a 
diflference  of  23  cents  per  ounce.  The  average  price  for  the  year  was  84i 
cents. 

Late  in  June,  India  closing  her  mints  to  the  coinage  of  silver,  the  price 
declinnd  rapidly  from  38Jd.  to  30id.,  which  was  equal  to  a  decline  of  8it/., 
or  about  17  cents. 


An  Engrlish  statistician  some  years  ago  said  of 
us :  "  l*:very  day  that  the  sun  rises  upon  the  Ameri- 
can people  it  sees  an  addition  of  $2,500,000  to  the 
accumulated  wealth  of  the  United  States." 

—Hon.  Thomas  Updesrraff ,  Iowa. 


COINAGE,  SILVER  PURCHASED  BY  THE  GOVERNMENT  SINCE  1873. 

The  total  amount  of  silver  purchased  by  the  Government  from  March 
1, 1873,  has  been  as  follows: 


Fine  ounces. 

Cost. 

Under  the  act  of  1873 

$5,  434,  282 

31,603,906 

291,  272,  018 

168,  674,  682 

*6,  018,  921 

$7, 152,  564 
37,  571,  148 

Under  the  act  of  1875 

Under  the  act  of  1878 

308,  279,  260 
155,  931,  002 

Under  the  act  of  1890 

Under  the  act  of  1887 

7,  689,  036 

Total 

8503,  003,  809 

8516,  623,  010 

*Trade  dollars. 

COINAGE,  SUBSIDIARY  SILVER,  IN  1893. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1893,  the  coinage  of  subsidiary 
silver  aggregated  28,947,401  pieces,  of  tlie  nominal  value  of  $7,217,220.90: 
consisting  of  83,266,630  in  half  dollars ;  $2,848,618  in  quarter  dollars  and 
$1,101,972.90  in  dimes.  Of  this  coinage  8607.75  were  manufactured  from 
purchased  bullion,  and  87,210,613.15  from  worn  and  uncurrent  silver  coin 
transferred  from  the  Treasury  for  recoinage. 

Worn  and  uncurrent  silver  coin  of  the  nominal  value  of  87,618,198.25 
was  transferred  from  the  Treasury  to  the  mints  for  recoinage.  These 
coins,  upon  melting,  were  found  to  contain  5,940,544.90  ounces  of  standard 
silver,  the  coining  thereof  in  subsidiary  silver  coins  being  $7,381,289.58, 
sliowing  a  loss  of  8236,908.07,  which  sum  was  reimbursed  the  Treasury 
from  the  appropriation  for  loss  on  recoinage  of  worn  and  undercurrent 
silver  coin. 


COINAGE  OF  THE  WORLD,  1890,  1891,  1892. 

Calendar  years. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

1890 

8149,  244,  965 
119,  534, 122 
167,  917,  337 

8152,  293, 144 

1891               

138,  294,  367 

1892             

143,  096,  239 

The  above  figures  represent,  as  nearly  as  the  mint  has  been  able  to  as- 
certain, the  total  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  coinages  executed  in  the 
world  during  the  years  therein  named. 

COINING  VALUE  or  mint  price  of  gold  and  silver. 

The  rate  per  standard  ounce  at  which  the  mint  converts  bullion  into 
unlimited  legal- tender  coins. 


-Coinage  of  Nations. 


dbuiitries.i 

1891. 

1892. 

1393 

Gold. 

Silver, 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

United  States 

Mexico    

$29. 222. 005 

280. 565 

32.720.633 

26.389.044 

117.411 

3.362.450 

14,086.800 

2,110.981 

2.885.561 

126.708 

$27,518,857 
24.493.071 
6,141.594 

32.670.498 

$34.  787. 223 

275. 203 

67.  682. 503 

30.784,262 

$12. 641. 078 
26. 782. 721 
3.790.673 

52.258.747 

1. 257. 864 
2. 920. 484 

$56.  997. 020 

493.  167 

45.094,210 

32.059.354 

$8. 802.  797 
28.  005.  396 

Great  Britain... ii 

5.  290. 728 

India* 

40. 1 18, 622 

France.  ...           

871.225 
8.863.874 

555.909 
14.038,714 

130.105 
9.381.062 
1.319.525 

9. 832. 068 
26. 280. 188 
2  31.S  493 

Germany 

Russia  t  .        .      . 

1, 139. 252 
2.690.902 
3.356.394 

2. 093. 713 
2. 499. 874 

5.315.069   553.932.881 

§18.073.120 

Italv                    .... 

22.  M7 

8.917,860 

12.307.062 

3.075.810 

1,567.800 

120.600 

78.996 

242.207 

183.350 

883.464 

649. 555 

159.086 
1. 306. 070 

Spain .. 

12.242.000 
8.  523. 904 
7.277.040 
367.000 
134.000 
22.000 
121.750 
144.750 
432.400 
322.468 

3. 200.  593 

Japan 

Portugal ,.-..„...... 

Netherlands... 

1.083.725 
t 169. SCO 

12. 300. 705 
,     .1.412.640 
j        562. 800 

Norway 

Sweden ,.... 

386.000 
736,989 

136.000 

26. 171 

Denmark 

' 

147  400 

Stntzerland  .... 

386. 00« 
3.342.000 

386.000 
140.672 

Turkey 

EffVDt 

874,628 
537, 114 

Persia 

255.000 

Hongkong .^.....i.. 

*"" 



1,500.000 
2. 854. 137 

1. 100, 000 
3,500.000 
57.900 
471. 131 
298.000 
138.091 

1.500.000 
4. 243. 800 

^n^in.r.hin^^ 

039  906 

Tnnli^  ^        ,.,,,.    t    

2.663.400 

675. 500 
-200.000 

3.231.905 

134,004 

347 

Canada .<«,.. 

160.000 

156. 000 

Brazil ^.j,jf....^.. 

.126.279 

499. 941 
1. 684. 50O 
3.169.790 

Bolivia     .  ....<..«(. ^7>^  . 



1.435.543 

2.614.948 

2,378.272 

60.000 

1.569.229 

Pern ^^.-^^.. 

Colombia  ..,.x  t..r'r..^^rr 

34.630 

....-C.i.- 

l-"- 

............. 

........... 

.... i_.. 

Venezuela 

Chile.  ^^ ^:^„... 

Uruguay  v«.>^.-«^.^..-r... 
Guatemala. ................ 

■  i. ..Ti-- 

193.000 

481.405 

1.000.110 

100.000 

British  West  Indies 

23.000 
81,125 

German  East  Africa....... 

~ 

364.814 
49. 519 

•  .-.•>_•:•:-.«!».• 

45.848 

South  African  Republlo , . . 
Straits  Settlements.        ... 

*?5.000 

24.697 

336.000 

104  000 

Monaco 

386.000 

_^_.=aa. 

Moroooo  ................  . 

240.000 
183.350 
189.135 

858  808  •       —    ... 

657,760 

Santo  Domingo 

"" 

Eritrea  (Italian  colony)... 
Bulgaria 



"J 

2.509.198 
236.850 

--aii..- 

..-..._.  .^.... 

60.000 

•A-   ►••• 

478.700 

Siam ..,^., ....... 

6.800.324 

Total 

119.534.122 

138.294.367 

172. 473. 124 

153.329.765 

231.863.530 

135.045.420 

•  Rupee  calculated  at  eoinlng  rate.  $0.4737. 

t  Silver  ruble  calculated  at  coining  rate.  $0.7718. 

!  Silver  Uonii  calculated  at  eofuing  rate,  $0,482. 

(Silvor  florin  oaloolated  at  oololng  rate.  $0.4056.  undectbe  coinage  Mt  of  Augost  2.  lOOL 

67 


The  American  people  have  llred  a  Ions  time 
since  the  4th  day  of  March,  1893. 

—Hon.  Johp  F.  L.acey,  Iowa. 


COINAGE  OF  SILVER,  oni.y  countries  where  now  free. 

The  ouly  countries  wliose  mints  are  open  to  the  free  and  unlimited  coin- 
age of  silver,  are  Japan,  Mexico,  United  States  of  Colombia,  Bolivia, 
Chile,  Ecuador  and  Peru.  Silver  coinage  in  all  other  countries  being  on 
government  account  only. 

COLOMBIA. 

In  Colombia  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is 
the  peso ;  tlie  value  in  United  States  money  is  f  0.61.3 ;  the  coins  ar«  gold  : 
condor  ($0.(>4.7)  and  double  condor ;  silver :  peso.  The  ratio  between 
gold  and  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

COLORADO. 

Area  104,500  square  miles. 

Enabling  act  passed  March  21,  1864 — Constitution  formed  August  12, 
1864~Act  to  admit  as  a  State  passed  Congress ;  vetoed  by  the  President 
May  15,  1866— Another  act  to  admit  passed  Congress  January,  1867; 
vetoed  by  tlie  President  January  28, 1867— enabling  act  passed  March  3, 
1875— State  Constitution  formed  March  14, 1876— by  proclamation  of  the 
President,  admitted  as  a  State  August  1, 1876. 

Legislature  composed  of  40  Senators  and  80  Representatives.  Meets  bi- 
ennially, (Jan.  H,  1895.) 

State  elections,  biennially,Tuesday  after  1st  Monday  in  November, (1894. ) 

Senator  Henry  M.  Teller  (Rep.)  terra  expires  March  3, 1897. 

Senator  Edward  O.  Wolcott  (Rep.)  terra  expires  March  3, 1896. 

CONGRESSIONAI.  I>ISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  204,650;  vote  1892,   Dem.,  20,004;  Rep.,  17,609. 
2d.  Population,  207,539;  vote  1892,  Dem.,  31,589;  Rep.,  19,572. 

COMMERCE.     (See  Transportation.) 
CONFEDERATE   CONSTITUTION,  tariff  ci^ause  of. 

"  The  Congress  shall  have  power: 

"  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  for  revenue 
necessary  to  pay  tlie  debts,  provide  for  the  common  defense,  and  carry 
on  the  Government  of  tlie  Confederate  States ;  but  no  bounties  shall  be 
granted  from  the  Treasury,  nor  shall  any  duties  or  taxes  on  importations 
from  foreign  nations  be  laid  to  promote  or  foster  any  branch  of  industry : 
and  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
Confederate  States." 


A  just  man  is  incapable  of  putting  almrden 
upon  others  that  he  himself  would  not  willinsrly 
bear.  — K.  G.  lugersoll. 


CONGRESS,  APPORTIONMENT  UNDER  TENTH  CENSUS. 


Alabama 8 

Arkansas 5 

California 6 

Colorado 1 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 1 

Florida 2 

Georgia 10 

Illinois 20 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 11 

Kansas 7 

Kentucky 11 


[SS6  Members.] 

Louisiana 6 

Maine 4 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts 12 

Michigan 11 

Minnesota ^ 5 

Mississippi 7 

Missouri 14 

Nebraska 3 

Nevada 1 

New  Hampshire 2 

New  Jersey 7 

New  York 34 


North  Carolina 9 

Ohio 21 

Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 28 

Rhode  Island 2 

South  Carolina 7 

Tennessee 10 

Texas 11 

Vermont 2 

Virginia 10 

West  Virginia 4 

Wisconsin 9 


RATIO  OF  REPRESENTATION. 

Constitution,  1789,  ratio  30,000,  whole  number  of  Representatives 65 

First|;Census,  1793,  ratio  33,000,  whole  number  of  Representatives :  105 

Second  Census,  1803,  ratio  33,000,  Avhole  number  of  Representatives 141 

Third  Census,  1813,  ratio  35,000,  whole  number  of  Representatives 181 

Fourth  Census,  1823,  ratio  40,000,  whole  number  of  Representatives 213 

Fifth  Census,  1833,  ratio  47,700,  whole  number  of  Representatives 240 

Sixth  Census,  1843,  ratio  70,680,  whole  number  of  Representatives 223 

Seventh  Census,  1853,  ratio  93,423,  whole  number  of  Representatives...  233 
Eighth  Census,  1863,  ratio  127,381,  whole  number  of  Representatives...  243 

Ninth  Census,  1873,  ratio  131,425,  whole  number  of  Representatives 293 

Tenth  Census,  1883,  ratio  151,911,  whole  number  of  Representatives 325 

Eleventh  Census,  1893,  ratio  173,901,  whole  number  of  Representatives...  356 
Population  at  each  census : 


1790 3,  929, 214 

1800 5,308,483 

1810 7,239,881 

1820 9,633,822 


1&30 12,  866,  020 

1840 17,  069,  453 

1850 23, 191,  876 

1860 31,  443,  321 


1870 38,  558,  371 

1880 50, 155,  783 

1890 62,  622,  250 


CONNECTICUT. 

Area  4.674  square  miles. 

Included  in  the  charters  of  Massachusetts— separate  government  formed 
at  Hartford  January  14, 1639— colony  planted  at  New  Haven  in  1638  pur- 
chased their  lands  from  the  Indians,  and  formed  a  government  June  4, 
1630— colony  of  Connecticut  purchased  the  rights  of  the  patentees  in  1644 
for  £7,000 — colonies  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven  united  by  a  charter 
granted  by  Charles  II,  April  23,  1662— ratified  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  January  9, 1788 ;  first  State  Constitution  formed  Septem- 
ber 15, 1818. 

Legislature  is  composed  of  21  Senators,  248  Representatives.  Meets  bi- 
ennially, (Jan.  9, 1895.) 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  (1894.) 

Senatok  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  (Rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Orville  H.  Platt,  (Ref.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

69 


Diversified    industries  call  out  aU  the  work- 
ing powers  of  the  world. 

—Hon.  Thomas  B.  Beed,  Maine. 


CONNECTICUT.    (Continued.) 
CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  172,661 ;  vote  1892,  Dem.,  19,029 ;  Rep.,  18,506. 
2d.  Population,  248,582 ;  vote  1892,  Dem.,  27,624 ;  Rep.,  24,772. 
3d.  Population,  121,792;  vote  1892,  Dem.,  11,277;  Rep.,  11,928. 
4th.  Population,  203,623 ;  vote  1892,  Dem.,  24,035 ;  Rep.,  21,825. 

CONSUMPTION,  A  TAX  ON.  great  Britain,  public  net  retb- 

NUE  FOR  1891-1898, 
The  English  government  imposes  duty  on  no  articles  produced  with 
in  the  kingdom  except  spirituous  liquors,  and  upon  these  it  levies  an  ex- 
cise tax  equal  to  the  duty  tax,  so  that  the  home  product  and  the  impor- 
ted article  stand  on  the  same  footing  in  the  market.  The  only  articles  on 
which  duties  are  levied  are  chicory,  cocoa,  coffee,  dried  fruits,  plate,  spir- 
its, tea,  tobacco,  and  wine.  EA^erything  else  comes  in  free.  For  the  year 
ending  March  31, 1891,  the  English  revenue  was  as  follows: 

Customs $95,943,047 

Excise 123,414,440 

Stamps  (excluding  fee,  etc.,  stamps) 67, 182,  032 

Land  Tax 5,  061, 160 

House  duty 6,  861,  765 

Property  and  Income  Tax 65, 551, 755 

Post  Office 50,  611,  600 

Telegraph  Service 12,  068,  920 

Crown  Lands  (net) 2,  092,  595 

Stamps  in  lieu  of  Fees 4,  051,  692 

Interest  on  Advances 1,  072,  557 

Interest  on  Suez  Shares 967,  601 

Allowance  from  the  Bank  of  England 832,  025 

Miscellaneous 4, 198,397 

$439,  909,  102 
Add  Local  Taxation 35, 107,  914 

Total  National  income $475,  017,  016 

Total  United  States  income $461,  716,  561.  90 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  making  tobacco  a  factor  in  its  customs 
income  Great  Britain  prohibits  its  cultivation  for  commercial  purposes 
in  the  kingdom,  utterly  ignoring  all  i)rf>tence  of  **  free  trade." 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  on  the  Democratic  plan  of  computing 
the  tariff  percentages,  namely,  on  tlie  volume  of  taxable  imports,  the 
British  tariff  is  higher  than  the  McKinloy  tariff  or  any  other  American 
tariff  ever  was,  amounting  to  sixty-seven  per  cent.  That  is,  it  collects 
sixty-seven  cents  on  every  dollar's  worth  of  dutiable  imports. 


Oar  cldldren's  children  will  see  our  conn  try  as 
tve  see  her  now,  a  land  without  a  slave,  a  church 
without  a  scouTffe,  the  home  of  freedom  where  in- 
telligence is  without  price  and  conscience  without 
a  master.    —Hon.  Marriott  Brosius,  f'ennsylTania. 


CONSUMPTION.    (Continued.) 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  the  total  taxation  per  capita  in  Great 
Britain  is  about  twice  as  great  as  in  the  United  States.  Thus:  Great 
Britain— income  $475,017,016;  population  38,100,000;  per  capita  $12.50. 
United  States— income  $461,716,561 ;  population  67,400,000 ;  per  capita  $().85. 
The  population  is  given  from  the  last  report  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

In  addition  to  England's  $475,000,000  of  revenue  tax  collected  from  the 
people,  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland  have  each  a  local  tax  account, 
which  for  the  year  ending  March  31, 1893,  is  as  follows: 

England. 
Additional  Beer  Duty  (Customs)  $1,  703 

Additional  Spirit  Duty    "  777,  515 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Excise)  1,  534,  203 

Additional  Spirit  Duty    "  2,989,267 

Licenses  (including  Penalties)  15,  082,  879 

Moiety  of  Probate  Duty  9,  348,  298 

$29,733,877 


Scotland. 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Customs) 

$208 

Additional  Spirit  Duty     " 

106,907 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Excise) 

126,086 

Additional  Spirit  Duty    " 

416,192 

Licenses  (including  Penalties) 

1,626,866 

Moiety  of  Probate  Duty 

1,305,341 

IKELAND. 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Customs) 

$189 

Additional  Spirit  Duty     " 

87,470 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Excise) 

187,681 

Additional  Spirit  Duty     " 

366,403 

Licenses  (including  Penalties) 

Moiety  of  Probate  Duty 

1,  070,  659 

Totals. 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Customs) 

$2,116 

Additional  Spirit  Duty    " 

971,893 

Additional  Beer  Duty  (Excise) 

1,  927,  967 

Additional  Spirit  Duty     " 

3,  771, 973 

Licenses  (including  Penalties) 

16,  709,  745 

Moiety  of  Probate  Duty 

11,  724,  303 

$3,  612,962 


$1,712,40S 


71 


$35, 107,  914 


The  benefits  of  protection  go  first  f»r>ril  last 
to  the  men  who  earn  their  bread  in  th«S'»eHt  of 
their  faces.  —James  O*  Blaine. 


CONSUMPTION.    (Continued.) 

Articles  upon  which  duty  is  collected,  showing  the  amount  for  the 
year  ending  March  31, 1893. 

Beer,  &c ^  65, 167 

Chicory 297,389 

Cocoa 620,185 

Coffee 843,982 

Currants 487,954 

Figs,  Plums,  and  Prunes 264, 104 

Raisins 932,270 

Spirits: 

Rum 10,112,888 

Brandy 6,492,986 

Geneva 744,078 

Other  sorts 2,  559, 146 

Tea 16,576,393 

Tobacco,  <Src., 49,  270,  562 

Wine 6,181,661 

Another 15,903 

England's  Expenditures  for  the  Year  Ending  March  31, 1893. 

Interest  on  Funded  Debt f  78,121,121 

Terminable  Annuities 30, 904, 226 

Unfunded 3,211,043 

Cost  of  Management 901,241 

New  Sinking  Fund 8,524,867 

Interest  on  Loans,  &c, 973,  300 

1122,  635,  800 

The  permanent  debt  of  Great  Britain  March  31,  1893,  was  as  follows: 

3i  Per  cent ^  1,098,592 

21  Per  cent  Consols 2,556,179,556 

22  per  cent  1905 22,  618,  513 

2i  Per  cent 157,  358,  301 

Exchequer  Bonds2i  Per  cent 20,  356,  569 

Bank  of  England  Debt 53,  604,  984 

Bank  of  Ireland  do 12,802,637 

Book  Debt  2S  Per  cent 53,264,500 

$2, 868,  926,  743 
The  income  tax  of  England,  as  collected  from  the  following  classes  for 
the  year  ending  March  31,  1893 : 

A.  (Lands,  Tenements,  &c.,) $20,041,444 

B.  (Occupation  of  Land,  &c.,) 1,  074,  854 

C.  (Annuities,  Dividends,  &c.,) 4,  673,  134 

D.  (Trades,  Professions,  &c.,) 35, 150,  622 

E.  (PublicOffices,  <fec„) 4,  463, 641 

Total $65, 403, 69fl 

72 


IJpon  wasres  anrl  tli«  consequetjt  distrlbtitlon 
of  cpnsit'mabliB  wealtli  is,  l>afeetl'  Jlll'tiiir  Iioped-'of  the 
fntarw  and  all  tlie  possible  increase  of  dui*  <;ivil- 
ixation.  —Hon.  Tlios.  B.  Keed,  Maine. 


CONSUMPTION     PER     CAPITA     in  the  united  states,  of 

WHKAT,  CORN,  SUGAR,  COFFEE  ANB  ^EA.   ;  ,    • 


Years. 


1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873, 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879, 
1880, 
1881, 
1882, 
1883. 
1884, 
1885, 
1886, 
18S7, 
1888, 
1889, 
1890 
1891, 
1892 
1893 


Wheat. 


Bush. 
3.92 
5.36 
5.21- 
5.  41- 
4.69 
4.. 79 
4.81 
4.46 
5.38 

4.  8i) 
5:01 
■5..-72 
5,58, 

5.  35 
6.09 
4.98 
6.64 
5.64 
6.77 
4.57 
5.17 
5.  62 

•5.34 
6.-09 

4.  58 

5.  91 
4.85 


Corn. 


Bush. 
23.52 
20.44 
23.  79 

■  ^162 

.  27.40 
21.09 
22:86 
20.95 
18.66 
28.14 

'  26.  13 
26.37: 

,  26.  61 
28.  8S 
31.64 
21.  92 
29-.  ^24 
27.40 

.:SK04 

'32;  60 
27.68 
23..  86 
••■  31.  28 
-.32.  09- 
22.79 
30.33 
23.66 


Sugar.' 


Lbs. 
24.  1 
30.9 
35 
33- 
36,2 
40.4 

■  39.' 8 
41.5 
43.6 

.  35.2 

•  38.  9 

•  34.3 
.40.7 

42.9 
44.2 
43.4 
51. -1/ 
53.4 
.  51.8 
5G.'"9- 
52.7. 
56.'  7 
51.8 

•  52.  H 

.  %  \ 
()3.  5 

•  (ki.  4 


ebflfee. 


Lbs. 
5.01 
6.52 
6.45 
6. 

7.-91 
7.28 

•6.87 
6.59 
7.08 
7.33 
6.94 
6.  24 

.7.42 
8.78 
8.25 

8.  30 
8.91 

9.  26 
.    9.60 

9.36 
8.53 
6.81 
9.  16 
7.83 
7.99 
.  9.63 
'■'■    8.  25 


Tea. 


Lbs. 
1,09 
.96 
1.08 
1.  10 
1.14 
1.46 
1.53 
1.27 
1.44 

1.  ;J5 

1.23 
1.33 
1.21 
1.39 
1.54 
1.47 
1.  30 
1.09 
1.18 
1.37 
1.49 
1.40 
1.29 
1.33 
1.29 
1.37 
1.  32 


COOPERAGE,    1890. 

Establishments .'.  "    2,652 

Capital :............., ^17,  806,  554 

Employes.. : : .............!7....*.....; 24,  652 

Wages....:.........^.......;.:...,...J,^!.;.;.:...„........ .....;.  $11,  665,  366 

Materials.... ..!.....'....*.-..,....'..... ...'..".. ...........^  20,  036,  911 

Products ...'.'..:.:.. :'..f:. ..".... ...!....'. "    38,  617,  956 

Aunual  wages  paid  per  capita,  $473.20;  ]>uty  under  old    law,  30   pei 
cent. ;  Duty  under  new  law,  20.-per  ceut.    ' 

CORDAGE  AND  TWINE,    1890; 

Establishments .'. ..." ,.  140 

Capital '. ...^..■:...:.:!.^..;;.......  ^22, 786, 019 

Employes .v......  12,  506 

Wages .........:.. $4,  412,  640 

Materials « 23,  372,637 

Products 32,  376,  454 

Aunual  wages  paid  per  capita,  f^2.86. 


0«r  eiilBKRt  w*iil4  1^  slaA  to  derlre  tbe 
hftwiktm  from  th«  MT^mtt/r  Aerelopment  of  the  In- 
dustrie* whl<A  would  be  prodnotlTe  of  a  borne 
market.  —Hen.  CbM.  Cnrtis,  Kansas. 


COTTON  GOODS,  1S90, 

EstabUshmexits 905 

Capitol «... 1354,  020,  843 

Employfti «. 221,685 

Wages. $69,  489, 272 

Materiala — ^ 154,  912,  979 

Products - 267,  981,  724 

Annual  wages  paid  p«r  capita,  •818.60. 

Imports  1893,  •88,343,063;  Duty  received,  •19,031,638;  Duty  under  old 
law,  52.56  per  cent ;  Duty  under  sew  law,  43.54. 

CUBA. 

In  Cuba  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
peso  J  the  value  in  United  States  coin  ist  ^0.92.6 ;  the  coins  are  of  gold : 
doubloon  ($5.01.7);  silver :  peso.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to 
16i  of  silver. 

CUFFS  AND  COLLARS.    (See  Shirts.) 
CURRENCY,  oou>  impobts  itoa. 

FOB£IOK  CKIU)  COINft 

Of  the  value  of  |11,962,738  were  imported 
into  the  United  States  in  1893.  Of  this  amount  $5,398,240  came  from 
France ;  $4,748,440  from  Australasia ;  $890,018  Arom  Cuba ;  $478,811  from 
Germany ;  $300,012  from  Mexico ;  $84,624  from  Japan,  and  the  remainder 
from  various  countries,  principally  from  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
American  States. 

UNITED  STATES  GOl^  COINS 

Returned  was  of  the  value  of  $6,074,890. 
Of  this  amount  $4,350,700  came  from  Quebec  and  Ontario ;  $537,518  from 
the  West  Indies ;  $487,568  frt>m  Great  Britain ;  $229,590  from  Venezuela ; 
$129,360  from  China ;  $115,152  from  Mexico ;  $107,672  from  Colombia,  and 
the  remainder  fr«m  the  Central  American  States  and  other  countries. 

FOREIGN  GOIiD  BUIXION 

Of  the  ralne  of  $3,136,744  was  imported ;  of 
which  amount  $1,923,569  came  from  Mexico;  $325,972  from  Colombia; 
$292,835  from  British  Columbia;  $166,468  from  Nicaragua;  $111,566  from 
Australasia,  and  $111,351  from  Honduras. 

FOREIGN  GOIJ>  ORES 

Of  the  invoiced  value  of  $804,999  were  imported 
for  reduction,  all  of  w)>ich  came  from  Mexico. 


We  are  one.  Nation  and  one  people.  Xet  us 
have  one  curreney,  and  one  §tandi-ed  o£  value  for 
Uie  wliole  country,  ..  -        '  _ 

—Hon.  Thos.  J.  Henderson;  Illinois. 


CURKENCT.     (Continued.)  t'^l'f;     ,'Bi!^; 

The  following  table  shows  that  the  total  imports  of  gold  into  the  United 

States  for  the  fiscal  year  1893,  were  $22,069,380:    '        ' 

Foreign  bullion $3, 136, 744 

Foreign  coin ...iu...     11,  962,  738 

Foreign  ores .S................  894,  999 

Total  foreign  gold ;\.V..;.-...'::::'....     15,  994,  481 

United  States  coin ......^ 6,  074,  899 

Total  gold  import;s....:!:.:.t!...!r.; 22,  069,  380 

CURRENCY,  Goi^  EXPORTS. j8fli3, 

GOIJ>  COINS. 

The  export  of  United  States,  was  $101,844,087.  Of  this 
amount  $37,895,500  were  shipped  to  Germany;  $32,240,300  to  France; 
$21,204,700  to  England ;  $5,308,193  to  Quebec  and  Ontario ;  $1,818,579  to 
Venezuela ;  $1,055,351  to  Haiti ;  $1,000,000  the  Netherlands,  and  the  remain- 
der to  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America. 

UNITED  STATES  COINS. 

The  shipments  for  the  year  amo^|it<ed  to  iiearly  $60,000,000  over  those  of 
last  year. 
DOMESTIC  GOIiD  BUULION.  yi^f  ^#*'t1*t  '^m 

The  export  was  $224,066,  of  which  $131,835 
were  exported  to  Quebec  and  Ontario,  and  the  remainder  to  England. 
FOREIGN  GOIJ>  COINS 

Of  the.  Value  of  $6,612,691  were  re-exported.    Of  this 
amount  $6,401,464  went  to  Cuba.;  $129,950  to  England,  and  the  remainder 
to  other  countries. 
DOMESTIC  GOIJ>  ORES. 

Th«  invoiced  value  exported  was  $225,524.  Of 
this  amount  $145,980  were  shipped  to  England  and  $79,518  to  Germany. 
Foreign  gold  ores  of  the  invoiced  value  of  $16,607  were  re-exported  to 
England.  Gold  contained  in  silver-copper  matte,  of  th©  value  of  $43,680 
was  exported  from  the  port  of  Baltimore. 

The  total  gold  exports  for  the  year  were  $108,966,655.    The  items  of  the 
same  will  be  found  in  the  following  table : 

United  States  bars $131,  835 

Other  domestic  bullion 92,  231 

Domestic  coin 101,  844,  087 

Gold  contained  in  copper  matte.. 43,  680 

Domestic  ores.......... 225,  524 

Total  domestic..................... 102,  337,  357 

Foreign  coin  re-exported $6,  612,  691 

Foreign  ores  re-exported 16,  607 

Total  foreign ..^.: 6,  629,  298 

Total  gold  exports 108,  966,  655 

75 


We  are  not  afraid  of  tlio  world's  competition 
so  longr  as  we  avail  ourselves  of  our  National  de- 
fense and  our  National  resources. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


CUKKENCY.    (Continued.) 

The  movement  of  gold  for  the  fiscal  year,  1893,  shows  an  excess  of  ex- 
ports over  imports  of  $86,897,275,  while  the  excess  for  the  fiscal  year,  1892, 
was  $142,654,  an  increased  loss  of  $86,744,621. 

CURRENCY,  Goi^D  and  silvkk  in  thk  world. 
doubijE  standard. 

Stock  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  principal  coimtries  of  the  world  having  the 
double  standard. 


Countries. 

Monetary  system. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

United  States 

Gold  and  silver... 
do    

$654,  000,  000 

800,  000.  000 

65,  000,  000 

93,  600,  000 

15,  000,  000 

•  2,  000,  000 
40,  000,  000 
25,  000,  000 
50,  000,  000 
90,  000,  000 

$575  000  000 

jf  ranee 

700  000  000 

J5elgiiim 

do  

55,  000,  000 

Italy 

do  

50,  000,  000 

do  

15,  000,  000 

Greece 

do  

4.  000.  000 

Spain 

do    

158,  000,  OfK) 

Netherlands 

do  

05,  000,  000 

Turkey 

do  

45,  000, 000 
50,  000,  000 

do  

Total 

1,  834,  600,  000 

1,  717,  000,  000 

SlNGt*]  GOIil)  STANDARD. 

/Stock  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  priricipal  countHes  of  the  world  having  the 
single  gold  standard. 


Countries. 


United  Kingdom 

Germany , 

Portugal 

Austria-Hungary , 

Scandinavian  Union. 

Australia 

Egypt 

Canada 

Cuba,  Haiti,  etc 


Total. 


Monetary  system. 


Gold 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Gold. 


$550,  000,  000 

600,  000,  000 

40,  000,  000 

40,  000,  000 

32,  000,  000 

100,  000,  000 

100,  000,  000 

16,  000,  000 

20,  000.  000 


1,  498,  000,000 


Silver. 


$100,  000,  (XK) 

211,000,  OCK) 

10,  000,  000 

90, 000,  m.) 

10,  000,  0(K) 
7,  000,  0(K) 

15,  OIK),  000 
5,  000,  000 
2,  000,  000 


450,  000,  000 


7a 


If  history  and  philosophy  have  made  certain 
any  truth  in  poliliciil  «conouiy,  It  is  this  :  No  coun- 
try can  permuiiontly  i>rosi)er  iu  the  race  for  mater- 
ial wealth  hy  exchangins:  the  products  of  its  8oil 
for  manufactured  groods. 

—Hon.  Thomas  Updegrraff,  Iowa. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 
SINGI-E  SIIiVER  STANDARD. 

Stock  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  principal  coiintricfi  of  the  world  having  the 
single  silver  standard. 


Countries. 

Monetary  system. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Russia   . 

Silver 

§250,  000,  000 
5,000,000 

$G0,  000,  000 

Alexico 

do 

50,  000,  000 

Opntral  America 

do 

500,  000 

do 

45,  000,  000 

25,  000,  000 

India 

do 

900,  000,  000 

China 

..  ..do     

7(X),  000,  000 

The  Straits 

do 

100,  000,  000 

Total 

300,  000,  000 

1,  SP.5,  500,  000 

Total  in  the  world,  $3,632,600,000  gold  ;  $4,002,500,000  silver. 
Bureau  op  the  Mint,  A^i^ust  16^  189S. 

CURRENCY,    SII.TER  imports,  1893. 

FOREIGN  SILVER  BUI.I.ION 

Of  the  commercial  value  of  $4,978,400  was 
imported  during  the  year,  the  entire  amount  coming  from  Mexico,  Cen- 
tral and  South  American  States. 

FOREIGN  SILVER  COINS 

Of  the  value  of  $17,615,663  were  imported.  Of 
this  amount  $  16,128,532  came  from  Mexico,  and  the  remainder  from  tlie 
West  Indies  and  Central  and  South  America. 

SILVER  IN  FOREIGN  ORES 

Of  the  invoiced  value  of  $11,100,747  were  imported 
from  Mexico  into  the  United  States  for  reduction.    These  silver- lead  ores 
contained  59,426,588  pounds  of  lead  valued  at  $1,182,911,  and  422,322  pounds 
of  copper  valued  at  ^22,706. 
UNITED  STATES  SILVER  COINS 

(Subsidiary  pieces)  of  the  value  of  $599,189 
were  imported,  of  which  $551,383  came  from  the  Provinces  of  Quebec  and 
Ontario. 

DOaiESTIC  SILVER  BULLION 

Containing  27,857,294  ounces  valued  at  $23,- 
464,746  were  exported.  Of  this  amount  bars  of  the  value  of  $19,882,541 
were  shipped  to  England,  $1,&59,200  to  Japan,  $627,450  to  Hongkong,  $520,- 
000  to  British  India  and  East  India,  $457,900  to  France,  and  the  remainder 
to  China,  Quebec,  and  Ontario. 

77 


Under  the  protection  policy,  the  United 
States  has  hecome  the  foremost  nianufacturin£: 
Nation  in  the  world,  whilie  its  agrricxllttire  lias  heen 
extended  and  diversified  by  the  incent^v^  of  the 
most  profitable  maylcets  known  to  «aen. 

—Senator  Matthew  s.  Quay,  Penn. 


CURRENCY.     (Continued.) 

COPPER  MATTE.  -  ' -'  ""''^    ^'^^'^    ^^^^  ^^^  ®-^^' 

There  were  54;S64;829  pounds   exported   during   the 
year  containing  1,203,217  puncfis  ot'fine  sEver  of  the  oommercial  value  of 

$1,066,155.  ;.     A;:-:.;    .v^.v^  ■,-..-<.:•:    '.- 

The  following  table  shows  the  total  imports  of  silver  for  the  fiscal  year 

1893: 

Foreign  btillion  (commercial  value)... |4,  978,  400 

Silver  in  foreign  ores  (commercial  value)...........  11, 100,  747 

Foreign  silver  Q0Ju..v,A,.f<^t>M*-..i^.;. 17,  615,  663 

Total  fbreign....:*d.:!^..:L..: 33,  694,  810 

United  States  silver  Coltf.:..;.;.. ...... .......;:............        599, 189 

Total  silver  imports... ,..,,^.^^.,,„„,..^.g,^.j,^,, 34,  293,  999 

CURRENCY,  SIL.VER,  exports  i8i^#^^'''^^' ^^^^-^ 

UNITED  STATES  SUBSIDIARY  SIIiVER 

'Coins  of  the  value  of  $94,508  wer« 
exported  during  the  yoaf,  iwb-tliirds  of  which  wont  to  Quebec,  Ontario, 
and  British  Columbia. 

FOREIGN  SIIiVER  COINS, 

Principally  JVEexican  dollars,  re-exported  dur- 
ing the  same  period  were  valued  at  $17,178,065,  of  which  $7,809,151  were 
shipped  to  Hongliong,  $5,340,981  to  England,  $2,291,780  to  Japan,  $655,00C 
to  British  India  and  East  Indies,  $477,961  to  West  Indies,  $344,682  to 
Mexico,  and  the  remainder  to  various  countries. 

FOREIGN  ORES  CONTAINING 

Silver  of  the  value  of  $144,338  were  re-ex- 
ported.   Of  this  amount  $80,613  went  to  Belgium  and  $63,725  to  England. 
The  following  table  shows  the  total  export  of  iailviBr  for  the  fiscal  year 

to  have  been  $11,947,812. 

United  States  bars ..........,...!.. $67,655 

Other  domestic  bullion............:..:..........................  23,397,091 

Silver  contained  in  copper  matte 1,066,155 

United  States  subsidiary  silver  coin 94,508 

Total  domestic 24,625,409 

Foreign  silver  coin  re-exported $17,178,065 

Silver  in  foreign  ores  re-exported 144,338 

Total  foreign 17,322,403 

Total  silver  exports ........-; ■. 41,947,812 

Comparing  the  tables  of  imports  and  es:ports  of  silver  during  the  fiscal 
year  1893,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  exports  exceeded  the  imports  by  $7,653,- 
813,  an  increase  over  the  fiscal  year  1892,  in  the  net  exports,  of  $2,617,985. 

'      "78 


All  th«  wl«4oB&  of  th«  years  that  have  s«ne 

and  of  th«  comlnv  years*  tells  us  that  the  broader 

the  rlirht  of  snf  f  race  the  stronser  the  GoTernment. 

—Horn.  Stephen  A.  Northway,  Ohio. 


CURRENCY,  sii<T£B,  cowrss  or,  fbom  is4«  to  isds,  inclusive:, 

ANB  OF  TH£  CAUSES  OF  ITS  DEPRECIATION  SINCE  1872. 

FBOM  THS  DIKECTOR  OF  THE  MINT,  1893. 

"During  the  calendar  year  X848  the  average  price  of  silver  in  the  Lon- 
don market  was  693d.  per  ounce  fbrsilver  0.925  fine  (British  standard), 
equivalent  in  "United  States  money  to  $1.3098  per  ounce  1,000  fine. 

"  The  price  from  this  time  gradually  advanced  until  1859,  when  it 
reached  an  average  for  the  year  of  62  l-16d. 

"The  advance  in  the  price  between  1860  and  1859  waa  due  to  the  very 
large  increase  in  the  production  of  gold  in  Calilbmia  and  Australia, 
which  added  to  the  world's  supply  of  tiiat  metal  without  any  material 
increase  in  the  supply  of  silver.  The  advance  in  the  price  was  also 
greatly  stimulated  by  the  large  ioana  made  in  silver  to  India  for  public 
improvements  and  for  expenses  incidental  to  the  suppression  of  the  Se- 
poy mutiny  of  1857. 

"Between  1860  and  1866  a  decline  took  place,  the  yearly  average  price 
ranging  from  61  ll-16c2.  to  61id.  The  latter  figure  was  maintained  until 
after  the  close  of  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  by  reason  of  the 
limited  supply  of,  and  the  increased  demand  for,  silver.  Cotton  was  at 
this  time  cultivated  very  extensively  in  India  because  of  the  small 
quantity  of  it  obtainable  Arom  the  United  States,  and  large  amounts  of 
silver  were  required  for  shipment  to  that  country  to  pay  for  it. 

"The  variation  in  the  average  yearly  price,  ttom  1867  to  1872,  was  only 
4-16d.  The  average  price  of  silver  in  1873  was  59i<«.,  equal  to  $1.29883. 
Since  that  time  the  yearly  average  decline  has  been  steady,  with  only 
four  exceptions.  The  average  price  for  the  month  of  October,  1893,  was 
33.608c;.,  equal  to  $0.73672,  a  decline,  in  a  period  of  a  little  over  twenty 
years,  of  $0.56211.per  ounce. 

"The  causes  of  tljis  great  decline,  stated  briefly,  are  as  follows : 

"First.  Germany,  in  1871  and  1873,  enacted  laws  demonetizing,  silver 
making  gold  the  sole  standard  of  value,  and  calling  in  all  silver  coins 
previously  issued  and  circulated  in  the  several  states^  of  the  German 
Empire. 

"To  procure  the  gold  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  coinage,  Germany 
sold,  between  1873  ^nd  1879,  large  amount*  of  silver  from  her  store  of 
melted  silver  coins,  including  the  amount  received  from  France  in  pay- 
ment of  the  indemnity  imposed  upon  her  at  the  close  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war. 

"The  effect  of  this  legislation  was  to  create  a  demand  for  gold  in  Ger- 
many  and  to  increase  the  supply  of  silver  bullion,  or  melted  coins,  in 
other  countries,  and  to  cause  a  depreciation  in  the  price  of  the  white 
metal. 

"Second.  In  1872,  Norway,  Swedea,  and  Denmark  entered  into  a  mon- 
etary treaty  demonetizing  allvw,  whick  was  forma^lj  ratified  by  Sweden 


Etery  direct  tax  or  tax  on  income  or  property 
except  Irapoi'ts  should  bo  Hci'upulously  avoided  l>y 
the  United '.States'  leaving  to  the  States  theehtir« 
field  of  djrfecttaiatibn.        • 

—Senator  John  Sherman,  Ohio. 


CURRENCY.     ( Coo  tin  ned. )-,,..  :     .,....,. 

and  Denmark  in.  1873  and  by  iN^orway  in  1875..  .  By  this  treaty  they 
adopted  the  single  gold  standard  and  made  silver  a  subsidiary  metal, 
to  be  coined  on  Governirient  account  only,  lor  change  purposes. 

Third.  Holland,  which  hia^  l)eiBh  on  a  silver  basis  since  1847,  practi- 
cally followed  the  example  of  Germany  in  1875,  for  although  in  that 
year  it  nominally  adopted  the  douliile  standard  at  the  i-atio  of  1  to  15  5-1.1, 
it,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  prohibited  the^coftiage  of  silver,  thus  becoming, 
like  Germany,  gold  monometallic.    .    "' 

"Fourth.  The  price'  having  ialloh  to  a  point  at  which  it  becomes 
profitable  for  brokers  to  i^urcliase  silver  "in  Germany  and  siup  it  to  the 
states  comprising  the  Latiii  Uriioil  iqr  conversion  intoi  5-franc  pieces, 
the  parties  to  that  monetary  ti-eafy  decided,  in  1874,  to  limit  the  amount 
ofS-lranc  pieces  tobe  coiiied  by  eiich.  This,  however,  did  not  have  the 
etl'ect  to  steady  tlie  price,  and  in  1878  the  mints*  of  the  Latin  Union  were 
closed  to  the  coinage  of  full  legal-tender  silver  coins,  and  have  remained 
so  ever  since.  •  '      ' 

"Filth.  In  September,  18'/6,  ililsSia  suspended  the  coinage  of  silver, 
except  as  to  such  an  amount  as  miglit  be  reqiiired  for  trade  purposes 
witli  China. 

"Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  siiyiBr'^tanclai"d  legally  prevailed  in 
Austria-Hungary  until  1B92,  the  free  coinjig'6  Of  silver  lias  been  suspended 
in  that  country  since  1870.  "  In  i8fi2'lt  f<>?iAaliy  adopted  the  single  gold 
standard.  "  ■y''"'       .  ' 

"By  the  act  of  1873  tlie  coinage  of  t)iU^  legal-tender  silver  was  tacitly 
prohibited  in  the  tTnited  States  and  gold  nqiadelhe  solo  standard  of  val- 
ue, but  as  we  were  then  oii  a  paper  basfs,,  tlie  price  of  silver  can  not  be 
said  to  have  been  appreciably  affected  by  that  act,  especially  as  it  pro- 
vided for  the  receipt  of  silver ,  from  individuals  for  coinage  into  trade 
dollars,  and  the  further  fiict  that  large  purchases  of  silver  wore  made  for 
the  subsidiary  silver  coinage  under  the  acts  of  1873  and  1875,  to  replace  the 
fractional  paper  currency  which  had  b^eri  used  for  change  purposes 
since  1862. 

"The  act  of  February  28,  1878,  authorized  the  coinage  of  silver  dollars 
of  the  weiglit  of412i  grains,  as  p^royided  for  by  the  act  of  January  18,  18Ji7, 
and  which  were  a  full  legal  teniier.  Under  the  act  of ,  18.37  the  coinage 
was  free  to  individuals,  but  tlie  act  of  1878  provided  for  the  coinage  of  full 
legal-tender  sil  ver  dollars  on'boverhment  account  only.  It  also  provid- 
ed for  the  purchase  for  this  coinage  of  not^Jess  than  $2,000,000,  nor  more 
1  m  $4,0()0,000  worth  of  bullion  eacii  month,  at  the  market  price.  But 
)  twithstanding  the  magnitiide  of  the  purchase  of  silver  required  to  be 
niade  under  the  act  of  1878lthedecfineln  price  continued. 

"Further  legislation  by  the  United  States,  still  more  favorable  to  silver, 
was  enacted  by  the  act  of  July  14,' i'^90,.'w)n^^^^^  jiroyided  for  the  purchase 
of54,000,000ounc©sanifiualTy,  the  estimated  produc^^        of  our  domestio 

80  '' 


I  say  that  under  these  circumstances,  and  in 
view  of  these  facts,  we'sire  jti«tifiett  tn-fmding:  some 
fault  witli  the  way  in  whicii  1  his-  old  soldier  Is 
treated  after  his" i>ens ion •lias'been  aiiAwed.-  ■ 

■'       •   —H6n.  James  A-.  Tjlwnoy,  Minnesota. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 

mines.  The  effect  of  this  act  was  to  cause  a  tei;iajpflrary  advance  in  the 
price  of  silver,  but  tlie  high  p[ri.ce-cuuid,.jii0.t  beauaintained  owing  to  the 
largely  increased  output  by. tUesiiver-pijodiu'insciJU.ptries  of  the  world, 
and  the  price  commenced  to  doclino.in.  ^eRtember^  1^,  and  continued  to 
do  so. 

"Sixth.  On  the.26th  of  Ju;i0,  1893,  Jthe  Legisiative  Council  of  India 
passed  a  bill  closing  her  mints  to  silver  coiiiiige /or  iiidividuals,  and  her 
action  has  been  followed  in  the  UiiitedSta'tesLy. ''the  repeal  of  the  pur- 
chasing clause  of  the  act  of  Jij  iy  14,  Ig^., .    ]^    *         *      . . 

"The  present  price  of  silver  in  the  .London  market  is  32i(/.  for  silver 
.925  fine,  equivalent  in  United  States  "i^i^cy, to  $0,707  10  for  silver  1,000 
fine.  .'  .'V  .'    '  /     '..  "[ 

"  Seventh.  The  great  increase  iujthe  pro  juctjqn  of  the  metal.  In  1873 
the  world's  production  of  silver  was .  estiinatcd  to  be  ^1,800,000,  and  in 
1892  at  ^196,G05,(XX)— an  increase  in  the  "annual  .supply,  in  twenty  years,  of 
over  140  per  cent.  ."       .       .         . 

"Considering  the  enormously  iucrease(|  production  of  silver  and  the 
decreasing  demand  for  it  ibr  coina^je  purx)0?es,  ft  would  bo  a  matter  of 
surprise  if  the  price  had  not  ver^  gveatl^  decjihcd.  ^ 

"The  increase  of  the  production  lias  liad  miji'o  to  do  wnlh  the  deprecia- 
tion of  silver  than  has  its  demonetization  b.y  some  countries  and  the  sus- 
pension of  its  coinage  by  others.  ' 

CURRENCY,   SILVKK,  COUJKSK  OF  IJN  i«i>:j. 

"The  year  1893  was  a  memorable  otle  in  the  history  of  silver  and  silver 
legislation,  rendered  so  by  the  passage  oi'theact  ofthe  Governor-General 
of  India  in  Council  of  June  20,  vvhioh  closed  thelncliah  niintsto  the  free 
coinage  of  silver,  and  by  the  repeal,  in  Ntivember,  t>f  the  purchasing 
clause  of  the  act  oT  Congress  of  July  14,*  IMiO,  which  provided  for  tlie  pur- 
chase by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of '^,500,000  fine  ounces  of 
silver  per  month.  These  measures'depri^•(?d  silver,  so  far  as  legislation 
could  accomplish  that  end,  of  its  two  hirgest '  aiid  most  remunerative 
markets,  and  left  Mexico  the  only  country  of  any  iinportance  in  whicli  the 
coinage  of  the  white  metal  continues  free.  '      '      '-.<~ 

"The  highest  i)rice  reached  during  the  year  Tor  an  ounce  of  British 
standard  silver  (.925  fmc^Was  in  .j£miiary,whdn  it  amounted  to  38  9-16 
pence,  equivalent  to  ^0.84724  per  fine  ounce,  and  the  lo>vest  30i  pence  for 
British  standard,- or  ^.06426  per  ounce  for  fine  silver.  The  highest  aver- 
age Lond'  n  price  lor  any  pne^  montli  in  the  year  was  38.356  pence  jn 
February,  and  the  lowest  32.015  pence,  the.  average  i)rice  in  December. 
The  highest  monthly  average  price  of  line  bnr  silver  in  New  York  was 
$0.84380  in  February,  and  the  lowest  $0.70250  in   December. 

"The  diucrence  between  the  highest  and  lowest  monthly  average  price 
was  greater  than  in  any  year  since  1890,  amounting  to  16.7  per  cent. 


# 


In  TlolaMsK  th«iie  rlchts  Ton  put  the  soldier  of 
the  conntrr  upon  m  level  beloW  the  commonest 
criminal.  Ton  Miy  to  the  criminal  in  the  dock, 
"  Ton  shall  not  bo  conrieted  nntilrou  hare  been 
tried."  Ton  say  to  the  soldier,  "We  will  convict 
yon  before  yon  nave  had  a  trial.'* 

4.-Hon.  Charles  H.  OrosTenor.  Ohio. 


CURRENCT.    (CoBtlBveA.) 

"Th«  ayerage  London  piio*  fbr  Um  whole  retort  of  bar  silver  .025  fine 
was  85.596  pence,  and  the  ftverase  priee  during  the  year  of  fine  bar  silver 
in  New  York  was  10.78219,  a  decline  as  compared  with  the  average  price 
in  1892  of  over  10.5  per  cent. 

"Owing  to  a  steady  although  decUiiing  demand  of  silver  for  India,  lio 
great  variation  in  the  price  ef  bar  silver  occurred  until  May,  whem  the 
deamess  of  money  in  that  country  enabled  the  Indian  council  to  sell 
large  amounts  of  telegraphie  transftrs,  and  the  demand  for  silver  being 
consequently  smaller,  Uie  price  ftU  ftrom  68  9-16  pence  (^  .84724  per  fine 
ounce)  to  87 11-16  pence  (I0.8SQ90  per  fine  ounce),  from  which  price  there 
was  a  recovery  in  June  to  38J  pence  fbr  bar  silver,  British  standard,  or 
10.84672  for  fine  bar  silver.  The  closing  of  the  Indian  mints  to  the  free 
coinage  of  silver  caused  a  panic  both  in  London  and  New  Yorls  and 
silver  fell  to  86  pence  In  London  and  to  $0.78405  in  New  York  on  the 
26th.  Between  that  date  and  the  80th  it  dropped  in  London,  to  35  pence 
on  the  27th,  to  84  pence  on  the  28th,  toSli  pence  on  the  29th,  and  to  301 
pence  on  the  80th ;  and  in  New  York  to  10.76227  on  the  27th,  to  $0.73959  on 
the  28th,  to|0.68604  on  the  29th,  and  to  fO.66426  on  the  80th,  per  ounce  of 
fine  bar  silver. 


'*0n  the  1st  of  July  British  standard  silver  was  quoted  in  Loudon  at  331 
pence  and  fine  silver  in  New  York  at  $0.72960.  After  this  there  was  a 
gradual  advance,  owing  to  the  flEict  that  for  the  first  time  China  became 
an  important  buyer  of  bar  silver  and  continued  to  take  large  sums  until 
late  in  the  year.  The  advance  was  uninterrupted  until  about  the  middle 
of  September,  when  the  price  in  Ixmdon  fbr  bars  ready  for  immediate 
shipment  was  84}  pence  and  the  price  of  fine  bars  in  New  York  $0.75449 
per  ounce.  The  price  on  the  last  day  of  1893  was  31.175  pence  in  London 
and  $0.69471  in  New  York* 

"The  suspension  of  the  free  coinage  of  sUver  in  India  does  not  seem  to 
have  lessened  the  imports  of  silver  into  India  in  1893.  The  net  imports 
of  ounces  of  silver  into  that  country  are  shown  in  the  following  table  for 
the  Indian  fiscal  yean  (ending  Mareh  81)  1887-'88  to  1898-'94. 


Years. 


l«87-'88 

1888-'89 

18t»-'90. 

1«90-»91 


Not  import*. 


Ounces, 
82,  782,  699 
33,438,029 
38,  643,  774 
61,  629,  065 


Years. 


l«91-'92. 
189:^'93. 
1893->94. 


Net  imports. 


Ounces. 
32,348,438 
45.  523,  512 
64,328,853 


"Witli  the  closiui:  of  nuUs  and  factories 
throughout  our  land,  beginning:  most  abruptly 
after  the  result  of  the  clectipu  of  1893  was  known, 
multitudes  of  laboring  ;pe<>ple  were  forced  into 
idleness. 

— SenatQJc,E^p..H^sbrough,  North  Dakota. 


CURRENCY,    THIS  chapter  CONTAIISS  ALI^  ARTieiJES  RELATING 
TO  PAPEK  MONET  USEI>^AS  iXUKKENCY. 

CURRENCY,  NATIONAL  VERSUS  STATE. 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war  the  public  debt  amounted  to. 
about  180,000,000.  The  script  had  bee©me  worthless.  The  confederation 
had  no  power  to  levy  taxes,  and  its 'financial  credit  had  disappeared. 
The  money  of  the  several  States  was  in  utter  confusion,  both  as  to  kinds 
and  value.  To  bring  order  and  credit  out  of  this  financial  chaos  was  the 
problem  which  confronted  Hamilton  when  he'  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  by  Washington  under  the  new  Constitutional  Govern- 
ment. And  this  was  accoinplished  by  a  series  of  financial  measures, 
which  have  given  t©  his  name  imperishable  renown. 

1.  Assumption  of  the  revolutionary  debts  of  the  confederation  and  the 
States,  with  promise  to  pay  tliem  in  full.     -- 

2.  Passage  of  a'tarifi'law  to  provide  Ibr  tbe  Support  of  the  Government, 
the  payment  of  thiese  debts,  and  the  encouJpagement  and  protection  oi 
manufactures.  ■     - 

3.  A  Mint  act,  to  give  unity  to  the  denominations  and  value  of  money. 

4.  The  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  to  provide  a  fis- 
cal agent,  and  a  sound  and  uniforin  paper  currency. 

CURRENCY,    THE  UNITED  STATES  BANHS. 

The  act  to  authorize  this  baiik-was  passed  by  Congress,  and  approved 
February  25, 1791.        :      •   -  .^ -^  ;  -   .-    '  ^     \ 

"  The  measure  originated  witfr  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  was 
violently  opposed  by  Jefferson  and  the  Anti-federal  party." 

The  controversy  thus  begun  has  continued  to  w^age  ever  since.  The 
bank  was  reorganized  in  1817,  with  a  charter  for  twenty  years,  which, 
therefore,  expired  in  1837;  and  the  successful  war  of  President  Jackson 
and  the  Democratic  party  against  its  re-charter  was  one  of  the  notable 
events  of  his  administration.  The  party  issue  from  thence  on  has  been 
clear  and  unmistakable.  The  Whig  party  was  in  tavor  of  a  national 
currency,  to  be  supplied  through  a  national  bank  and  branches,  and 
throughout  its  existence  strove  to  secure  such  an  institution,  but  in  vain. 
The  Democratic  party  having  defeated  all  such  attempts,  was  fully  com- 
mitted to  the  system  of  State  banks,  declaring  in  its  national  platform  ui 
1840,  "  That  Congress  has  no  power  to  charter  a  United  States  Bank ;  and 
we  believe  such  an  institution  one  of  deadly  hostility  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  country,  dangerous  to  our  Republican  institutions  and  the  liber- 
ties of  the  people."  As  the  total  amount  of  the  gold  coinage  up  to  1837 
was  only  f23,140,340 ;  and  of  the  silver  coinage  $48,815,879.90,  it  is  quite 
apparent  that  some  sort  of  a  paper  currency  was  essential  to  business. 


I  thank  heaven  that  men  are  sent  liere 
whom  you  can  trnst ;  that  we  have  behind  ns 
this  grreat  constitnency  that  will  always  cither 
sustain  ns  in  what  in  right  or  condemns  us  in 
what  is  wrong. 

— Senator  Anthony  lliggins,  Delaware. 


CURRKNCY.    (Continued.) 
STATE  PAPER. 

The  country  gradually  recov- 
ered from  its  commercial  disasters,  but  did  not  profit  by  its  experience. 
A  Democratic  Congress  i-epealed  tlietariflf  of  1842,  and  enacted  the  Walker 
tariff  of  1846.  Banlcs  were  again  multiplied,  and  flooded  the  country  with 
their  paper  as  variegated  as  Joseph's  coat  of  many  colors.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war  there  were  1396  banks  existing  in  29  States  and  Terri- 
tories, which  were  thus  described  by  a  Senator: 

"Their  systems  of  banking  are  as  diverse  as  anything  can  possibly  be. 
We  have  a  complex  system  of  bank-notes.  The  ordinary  bank-note  re- 
porters and  detectors  contain  an  infinite  variety  of  descriptions  to  tell  the 
value  of  a  banknote,  and  whether  it  is  counterfeit.  The  loss  by  coun- 
terfeiting, and  the  loss  by  bad  notes  of  various  kinds  iu  this  country,  is 
estimated  by  gentlemen  wlio  are  engaged  in  the  business  as  nearly  equal 
to  the  interest  on  the  whole  circulation.  The  people,  therefore,  are  not 
only  compelled  to  use  this  money,  and  substantially  give  to  the  banks  a 
profit  of  the  interest  on  the  whole  circulation,  but  in  addition  to  that  they 
fully  lose  |;9,000,000  in  the  form  of  defaced  notes,  counterfeit  notes,  etc. 
Every  year  more  or  less  of  these  banks  break.  There  is  no  stability  about 
them.  They  have  no  common  bond  of  organization;  any  important  event 
that  disturbs  the  money  market  of  the  world  makes  a  greater  flutter 
among  them  than  a  shot  among  a  bevy  of  partridges.  The  uncertain 
rateof  exchange  between  the  different  States  grows  out  of  the  multitude 
and  diversity  of  the  banks.  The  bank  paper  of  States  adjoining  each  other 
has  varied  in  value  as  much  as  one  year's  interest  of  money." 

As  long  as  the  Democratic  party  was  in  power  this  currency  was 
local,  issued  under  authority  of  the  States,  in  accordance  with  their  funda- 
mental principle  of  State  Sovereignty.  In  1876  ex-Secretary  Hugh  Mc- 
Collough  gave  this  dispassionate  but  graphic  picture  of  this  system : 

"  In  anticipation  of  the  expiration  of  the  charter  of  the  United  States 
Bank  many  banking  institutions  were  chartered  by  the  States,  some  of 
which— known  at  the  time  as  pet  banks— became  the  depositories  of  the 
public  moneys.  It  soon  became  apparent,  however,  that  these  banks 
were  likely  to  become  unsafe  Government  depositories,  and  all  connec- 
tion of  the  Government  with  the  banks  was  terminated  by  the  Sub- 
Treasury  Act,  under  which  tlie  public  revenues  were  collected  in  coin 
and  deposited  in  the  Treasury.  From  the  time  of  the  expiration  of  the 
charter  of  the  United  States  Banlc  up  to  1861  the  State  banks  furnished 
the  country  witii  its  paper  circulation,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  controlled 
its  business.  It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  upon  tlie  defects  of  the  State- 
bank  system,  or  tlie  character  of  a  considerable  part  of  the  notes  which 
the  people  were  compelled  to  receive  and  treat  as  money.    There  were 

84 


There  Is  no  country  in  tlie  world  where 
Individual  enterprise  lias  siieli  wide  and  varied 
range,  and  wherein  the  inventive  genins  of  man 
has  such  encouragement. 

—William  McKlnley, 


CURRENCY.     (Continued.) 

scarcely  two  States  in  the  Union  whose  systems  were  alike.  In  some 
States,  banks  were  chartered  with  proper  restrictions  upon  their  discounts 
and  their  circulation ;  in  others,  without  any  such  restrictions.  In  some 
there  was  individual  liability ;  in  others,  no  liability  at  all,  not  even  in 
cases  of  gross  mismanagement.  In  some  States  the  circulation  of  the 
banks  was  secured,  partially,  at  least,  by  mortgages  and  bonds ;  in  others, 
there  was  no  security  except  the  capital,  which  was  frequently  a  myth. 
In  some  States  banking  was  a  monopoly ;  in  others,  it  enjoyed  the  largest 
liberty.  The  consequence  was  that  we  had  a  bank-note  circulation  fre- 
quently worthless,  and,  when  solvent,  lacking  that  uniform  value  which 
was  needed  in  business  transactions  between  the  citizens  of  the  different 
States.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  the  circulation  of  the  State  banks  was 
entirely  unfitted  for  a  country  like  ours ;  that  by  it  the  people  were  sub- 
jected to  enormous  losses,  not  only  in  the  way  of  exchanges,  but  in  the 
inability  of  a  great  many  of  the  banks  to  redeem  their  notes." 

CURRENCY  IN    1861. 

This  was  the  condition  of  the  currency  when  the  Republicans  came  into 
power  in  1861  and  found  the  country  witli  an  empty  Treasury  and  a 
broken  credit,  and  in  the  arms  of  a  formidable  rebellion.  It  was  imme- 
diately found  impossible  to  carry  on  the  operations  of  the  war  with  this 
diversified  and  unreliable  currency.  The  first  call  of  the  Treasury  ex- 
hausted the  specie,  and  the  banks  promptly  suspended  payments.  A 
national  currency  had  to  be  created  or  the  Nation  must  perish.  Legal 
tender  Treasury  notes  (greenbacks)  were  issued  to  take  the  place  of  the 
disappearing  specie ;  a  system  of  national  banks  was  devised,  with  cir- 
culating notes  secured  by  a  deposit  of  Government  bonds ;  the  rubbish 
was  cleared  away  by  a  ten  per  cent,  tax  on  the  circulating  notes  of  State 
banks ;  and  revenue  was  provided  by  means  of  a  protective  tariff.  Ter- 
rible was  the  Democratic  outcry  over  these  measures.  "Arbitrary," 
••tyrannical,"  "unconstitutional,"  "dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  the 
people,"  were  the  mildest  of  their  denunciations.  But  the  event  justified 
their  wisdom.  These  banks  were  independent  of  each  other,  and  there- 
fore not  "  within  the  control  of  a  concentrated  money  power"  they  were 
under  Government  inspection,  and  required  to  accept  each  other's  notes 
in  the  payment  of  deljts  due  to  them ;  and  their  notes  were  perfectly  se- 
cure in  the  hands  of  the  people,  whether  corporate  affairs  were  well  or 
badly  managed.  The  business  of  the  country  was  relieved  of  the  enor- 
mous tax  for  "  exchange"  to  which  it  had  been  subjected  ;  and  the  people 
were  relieved  of  the  still  greater  burden  of  loss  from  broken  banks  and 
depreciated  notes.  With  the  return  of  peace  came  the  disbandment  of 
the  grand  army  of  volunteers,  the  payment  of  the  war  debt,  the  recovery 
of  the  public  credit,  a  return  to  specie  payments,  and  an  accumulation  of 


There-  are  few  manufaotnr^srs ;  tlie  /workman 
are  many..  Upon  their- broad  shovlders  rests  the 
stability  of  the  Staie.  In  their  han<ls  is  the  ballot. 
It  is  they  who*  in  the  last  analysis,  shall  make  the 
laws  and  rule  the  Republic  for  good  or  ill. 

.  jrr-Hoii.'drohn  Dalzelly  PennsylTania. 


CURRENCY.     (Continued.) 

tbo  precious  metals  a  suggestion  6f  Which  half  a  generation  ago  would 

have  been  esteemed  as  fabulous  as  the  story  of  Aladdin's  lamp. 

After  the  war  the  Democratic  party,  dazed  at  the  constant  failures  of 
its  own  evil  prophecies,  the  rapid  recovery  of  the  country  from  the 
tremendous  strain,  and  the  popularity  of  the  national  currency,  com- 
pletely lost  its  head,  plunged  into  thC  vagaries  of  Greenbackism,  and  de- 
manded the  indefinite  issue  of  Treasury  notes.  But  this  was  not  its 
settled  conviction,  could  in  tio  Wise  be  reconciled  to  its  principles,  and 
has  measurably  passed  away.  It  has  never  forgiven  the  capitalists  of 
the  country  for  furnishing  the  "sinews  of ^ war/'  nor  relaxed  its  hostility 
to  anything  in  the  shape  of  a  national  bank.  In  its  last  national  plat- 
form, all  false  pretences  are  laid  aside,  and  it  recommends  "  that  the  pro- 
hibitory 10  per  cent,  tax  on  State  bank  issue,^  be  repealed."  And  here 
the  currency  issue  is  joined.  The  Republican  party  insists  that  all  circu- 
lating notes  of  bank^  shall  t)C  issued  by  national  authority,  under 
national  inspection,  and  upon  a  pledge  of  national  securities.  The  Dem- 
ocratic party  insists  that  State  banks  shall  be  allowed  to  issue  circulating 
notes  on  such  conditions  as  the  States  see  proper  to  impose.  National 
versus  State  paper  currency  is  an  issue  to  be  again  fought  out.  If  the 
people  prefer  Wild  Cat  and  Red  Dog  to  Greenbacks  and  National  notes, 
they  will  have  the  opportunity  to  say  so. 

CURRENCY  OUTSTANDING,  JANAIJRY,  18^2. 

Treasury  notes. .....w.... ^57,500,000 

National  Bank  notes.... 328,  465,431 

Making  a  total  of... 685,  965,  431 

At  the  close  of  twenty  years  (1893)  the   currency 
outstanding  stood  as  follows: 

Treasury  notes 347, 681,  016 

Gold  and  silver  certificates...... 437, 363,  693 

New  treasury  notes  of  1890 147, 190,  227 

National  bank  notes 188,016,228 

Total ...,.,...,.......,. 1,  120,  251,  164 

This  shows  an  increase  in  twenty  years  of. 434,  285,  733 

The  shrinkage  in  the  national  bank  circulation  in 

the  twenty  years  amounted  to 140,  000,  000 

This  is  accounted  Ibr  by  the  issuance  of  the  different 
forms  of  paper  currency  above  stated. 

In  order  to  show  the  whole  volume  of  money,  we 

have  in  addition  to  the  foregoing  (1893)  of  gold  657,  505, 880 

Silver 621,  171,958 

Making  the  aggregate  of  money  of  all  kinds  in  use 

a  little  over 2,  400,  000,  000 


B«m  on  Ameriean  —a,  vmsfS.  amMtsat  th* 
olticena  of  the  fairest,  freest,  •■«  most  properons 
land  on  earth,  I  shall  Tote  to  keep  It  sneh  hj 
bolldinff  ap  Amerloaa  homes  and  American  in- 
dustries on  Amert^sn  soU. 

—Hon.  Ooorg*  W.  Smith,  niinola. 


CUBRBNOT.    (Continued.) 

The  volume  of  money  In  the  epuntry  outside  of  the  United  Statoa 
Treasury  has  increased  f  112»404,947  during  the  years  1892-1893. 
Money  Outsidb  of  thh  Tbra.burt. 


Nov.  1,1892. 

Nov.  1. 1893. 

Decrease. 

Increase. 

Gold  coin 

Standard  silver  doUara.... 

Subsidiary  silver 

rjold  cprtificates        

1411,252,197 

01,^72,455 

65,965,408 

120,255,849 

824,552,532 

114,567,423 
332,060,234 

10,550,000 
165,224,137 

1498,121,679 

58,725,818 

64,309,807 

78,889,809 

325,717,232 

150,818,682 
821.892,028 

22,325,000 
197,745,227 

■|2,946',*637* 

1,675,601 

41,366,040 

10,188^ 

186,869,482 

Silver  certificates 

1,164,700 

Treasury  notes,  act  July 
14,  1890 

'36,251,159 

United  States  notes ,.. 

Currency  certificates,  AOt 

June  8,  1872 ^.,. 

National  bank  notes 

11,775,000 
82,521,090 

Totals  

1,606,139,735 

1,718.544,682 

56,176,484 

168,581,431 

Total  increase.... 

112,404,947 

NATIONAL  BANKS. 


CURRENCY. 

Statement    Showing    Profits    Ufon    CiROUiiATiNa    Notes    Based 

Upon  a  Deposit  of  |100,000  Bonds,  October  31,  1893. 

October  31, 1893 — 4  per  cents. 

1100,000  fours  at  111.1712  premium,  interest... ^,  000.  00 

Circulation,  90  percent,  on  par  value ......................  |90, 000.  00 

Loanable  circulation  at  6  per  cent.... ^..^.^ 6,  400.  00 

»  Gross  receipts ^.^.^ A.     $9,400.00 

Deduct— 

1  per  cent,  tax  on  circulation ....»..«.-« .-    900.  00 

Annual  cost  of  redemption. ...s.^...^...^..^.      46.  00 

Express  charges ., 3.  00 

Cost  of  plates  for  circulation ^......^.............*       7.  50 

Agents'  fees .,.......^..... 7.  00 

Sinking  fund  reinvested  quarterly  to  liquidate 

premium .............a..........^......*.....    633.  26 

B.  1,  499.  75 

Net  receipts .....^ ...,.....,♦. ^,...^C,    7,  904.  25 

|111,171.2()  loaned  at  6  per  cent. « D.    6, 670. 27 

Profit  on  circulation... ...........^....«. .............B.     1, 233.98 

•  A.    Gross  earnings  of  bonds  and  circulatinf  medium. 

B.    Expenses  other  than  bank  building,  clerks,  eto. 

O.    Reooipts  less  ex];>enses. 

9.  The  amount  money  woold  earn,  without  risk  or  loss,  by  simply 
loaning  it. 

B.   Profit  OD  oiivoUtloii  liiatd  opoa  1160,010  f^  boadii^ 


.If  the  minority.  wi.lfiibt.fl.CMaiilesce.  the  fbajasH- 
Ity  must,  or  the  Government  miistifiease. 

; ..  .— rAb^^am  liincoln. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.)  .■,"!".' 

Tho  above  oflBcial  report  shows  tlie'maxirrium  possible  earnings  of  thi^ 
bank.  Bnt  in  fact  there  are  other  provisions  of  law  and  exigencies  ol 
business  whicli  i^rovent  such  earnings. 

The  law  requires  that  tlie  ])ahk*  shall  at  iill  times  keep  on  hand,  for  re- 
demption purposes,  lawful  money  to  the  amount  of  twenty-five  per 
cent,  of  its  circulating  notes.  ,Here  is  eq,ual  4;o  $22,500  not  loanable,  and 
not  earning  anything,  reducing  earnings  from  loans  to  ^,050,  instead  ol 
15,400.  Then  there  are  the  unavoidable  incidents  of  time  between  pay- 
ments to  the  bank  and  of  unloaned  balances  from  day  to  day.  The  short 
loans  of  the  l^ank  may  be  lield  to  offset  these  incidents,  as  there  is  a 
slight  compounding  Irom  the  interest  paid.  Of  the  ^111,171.20  invested  in 
bonds,  not  more  than  f Bo, 000  is'  t-ealfy"  earning  6  per  cent,  interest.  This 
materially  reduces  the  net:.f»;ofits  of  the  circulating  notes. 

CURRENCY,  DEMOCRATIC  POSITION. 

'  Democratic  Platform. 

**Itesolved,  That  Congress  has  no  power  to  charter  a  United  States 
Bank  ;  that  wel)elieve  such  an- institution  one  of  ileadly  hostility  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  country,  dangerous  to  our  republican  institutions, 
and  the  liberties  of  the  people,  and  calcpj^ited  to  place  the  business  of  the 
country  within  the  control  of  a  concentrated  money  power  and  above  the 
laws  and  the  will  of  the  people— Platform  of  1840,  Sec.  8.  We  recommend 
that  the  prohibitory  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State  bank  issues  be  repealed— 
Platform  of  1892.  ^  "    .    .;   ^  "^  • 

Sec.  3412,  Revised  Statittes:  '.'Every  national  banking  association. 
State  bank,  or  State  banking  association,  shall  pay  a  tax  of  ten  per 
centum  on  tlie  amount  of  notes  of  any  person  or  of  any  State  bank,  or 
State  banking  association,  used  for  circulation  and  paid  out  by  them." 

CURRENCY,  UNITED  STATES  BANK. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  every  Dem- 
ocrat is  a  natural  born  constitutional  lawyer,  and  knows  by  instinct  just 
what  Congress  may  do  and  what  it  may  not.  Ho  does  not  have  to  know 
what  decisions  tho  Supreme  Court  has  made,  nor  study  the  expositions 
of  such  great  minds .  as  Hamilton '  and  Webster,  nor  even  be  able  to 
read  the  instrument  itself.  Every  cross-roads  Democratic  politician  has 
an  infallible  rule,  simple  and  effective— whatever  the  Democrats  want 
is  constitutional— whatever  theyai-e  opposed  to  is  unconstitutional. 

Nevertheless,  the  first  Congress  of  the  United  States,  composed  largely 
of  men  who  made  the  Constitution,  passed  "An  Act  to  incorporate  the 
subscribers  to  tho  Bank  of  the  United  States,"  on-  Feb.  25,  1791 ;  and 
under  that  act  such  a  baiik  was  organized  and  continued  to  transact 
business  for  twenty  years.  It  furnished  a  sound  and  uniform  currency 
in  place  of  the  worthless  *'  Continental  Script,"  and  the  variegated  and 
discredited  paper  of  Stiitd  institiifiort^  ;  and  it  served  a  valuable  purpose 


Is  protection  a  doctrine  grood  enough  to  be  ap- 
plied for  the  relief  of  the  South,  but  utterly  wick- 
ed and  to  be  discarded  when  it  stands  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  people  of  the  NortU  ? 

—Senator  Anthony  Hisrsins,  Delaware. 


CITRRENCT.     (Continued.) 

in  assisting  the  Government  in  the  adjustment  and  payment  of  the  i-evo- 
lutionary  debt.  Its  charter  expired  in  1811,  and  was  not  renewed,  al- 
though strongly  recommended  by  Albert  Gallatin.  Its  affairs  were 
wound  np  in  about  eighteen  months,  its  outstanding  notes  redeemed 
without  the  loss  of  a  dollar  to  the  bill-holders,  and  besides  their  annual 
dividends,  the  stockholders  realized  a  premium  of  8i  per  cent,  on  their 
stock. 

CURRENCY,  THE  SECOND  UNITED  STATES  BANK. 

During  the  war  of  1812-5,  the 
Government  was  much  embarrassed  for  want  of  funds.  The  State  Banks 
while  willing  to  aid  it  proved  wholly  inadequate,  and  in  1814  were  driven 
to  a  suspension  of  specie  payments.  "The  finances  of  the  Government 
were  now  in  a  terrible  condition,  and  Alexander  J.  Dallas  was  called 
to  the  head  of  the  Treasury  Department.  Never  before  had  there  been 
greater  need  of  a  master  mind  in  that  important  office.  Within  less  than 
a  fortnight  the  new  Secretary  communicated  to  Congress  a  report  of  ex- 
traordinary ability,  in  which  he  strongly  recommended  the  establish- 
ment of  a  national  bank,  as  the  remedy  required  again  to  bring  the 
finances  into  order— American  Encr/clopedia,  Article,  Bank— *' On  April 
10,  ISIG,  the  second  bank  was  chartered  by  '  An  Act  to  incorporate  the 
subscribers  to  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.'  This  act  was  approved 
by  *  the  Father  of  the  Constitution,'  James  Madison,  whose  name  is  in- 
voked in  the  last  Democratic  National  Platform.  'The  bank  went  into 
operation  Jan.  7, 1817,  and  through  its  agency  the  other  banks  through- 
out the  countrj'^  were  enabled  and  induced  to  resume  si)ecie  payments.' 
But  subsequently  there  was  mismanagement  of  its  affairs,  its  officers 
were  accused  of  intermeddling  in  political  affairs,  and  it  became  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  partizan  controversy.  It  was  against  this  bank  that  Presi- 
dent Jackson  waged  relentless  warfare,  and  vetoed  a  Bill  for  its  recharter. 
Its  .charter  expired  iu  1836,  and  this  is  the  institution  against  which  the 
platform  of  1840,  above  quoted,  was  aimed.  It  was  reorganized  under  a 
charter  from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  but  public  confidence  was  lost, 
and  when  its  affairs  were  wound  up,  while  its  notes  were  all  redeemed 
without  loss,  its  entire  capital  stock  was  sunk." 

CURRENCY,  STATE  BANK. 

The  veto  of  the  bill  to  recharter  the 
United  States  bank,  July  10,  1832,  was  followed  by  a  great  multi- 
plication of  local  banks  under  charters  from  the  various  States, 
the  results  of  which  are  thus  stated  in  Ridpath's  History:  "Owing 
to  tiie  abundance  of  money,  speculations  of  all  sorts  grew  rife. 
The  credit  system  pervaded  every  department  of  business.  The 
banks  of  tke   country  were  suddenly  multiplied   to   sevea  hundred. 

99 


Theirs  is  the  friendship  of  an  enemy,  who  re< 
quires  the  force  either  of  law  or  of  circumstances 
to  prompt  him  to  do  rigrht. 

—Hon.  James  A.  Tawnej,  Minnesota. 


CURRENCY.    (Coatlnued.) 

Vast  issues  of  irredeemable  paper  money  stimulated  the  upeculaciye 
spirit  and  increased  the  opportunities  for  fraud.  The  bills  of  these  un- 
sound banks  were  receivable  at  the  Land-offices,  and  settlers  and  specu- 
lators made  a  rush  to  secure  the  public  lands  while  money  was  plentiful. 
Seeing  that  in  receiving  such  an  unsound  currency  in  exchange  for  the 
national  domain  the  Government  was  likely  to  be  defrauded  out  of 
millions,  President  Jackson  issued  an  order  called  *  The  Specie  Circu- 
lar,' by  which  the  land-agents  were  directed  henceforth  to  receive  noth- 
ing but  coin  in  payment  for  the  lands.  The  effects  of  this  circular  came 
upon  the  Nation  in  the  first  year  of  Van  Buren's  administration.  The 
interests  of  the  Government  had  been  secured  by  Jackson's  vigilance, 
but  the  business  of  the  country  was  prostrated  by  the  shock.  The  banks 
suspended  specie  payment,  mercantile  houses  failed,  and  disaster  swept 
through  every  avenue  of  trade.  During  the  months  of  March  and  April 
1837,  the  failures  in  New  York  and  New  Orleans  amounted  to  about  a 
hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars."  Page  437.  The  "hard  times" 
which  followed  this  panic  will  be  remembered  by  many  yet  living. 

From  January  1, 1837,  to  January  1,  1843,  the  bank  circulation  of  the 
country  fell  from  $145,185,890  to  $58,563,608,  a  withdrawal  of  over  eighty- 
six  and  one-half  millions,  while  during  the  same  pe/iod  the  number  of 
banks  decreased  ninety-seven;  banking  capital  nearly  sixty-two 
millions ;  deposits,  seventy-one  and  one-half  millions ;  loans  and  dis- 
counts, two  hundred  seventy  and  one-half  millions ;  and  specie  in  the 
banks,  nearly  five  millions.  The  condition  of  the  currency  was  lament- 
able, particularly  in  the  new  States. 

Ten  millions  of  dollars  of  United  States  Treasury  notes  were  issued  as 
a  means  of  immediate  relief,  the  Treasury  was  made  independent  by 
keeping  its  own  funds  instead  of  depositing  in  banks,  a  Whig  adminis- 
tration was  elected,  and  a  protective  tariff  was  passed  ;  but  all  efforts  to 
establish  a  United  States  Bank  were  successfully  resisted. 

CURRENCY,  THE  PANIC  OF  185r. 

Before  the  rebellion  cam«,  Free-trade 
and  State-currency  had  produced  their  invariable  effects.  In 
spite  of  the  Mexican  war,  the  Irish  famine,  European  revolutions,  and 
the  Crimean  war,  creating  extraordinary  demands  for  our  food  products, 
the  low  tariff  and  excessive  bank  issues,  stimulated  speculations,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  ran  heavily  against  us,  and  all  the  gold  of  California  could 
not  save  us.  The  crash  came  on  the  heels  of  Buchanan's  election,  and  its 
effects  are  thus  described  by  him: 

"  It  is  this  paper  system  of  e^^travagant  expansion,  raising  the  nominal 
price  of  every  article  far  beyond  its  real  value,  when  compared  with  the 
cost  of  similar  articles  in  countries  whose  circulation  is  wisely  regulated, 
which  has  prevented  us  from  competing  in  our  own  markets  with  foreijfu 

99 


We  were  not  all  Grants  or  Sherniana  or  Thom- 
ases or  Sheridans.    It  is  enougli  if  we  did  our  duty. 
—Hon.  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  Ohio. 


CURRE:KcY.    (Continued.) 

inanufactires,  has  produced  extravagant  importations,  and  lias  counter- 
acted the  effect  of  the  large  incidental  protection  afforded  to  our  domes- 
tic manufac^,ures  by  the  present  revenue  tariff.  But  for  this,  the  branches 
of  our  manufectures  composed  of  raw  materials,  the  product  of  our  ovm 
country— such  as  cotton,  iron,  and  woolen  fabrics— would  not  only  have 
acquired  almost  exclusive  possession  of  the  home  market,  but  would 
have  created  for  themselves  a  foreign  market  throughout  the  world.  "— 
Message  Dec.  8, 1857. 

"When  Congress  met  in  December  last  the  business  of  the  Country  liad 
just  been  crushed  by  one  of  those  periodical  revulsions  which  are  the  in- 
evitable consequence  of  our  unsound  and  extravagant  system  of  bank 
credit  and  inflated  currency.  With  all  the  elements  of  national  wealth 
in  abundance,  our  manufactures  were  suspended,  our  useful  public  and 
private  enterprises  were  arrested,  and  thousands  of  laborers  were  de- 
prived of  employment  and  reduced  to  want."— Message  Dec.  6. 1858. 

"It  will  appear  from  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  that 
it  is  extremely  doubtful,  to  say  the  least,  whether  we  shall  be  able  to  pass 
through  the  present  and  the  next  fiscal  year  without  providing  additional 
revenue."— Messages  Dec.  19, 1859  and  Dec.  3, 1860. 

"It  is  now  quite  evident  that  the  financial  necessities  of  the  Government 
will  require  a  modification  of  the  tariff  during  your  present  session  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  the  revenue." 

It  will  be  observed  that  while  the  President  charges  to  the  excessive 
and  insecure  State  Bank  issue  the  chief  cause  of  the  panic,  he  is  com- 
pelled to  admit  that  "the  revenue  tarifl^'  of  liis  party  did  not  produce  the 
requisite  revenue,  and  tliat  the  only  conservative  feature  of  tliis  tariff 
was  its  "incidental  protection"  to  manufactures  from  "our  own  raw  ma- 
terial." But  the  chief  point  here  is  that  no  State  Bank  system  can  have 
its  "circulation  wisely  regulated,"  and  properly  secured.  Competition 
between  numerous  States  to  secure  the  most  bank  capital,  ignorance  ot 
the  laws  which  determine  commercial  business,  laxity  of  sentiment  in 
regard  to  the  obligations  of  debt,  desire  to  favor  influential  private  inter- 
ests, striving  after  party  advantage,  and  inevitable  difference  of  opinion 
in  different  States,  multiply  and  vitiate  these  bank  systems.  But  with 
the  Buchanan  administration  a  speedy  end  was  brought  to  this  whole 
business. 

CURRENCY,  NATIONAL  BANKS   AND  RESUMPTION. 

"The  Resumption  act  not  only  fixed  the  day  of  resumption,  but  avi- 
thorized  the  Secretary,  in  order  to  prepare  and  provide  therefor,  to  use 
any  surplus  revenues  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  to  issue,  sell,  and 
dispose  of,  at  not  less  than  par  in  coin,  any  of  the  bonds  of  the  United 
States  described  in  the  act  of  July  14, 1870.  Under  thi^  act,  the  Secretary 
in  1877  sold  at  par  fifteen  millions  of  four-and-a-half  and  twenty-five 
joalllions  of  fours;  and  in  April  1878,  he  sold  fifty  millions  of  fonr-and-a- 


The  measnr*  of  protection  sKoald  extend  only 
«o  far  as  to  create  competition  and  not  to  create 
home  monopoly. 

—Senator  John  Sherman,  Ohio. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 

half  per  cents  at  a  premium  of  one-and-a-half  per  cent.  The  coin  in  the 
Treasury  continually  increased,  so  that  on  the  day  of  redemption  the 
Secretary  held  over  one  hundred  and  thirty  five  millions  ($1?5,382,639)  of 
gold  coin  and  bullion,  and,  in  addition,  over  thirty-tn^o  millions 
($32,470,095)  in  silver  coin  and  bullion,  the  gold  coin  alone  being  nearly 
equal  to  forty  per  cent,  of  the  United  States  notes  then  ouistanding. 

'The  banks  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Boston  strengthened  the  hands 
of  the  Government  by  their  action  in  October  1878,  an  account  of  which 
will  be  found  in  my  report  for  that  year.  The  assistant  treasurer  of  the 
United  States  at  New  York  became  a  member  of  the  clearing-house,  thus 
facilitating  tlie  business  of  the  banks  with  the  Government,  and  the  banks 
agreed  to  receive  United  States  notes,  not  only  for  their  ordinary  balan- 
ces, but  in  payment  of  the  interest  upon  the  public  debt  and  of  other  coin 
obligations  of  the  Government.  The  banks  of  the  country  at  the  date  of 
resump'ion  held  more  than  one-third  of  the  outstanding  Treasury  notes; 
but  they  had  so  much  confidence  in  the  ability  of  the  Secretary  to  main- 
tain resumption  that  none  were  presented  by  them  for  redemption.  The 
people  also,  who  held  more  than  three  millions  of  the  issues  of  the  na- 
tional banks,  which  issues  were  based  upon  the  bonds  of  the  Nation,  pre- 
ferred such  notes  to  coin  itself.  There  was,  therefore,  no  demand  for 
payment  of  the  n'^esof  the  Government,  and  the  gold  coin  in  the  Treas- 
ury, which  amounitod  to  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  millions  on  the  day 
of  resumption,  increased  more  than  thirty-six  millions  in  the  next  ten 
months,  the  amount  hold  on  the  first  day  of  November  1879,  exceeding 
one  hundred  and  seventy-one  millions.' 

CURRENCY,     WARDKBT. 

On  July  1, 18G4,  the  puoUc  deot  had  reached 
1^1,815,784,370.57.  At  that  time,  under  the  pressure  of  the  enormous  ex- 
penditures, and  of  open  and  violent  opposition  to  further  efibrts  to  put 
down  the  rebellion,  which  found  expression  in  the  Democratic  national 
platform  of  two  months  later,  the  public  credit  reached  its  ebb,  |1.00  in 
gold  being  worth  $2.58  in  greenbacks.  But  in  November  Mr.  Lrincoln 
was  re-elected,  and  in  the  spring  following  the  rebellion  collapsed.  The 
great  army  was  paid  ofl",  and  disbanded,  and  on  Aug.  31, 1865,  the  debt 
reached  its  maximum ;  being  thus  stated  by  Secretary  McCulloch : 

Funded  debt $1,109,508,191.80 

Matured  debt 1,503,020.09 

Temporary  loans 107,148,713.16 

Certificates  of  indebtedmsss 85,  093,  000.00 

Five  per  cent,  legal  tenders 33,954,230.00 

Compound-interest  legal  tenders 217,024,160.00 

Seven-thirty  notes  (legal  tenders) 830,000,000.00 

United  States  notes  (legal  tenders) 433,100,569.00 

Fractional  currency 26,344,742.51 

Suspended  requisitions 2,111,000.00 

Total ^2,845,907,626.66 


Ijetns  remember  then  that  the  more  should- 
ers on  which  tlio  Government  rests  the  more 
secure  it  is  in  its  i»erpetiii<y. 

—Hon.  Stephen  A.  Northway,  Ohio. 


CUI^tENCT.    (Continued.) 
PUBl^C  CREDIT. 

\  Notwithstanding    this   enormous   in- 

crease of  debt — about  a  thousand  millions  in  one  year — political  and  mili- 
tary sucVess  so  restored  confidence  in  the  Government  that  the  public 
credit  greatly  appreciated  ;  so  that  $1.00  in  gold  was  now  worth  but  ?1.44 
in  greenbaVlis.  With  largo  revenues  and  reduced  expenses  the  Govern- 
ment addresvjed  itself  to  the  work  of  improving  the  financial  siLi.aiion  by 
reducing  the  Niebt,  refunding  its  obligations  at  lower  interest,  and  push- 
ing on  to  speciCk payments,  with  the  following  gratifying  results: 


Year. 

Am't  Public 
Debt. 

Annual  In- 
terest. 

Value  of 
Gold. 

1865 , 

1^2,  845,  907,  626.  56 
2,  773,  2:^6,  173. 69 
2,  678,  126,  103. 87 
2,  611,  687,  857. 19 
2,  588,  452,  213.  94 
2,  480,  672,  427. 81 
2,^^,211,3^)2.32 
2,  253,  2;51,  078. 78 
2,  234,  482,  743. 20 
2,  251,  690,  218. 43 
2,  232,  284,  281. 95 
2,  180,  394,  817. 15 
2,  205,  301,  142. 10 
2,  256,  205,  398.  20 
2,  349,  567,  2;32,  04 

:gl.50,  977,  697 

146,  068,  196 

138,  892,  451 

128,  459,  598 

125,  523,  998 

118,  784,  960 

111,  949,  330 

103,  988,  46:3 

98,  049,  804 

98,  79(),  004 

96j  855,  {\[H) 

95,  lai,  269 

93,  160,  643 

94,  (J5 1,  472 
83,  773,  778 

$144.  0 

1866 

1867 

151.  6 
139.  4 

1868 

142.  7 

1869 .. 

136.  1 

1870 

116.  8 

1871 

112.  4 

1872 

114.  3 

1873 

115.  7 

1874 

110.  0 

1875 

114.  8 

1876 

112.  1 

1877 

105.  8 

1878 

100.  6 

1879 

100.  0 

REDUCED  TAXATION. 

In  14  years  alter  the  close  of  the  war  one-sixth 
of  the  debt  was  paid,  the  interest  account  was  reduced  to  about  uno-half, 
and  Government  notes  without  interest  were  brought  to  par  with  gold. 
And  these  results  were  produced  in  coiniection  with  very  rapid  reductions 
in  the  scale  of  taxation,  both  from  customs  and  internal  taxation,  as  is 
shown  by  the  following : 

The  estimated  reductions  of  taritl  duties,  as  made  at  the  time  of  the 
legislation,  was: 

Act  July  14,  1870 ^26,054,748 

Act  May  1,  1872 15,  893,  847 

Act  Juno  6,  1872 15,  278,  915 

Total  tariff $57,  227,  510 

The  reductions  of  the  internal  revenue  were: 

Acts  Julv  13,  18<K3,  and  March  2,  1867 $103,  381,  199 

Acts  March  31,  1868,  and  February  3,  miS 54,  802,  578 

Act  July  14,  1H70 55,  315,  321 

Acta  December  21, 1871,  and  June  6,  1872 30,  244,  480 

Total  internal  rovenue ^243,743,578 

Grand  total ^ $300,  971.  088 

88 


If  history  and  phllosopliy  have  made  certain 
any  truth  in  political  economy,  it  i.s  this :  No  coun- 
try can  permanently  prosper  in  the  race  for  mater- 
ial wealth  by  exchanjyins:  the  products  of  its  soil 
for  manufactured  groods. 

—Hon.  Thomas  Updegnraf  f ,  Iowa. 


CUKRENCT.    (Continued.) 

Did  any  country  in  the  world,  besides  our  own,  ever  pay  its  debt^i  and 
reduce  its  taxation  as  rapidly  as  we  liave  done? 
DEMOCRATIC  OPPOSITION. 

It  was  with  these  laws  and  facts  before 
them  that  the  Democratic  party,  with  an  impudence  and  .nendacity 
which  might  shame  Satan  liimself,  incorporated  into  its  national  plat- 
form of  1876,  these  declarations : 

"  We  denounce  the  failure,  for  all  these  eleven  years  of  peace,  to  make 
good  tho  promise  of  the  legal-tonder  notes,  Avhich  are  a  changing  stand- 
ard of  value  in  the  hands  of  the  people,  and  the  non-payinent  of  which  ia 
a  disregard  of  the  plighted  faith  of  the  Nation. 

"  We  denounce  the  financial  imbecility  and  immorality  of  that  party, 
which,  during  eleven  years  of  peace,  has  made  no  advance  toward  re- 
sumption, no  preparation  for  resumption,  but  instead  has  obstructed  re- 
sumption, by  wasting  our  resources  and  exhausting  all  our  surplus  in- 
come ;  and,  wiiile  annually  professing  to  intend  a  speedy  return  to  specie 
payments,  has  annually  enacted  fresh  hindrances  thereto.  As  such  hin- 
drance we  denounce  the  resumption  clause  of  the  act  of  1875,  and  we  here 
demand  its  repeal." 

But  the  Democratic  party  was  delxjatod  ;  the  resumption  act  was  not  re- 
pealed ;  the  Xation  took  no  backward  step,  and  at  the  appointed  time  tho 
greenback  dollar  stood  on  a  par  with  the  gold  dollar. 

In  view  of  the  experience  of  the  present  Democratic  administration 
"financial  imbecility"  inust  be  a  happy  suggestion  to  the  Democratic 
mind. 

CURRENCY,  THE  NATIONAL  BANK  SYSTEM,  1861. 

At  tlie  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration  found  itself  in  the  presence  of 
enormous  expenditures  with  an  empty  treasury,  and  a  depreciated 
credit.  Revenue  laws  were  promptly  passed  and  loans  provided  for. 
But  the  total  insufficiency  of  State  banks  as  cooperative  financial  agents 
was  at  once  demonstrated.  They  were  willing  to  aid  the  Government, 
and  promptly  met  the  first  call  upon  them;  but  this  exhausted  their 
means,  and  in  December  18S1,  they  suspended  specie  payments.  Treas- 
ury notes  were  resorted  to  in  order  to  furnish  a  commercial  currency 
and  the  National  bank  system  was  devised  to  serve  as  a  financial  agent. 
This  system  of  banks  was  urged  by  Secretary  Chase  for  tho  two-fold 
object,  of  (1)  assisting  in  placing  Government  loans,  and  (2)  of  furnishing 
a  uniform  and  secure  National  currency. 
CALAMITY  OF  WAR  TO  YIEI.D  GOOD  MONEY. 

In  his  Report  of  Nov.  28,  18G3,  Hugh  McCuUoch,  then  Comptroller  of 
the  Currency,  thus  summarises  the  currency  situation : 

"  The  war  in  which  the  country  is  engaged,  although  a  great  calamity 
in  itself,  will  not  be  an  unmixed  evil  financially  even,  if  one  result  of  it 
is  the  establishment  of  a  system  of  banking  by  which,  without  an  inter- 
ference with  the  rights  of  the  States,  and  without  detriment  to  their 

di 


A  Nation  which  Iceeps  its  people  employed  l« 
in  the  end  sure  to  show  the'^ largest  gains,  even  of 
wealth.  —Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  Maine. 


CURRENCY.    (CoHtlHued.) 

[vent  institutions,  a  banknote  circulation  shall  be  furnished  to  th« 
peWe,  as  solvent  as  the  Nation  itself,  and  uniform  in  value,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  that  now  supplied  by  the  States,  which  is  neither  uniform  in 
valu^nor,  as  a  general  thing,  properly  secured.  The  amount  of  losses 
which  the  people  have  sustained  by  insolvent  State  banks,  and  by  the 
high  rate  of  exchanges,  the  result  of  depreciated  currency  can  hardly  be 
estimate^.  That  some  of  the  new  States  have  prospered,  notwithstand- 
ing the  vinous  and  ruinous  banking  systems  with  which  they  have  been 
scourged,  iV  evidence  of  the  greatness  of  their  resources  and  the  energy 
of  their  peojde.  The  idea  has  at  last  become  quite  general  among  the 
people  that  tl^  whole  system  of  State  banking,  as  far  as  circulation  is 
regarded,  is  unfitted  for  a  commercial  country  like  ours.  The  United 
States  is  a  Natioa  as  well  as  a  union  of  States.  Its  vast  railroad  system 
extends  from  Maine  to  Kansas,  and  will  soon  be  extended  to  tlie  Pacific 
ocean.  Its  immense  trade  is  not  circumscribed  by  State  lines,  nor  sub- 
ject to  State  laws.  Its  internal  commerce  is  national,  and  so  should  be 
its  currency.  At  present  some  fifteen  hundred  State  banks  furnish  the 
people  with  a  bank-note  circulation.  This  circulation  is  not  confined  to 
the  States  by  which  it  is  authorized,  but  is  carried  by  trade  or  is  forced 
by  the  banks  all  over  the  Union.  People  receive  it  and  pay  it  out, 
scarcely  knowing  from  whence  it  comes  or  in  what  manner  it  is  secured. 
Banks  have  been  organized  in  some  States  with  a  view  to  lending  their 
circulation  to  the  people  of  others.  Probably  not  one  quarter  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  New  England  banks  is  needed  or  used  in  New  Engl  and 
the  balance  being  practically  loaned  to  other  States.  The  national  cur- 
rency system  is  intended  to  change  this  state  of  things,  not  by  a  war 
upon  State  banks,  but  by  providing  a  means  by  which  the  circulation, 
which  is  intended  for  national  use,  shall  be  based  upon  national  securities 
through  associations  organized  under  a  national  law.  The  United  States 
notes,  the  issue  of  which  was  rendered  necessary  by  the  exigencies  of 
the  Government,  and  which  is  presumed  will  be  withdrawn  whenever 
this  exigency  ceases,  have  taught  the  people  the  superiority  of  a  national 
circulation  over  that  to  which  they  have  been  accustomed.  In  many 
sections  the  produce  of  the  country  cannot  be  purchased  with  bank  notes, 
and  people  find  it  difiicult  traveling  from  State  to  State  without  legal 
tenders.  Everywhere  the  opinion  is  prevailing  that  the  circulation  of 
local  banks  has  about  had  its  day,  and  must  yield  to  the  demands  of  the 
people  for  a  circulation  of  which  the  Government  is  the  guarantor." 

Secretary  Chase's  views  are  expressed  in  these  extracts  from  his  Report 
of  Dec.  10, 1863: 

"  Another  incidental  good  growing  from  the  bitter  root  of  debt,  has 
been  fully  explained  in  observations  heretofore  submitted  on  tho 
National  Banking  system.  Except  through  such  a  system  no  sure  way 
is  seen  to  the  complete  and  permanent  establishment  of  a  uniform  cur- 
rency ;  and  a  system  of  national  banking,  fair  to  all  and  secure  for  all, 

95 


In  this  deplorable  condition  of  thingrs,  clonds 
and  darkness  all  around  us,  what  do  those  who 
rule  our  destines  propose  by  Avay  of  relief  ? 

—Hon.  John  JDalzell,  Pennsylvania. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 

can  only  bo  safely  and  lirnily  established  by  making  use  of  a  portim  of 

the  national  debt  as  security  for  the  national  currency. 

"  Under  such  legislation,  the  Secretary  entertains  little  doubt  o^  being 
able  to  obtain  whatever  funds  will  be  needed,  tlirough  loans,  at  reason- 
able rates  of  interest,  for  bonds  or  Treasury  notes. 

"For  a  warrant  of  this  confidence,  however,  he  must  not  ciuit  to  say 
that  he  relies  much  on  the  support  to  be  given  to  the  public  cjcdit  by  the 
National  Banking  system  and  by  the  nationalization  of  Vio  currency. 
There  is,  as  he  tliinks,  no  possibility  of  a  permanently  successful  admin- 
istration of  the  finances,  under  circumstances  involving  the  creation  of 
large  debts,  unless  loans  can  be  effected  in  a  medium  of  general  and 
equal  credit  throughout  the  country,  and  not  liable  to  variation  in  quan- 
tity or  in  value  except  under  the  operation  of  national  legislation  and 
the  general  laws  of  trade. 

"  The  Secretary  has  heretofore  expressed  the  opinion  that  whatever 
may  be  the  trne  degree  in  which  the  currency  of  the  country  is  effected 
by  a  bank-note  circulatitm,  issued  without  national  sanction  and  by  cor- 
porations independent  of  national  authority,  and  not  receivable  for 
national  dues,  it  cannot  be  questioned  that  in  some  similar  degree  the 
negotiation  of  national  loans  must  bo  i^rejudiccd  and  their  value  to  the 
national  finances  diminished.  The  ophiion  is  confirmed  by  observation 
and  exxjerience. 

"The  simple  assurance  thus  given,  that,  henceforth,  the  country  is  to 
have  a  national  currency  secured  by  a  pledge  of  national  bonds,  and  the 
belief  that  this  currency  will  at  no  distant  day  take  the  place  of  the  hete- 
rogeneous corporate  currency  which  has  hitherto  tilled  the  channels  of 
circulation,  at  once  inspired  faith  in  the  securites  of  the  Government,  and 
more  than  any  other  one  cause  enable  the  Secretary  to  provide  Ibr 
prompt  payment  of  the  soldiers,  and  the  public  creditors." 

CURRENCY,  NATIONAL  BANKS  AND  REFUNDING. 

The  Report  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  Nov.  2G,  1879,  says: 
*'  The  wisdom  of  Secretary  Chase,  and  the  others  who,  in  1862,  advo- 
cated the  establishment  of  a  National  Banking  system,  was  long  since 
recognized  by  those  who  understood  the  principles  wliich  should  govern 
a  sound  system  of  currency  and  banking ;  but,  in  the  light  of  the  extra- 
ordinary financial  operations  of  the  Government  during  the  present  year, 
the  wisdom  and  the  economy  of  the  system,  both  for  the  Government 
and  the  people,  are  now  more  apparent  than  ever. 

"  The  refunding  of  the  national  debt  commenced  in  1871,  at  which  time 
the  national  banks  lield  nearly  four  hundred  millions  of  the  five  and  six 
per  cent,  bonds ;  and  from  that  date  to  the  present  time  they  have  held 
more  than  one-fifth  of  the  interest-bearing  debt  of  the  United  States.  A 
large  portion  of  the  bonds  held  by  them  in  1871  bore  interest  at  the  rate 
of  6  per  cent    This  class  of  bonds  has  been  greatly  reduced,  and  is  now 

m 


Better  run  our  home  Industries  full  blast  all 
the  Tear  every  year,  aii<l  give  away  the  surplus 
product  in  free-trade  couutr  ies,  than  to  ))e  idle  and 
buy  f  oreij;n  wares  cheap  or  even  accept  them  as  a 
free  gift.  —Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson,  North  Dakota. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 

less  than  Oae-sixth  of  all  the  bonds  pledged  for  circulation,  while  more 

than  one-thyd  of  the  amount  consists  of  bonds  bearing  interest  at  4  per 

cent. 

"It  is  certain  that  if  the  National  Banking  system  had  not  existed,  and 
United  States  mtes  had  alone  been  issued,  the  refunding  operations  here 
described  and  to^  consequent  large  reduction  of  interest  upon  the  public 
debt  would  not  have  been  possible." 

CURRENCY,  niEHSNT  state  of  banking. 

The  Report  of  theVComptroUer  of  the  Currency,  dated  Dec.  4, 1893, 
shows :  That  at  the  cloke  of  the  tiscal  year,  June  30,  the  total  immber  of 
national  banks  in  activ\ operation  was  3,796,  with  an  authorized  capital 
of  ^p683,598,120,  represented  by  7,450,000  shares,  held  by  300,000  share- 
holders, and  with  $182,959^25  of  circulating  notes  outstanding.  Of  the 
4,930  banks  organized  since^^Feburary  186:3,  246  liave  Ijeen  placed  in  the 
hands  of  receivers,  or  5  per  6ent.  of  all.  The  net  increase  in  the  number 
of  banks  during  the  year  was  ^  and  the  net  increase  of  circulating  notes 
was  ?36,SS6,972.  The  total  circulation  of  national  bank  currency  Oct.  3, 
including  all  in  process  of  redemption,  was  ^209,311,993.  The  total  amount 
of  notes  redeemed  from  the  beginning  of  the  system  has  been  f  1,570,985, 
166.  Of  insolvent  banks  whose  atfaii's  have  been  closed,  ^,943,147  have 
been  paid  to  creditors,  on  §!81, 9(53,207  of  approved  claims. 

Of  banks  other  than  national  there  were  in  operation  at  the  close  of  the 
year  5,024  incorporated  banks,  banking  institutions,  and  savings  banks, 
and  848  private  banks.  From  many  of  these  no  reports  were  received, 
but  enough  to  show  that  in  amoimt  of  Capital,  resources,  and  liabilities, 
(including  deposits,)  they  exceeded  the  national  banks.  But  none  of  these 
issue  circulating  notes.  A  table  is  given  showing  the  growth  of  Savings 
banks  from  1820  to  the  present,  as  follows:— Annual  average  deposit  per 
capita  of  the  population;  1820,  12  cents;  1830,  54  cents;  1840,  82  cents;  1850, 
$1.87;  1860,  $4.75;  1870,  $14.25;  180,  $16.33;  1890,  $24.35;  1893,  $26.63. 

CURRENCY,  I.OSSES  from  bank  faii^ubes. 

Thompson's  ;pank  Note  Reporter  was  the  standard  authority  before  the 
war.  In  the  issue  of  Jan.  2,  1858,  is  published  a  list  of  758  broken  and 
worthless  banks.  This  authority  estimated  that  from  1850  to  1860  the  peo- 
ple lost  $75,000,000  from  worthless  bills  alone;  while  other  creditors  or 
these  banks  scarcely  realized  anything,  and  their  losses  must  have  been 
many  times  that  amount.  In  his  report  of  Nov.  25, 1878,  the  Comptroller 
of  the  Currency  says  of  these  state  institutions:  "The  losses  upon  Cur- 
rency are  estimated  to  have  been  five  per  cent,  annually  upon  the  amount 
issued,  but  no  estimate  has  ever  been  made  of  the  losses  to  creditors  and 
stockholders."  The  losses  from  the  failure  of  five  State  banks  in  Chicago  in 
1877-78  he  says,  was  $3,819,500,  more  than  half  as  much  as  from  the  failure 
of  69  national  banks  in  16  years,  which  amounted  to  $6,415,423.  The  fail- 
ure of  the  one  City  of  Glasgow  Bank,  entailed  a  loss  of  $26,000,000,  Thes 
flMSts  illustrate  the  value  of  Govern  ment  inspection. 

87 


We  shall  not  eat  the  bread  of  idleness,  and 
nnder  the  shadow  of  our  eternal  hills  we  breed 
only  sood  citizens. 

—Senator  H.  O.  Wolcott»  Colorado. 


CURRENCY.    (Continued.) 

PROFITS  OF  CIRCUI^TION.    (SEE  AliSO  PAGE  87.) 

On  a  deposit  of  f  100,000  in  two  per  cent,  bonds,  the  interest  would  be 
12,000.  Ninety  per  cent,  of  circulating  notes,  $90,000,  loaned  at  6  per  cent, 
would  yield  ^,400.  Total  ^,400.  From  which  deduct  Government  tax 
and  charges,  $962.50;  leaving  net  receipts,  $6,437.50. 

These  bonds  would  cost  $96,000;  and  if  this  were  loaned  at  6  per  cent  the 
income  would  be  $5,760.  This  shows  the  profit  on  circulation  to  be  $677.50, 
or  about  §  of  one  per  cent. 

"  On  4  per  cent,  bonds  the  profit  would  be  $1,233,98,  or  about  li  per  cent. 
And  on  6  per  cent,  bonds,  $2,794.65,  or  about  21  p«r  cent.  This  is  on  the 
supposition  that  the  entire  $90,000  of  notes  is  constantly  loaned,  which 
however  it  never  is,  as  a  redemption  fund  is  reqaired,  and  intervals  be- 
tween loans  are  inevitable.  And  besides,  salaries,  rents,  and  other  ex- 
penses must  be  paid  from  these  receipts.  Two  other  facts  show  that  cir- 
culation alone  is  not  profitable.  (1)  With  an  authorized  capital  of  $683,598, 
120,  the  active  banks  have  a  circulation  of  but  $182,959,725,  little  more 
than  one  fourth  of  what  it  might  be.  (2)  la  Jan.  1880,  the  circulation  was 
about  double  what  it  now  is,  $342,387,336,  on  a  Capital  of  $461,557,515." 
ADVANTAGES  OF  THE  NATIONAX  STSTEM. 

The  advantages  of  the 
national  over  the  State  bank  system  are,  (1)  uniformity  of  value  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,  (2)  security  to  the  bill  holder  through  Government 
redemption,  (3)  reduction  of  the  danger  of  counterfeiting  to  the  mini- 
mum, (4)  more  constant  and  rigid  inspection  of  their  condition,  (5) 
greater  security  to  their  creditors  from  loss  by  insolvency,  (6)  reduction 
of  interest  charges  on  loans,  (7)  saving  of  exchange  between  different 
parts  of  the  country,  (8)  absorption  of  Government  bonds  to  secure  cir- 
culation, (9)  facility  in  making  Government  loans  in  an  emergency,  and 
(10),  strengthening  of  the  sentiment  of  unity  and  national  authority. 

CONCIiUSIONS. 

1.  Congress  has  constitutional  power  to  charter 
national  banks,  and  has  been  compelled  to  exercise  it  during  or  after 
every  great  war,  in  order  to  conduct  its  financial  operations  with  success. 

2.  The  present  National  Bank  system  is  not  liable  to  the  charges  made 
against  the  Second  United  States  bank,  as  it  can  neither  be  made  a  mon- 
opoly, nor  an  instrument  of  partisan  political  power. 

3.  The  repeal  of  the  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State  bank  issues  is  not  neces- 
sary in  order  to  have  State  banks  of  deposit  and  discount,  for  these  are 
now  more  numerous  and  do  a  larger  business  than  the  national  banks. 

4.  The  proposal  to  repeal  the  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State  bank  issues  has 
the  one  purpose,  to  re-establish  State  bank  money  in  place  of  national 
bank  money. 

5.  The  animus  of  this  demand  is  hostility  to  the  doctrine  of  national 
sovereignty,  and  a  reassertion  of  the  Confederate  doctrine  of  State  sover- 
eignty ;  and  is  but  a  part  of  Senator  Beck's  publicly  declared  purpose  oi 
the  Democratic  party,  "  to  wipe  out  every  vestige  of  war  legislation." 

86 


Where  are  the  Indnstrles  which  the  oleotton 

of  Cleveland  were  to  open  up  ?    Go  to  the  cities  and 

you'll   find  them  by  the  score,  hut  free  soup  houses 

is  what  they  are  called.  ,r^  o     .*».    t«i      i- 

— Hon.  George  W.  Smith,  Illinois. 


CURRENCY,    STATE    PROVISIONS,   CONSTITUTIONAIi   AND     UEGIS- 
liATXVE. 

In  very  tnany  of  the  States  there  are  constitutional  and  legislative 
provisions  ^hich  prohibit  the  States  from  issuing  circulating  notes  oi 
any  kind.  lAsuch  States  it  is  plain  to  be  seen  that  some  other  provision 
than  that  pro^sed  for  State  banking  corporations  to  issue  circulating 
medium  must  b^  provided. 

In  other  States  ttie  banking  laws  and  constitutional  provisions  are  such 
that  it  becomes  a  raatter  of  future  legislation  what  shall  be  done,  there- 
fore, it  would  be  a  taatter  of  grave  doubt  what  action  such  States  might 
take  ;  but  these  States  provide  for  the  incorporation  of  banks  of  discount 
and  deposit,  they  do  n6t  provide  for  banks  of  issue,  except  one.  Another 
condition  is  that  in  some  of  the  States  the  Constitution  provides  that 
notes  if  issued  by  such  banking  association  shall  be  a  first  lien  on  the 
assets ;  this  provision  may  be  in  conflict  with  our  present  national  bank- 
ing law. 

Liability  of  stockholders  is  defined  by  the  Constitution  of  many  States 
so  that  no  national  banking  law  could  be  effective  without  a  great  change 
should  be  made  in  the  present  system.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  following, 
cited  from  the  Constitutions  of  the  several  States  named,  what  an  anoma- 
lous condition  exists  witli  reference  to  the  banking  institutions,  and  the 
great  difficulties  that  are  to  be  overcome  by  the  establishment  of  a 
national  State  currency.  We  hold  that  it  must  be  a  national  currency 
and  not  a  national  State  currency  by  reason  of  these  constitutional  pro- 
visions. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AND  LEGISLATIVE  PROVISIONS. 

CANNOT  ISSUE. 

No  corporation  can  be  authorized  to  issue  or  put  in 
circulation  any  notes  or  other  paper  to  circulate  as  money. 
Arkansas  (Constitution  1874, 12, 10). 
California  (Constitution  1879, 12,  5). 
Oregon  (Constitution  1857, 11, 1). 
Nevada  (Constitution  1864,  8,  6). 
Texas  (Constitution  1876, 16, 16). 
Washington  CC'onstitution  1889, 12, 11). 

NO  liAW  FOR. 

In  the  following  States  no  general  banking  law  or  act 
granting  bank  charters  (except  in  some  cases  for  deposit  and  discount) 
shall  go  into  effect  unless  submitted  to  a  popular  vote  at  next  general 
election  succeeding  its  passage  and  approved  by  majority  of  vot6»  cast 
upon  the  question : 

Illinois  (Constitution  1870, 11,  5). 

Missouri  (Constitution  1875, 12,26). 

Iowa  (Constitution  1857,  8,  5). 

99 


The  American  workingriuen    will  not  be  de- 
ceived.   They  will  bow  to  no  theories. 

—Hon.  John  Dalzell,  Pennsylvania. 


CUSBBNCY.    (Continued.) 

Kansas  (Constitution  1859, 13,  8). 

Michigan  (Constitution  1850, 15,  2,  and  amondment  1862/. 

Wisconsin  (Constitution  1848, 11,  45). 
Of  these  six  States  only  one  (Wisconsin)  has  a  law  authorizing  the 
issue  of  bank  notes  or  the  incorporation  of  banks  witli  the  right  of  issue. 
All  these  States,  however,  have  provided  for  the  incorporation  of  banks 
of  discount  and  deposit. 

FIRST  I.IEN  ON  ASSETS. 

In  the  iollowing  States,  cotes,  if  issued,  shall  be 
a  first  lien  on  assets : 

New  York  (Constitution,  8,  8). 
Indiana  (Constitution,  11,  8). 
Michigan  (Constitution,  15,  5). 
Iowa  (Constitution,  8,  10). 
Minnesota  (Constitution,  9,  13) 
Kansas  (Constitution,  13,  4). 
Alabama  (Constitution,  14, 17). 

DOUBIiE  lilABIIilTY. 

In  the  following  States  the  Constitutions  provide 
tor  double  liability  of  stockholders : 

New  York  (Constitution,  8,  7). 

Indiana  (Constitution,  11,  6). 

Illinois  (Constitution,  11,  6). 

Iowa  (Constitution,  8,  9). 

Nebraska  (Constitution,  11,  7) 

West  Virginia  (Constitution,  11,  6). 

Minnesota  (Constitution,  9, 13). 

North  Dakota  (Constitution,  7, 145). 

South  Dakota  (Constitution,  18). 

Washington  (Constitution,  12,  11). 

South  Carolina  (Constitution,  12,  8). 

Maryland  (Constitution,  3,  39). 
In  Minnesota  the  wording  of  the  provision  is  that  stockholders  "  shall 
be  individually  liable  in  an  amount  equal  to  double  the  amount  of  stock 
owned  by  them." 

In  South  Carolina  and  Maryland :  *'  The  stockholders  shall  be  liable  to 
the  amount  of  their  respective  share  or  shares  of  stock."  (Does  this 
mean  double  liability?) 

In  Michigan,  officers  and  stockholders  of  associations  issuing  circulat- 
ing notes  "  shall  be  individually  liable  for  all  debts  contracted  during 
the  term  of  their  being  officers  or  stockholders  of  such  corporation  or 
association  equally  and  ratably  to  the  extent  of  their  respective  shares  oi 
stock." 

100 


Free  importations  Tueans  more  importations, 

I  ess  work,  g:reat«r  competition  amon^  laborers 
lere,  and  waffes  reduced  to  tlie  level  of  the  wages 
of  the  world. 

—Hob.  li.  M.  Strong,  Ohio. 


]     ,  J^)  3   >    '   >        )     I  ] 

3  50,        '. 


>    3   3 


DEBT  OIF  UNITED  STATES,  1894,        '  ^ 


J  3 


.Date  July  1. 


Total  interest- 
bearing  debt. 


Annual  inter- 
est charge. 


1870 
1871 

1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 

jgyy  }■  Republicans. 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884  J 

1885' 

1886 ,  ^,   ,   , 

1887  /  Cleveland 

1888  J 
18891 

1890  J  „       . 

1891  1  Harnson .. 
18<32J 
1893    Cleveland 


Dollars. 

2,  162,  060,  522.  39 

'X  046,  455,  722.  39 

1,  934,  696,  750.  00 

1,  814,  794,  100.  00 

1,  710,  483,  950.  00 

1,  738,  930,  750.  00 

1,  722,  076,  300.  00 

1,  710,  iiS5,  450.  00 

1,  711,  888,  500.  00 

1,  791,  735,  650.  00 

1,  797,  643,  700.  00 

1,  723,  993,  100.  00 

1,  639,  567,  750.  00 

1,  463,  810,  400.  00 

1,  338,  229,  150.  00 

1,  226,  563,  850.  00 

1,  196,  150,  950.  00 

1,  146,  014,  100.  00 

1,  021,  692,  350.  00 

a50,  522,  500.  00 

829,  853,  990.  00 

725,  313,  110.  00 

610,  529,  120.  00 

585,  029,  330.  00 

585,  037,  100.  00 


Dollars. 
125,  623,  998.  34 
118,  784,  960.  34 
111,  949,  330.  50 
103,  988,  403.  00 
98,  049,  804.  00 
98,  796,  004.  50 
96,  85;3,  690.  50 
95,  104,  269.  00 
93,  160,  643.  50 
f>4,  654,  472.  50 
83,  773,  778.  50 
79,  633,  981.  00 
75,  018,  695.  50 
57,  300,  110.  75 
51,  436,  70t>.  50 
47,  92(>,  432.  60 
47,  014,  lii:i.  00 
45,  510,  098.  00 
41,  780,  529.  00 
38,  991,  9;{5.  25 
33,  752,  354.  60 
29,  417,  003.  15 
23,  615,  7Sr>.  80 
22,  893,  883.  20 
22,  894, 194.  00 


1894,  $635,041,890.00. 
INCREASED  IN  1893,  $7,770.00. 
INCREASED  IN  1894,  $50,004,790.00. 

Look  over  the  figures  carefully.     You  will  have  to  help  pay  the  bill. 

DEBT  AND  WEALTH  OF  NATIONS  CONTRASTED. 

During  the  decade  reaching  from  1870  to  1880  taxation  in  Great  Britain 
increased  20.17  per  cent.;  in  France,  36.13  per  cent.;  in  Russia,  37.10  per 
cent.;  in  Sweden  and  Norway,  50.10  per  cent.;  in  Germany,  57.81  per  cent.; 
and  taking  into  account  the  other  governments,  great  and  small,  of  Eu- 
rope, we  arrive  at  for  all  an  average  of  28.01  per  cent. 

In  the  United  States  for  the  same  period  taxation  decreased  9.15  per 
cenL  Thus  we  find  the  financial  condition  of  the  United  States  most 
satiMfactorily  exceptional  when  compared  with  that  of  other  nations. 
Our  national  debt  is  rapidly  disappearing ;  our  rate  of  taxation  is  dimin- 
ishing. 


In  Burope  wagres  are  low  and  labor  Is  degraded ; 
In  America  wages  are  higrli  and  labor  is  prosperous, 
elevated,  and  dignified. 

—Senator  David  B.  HiU,  New  York. 


D^aiM'J^  .«OT>, -WSAIiTH.    (ConUnued.) 

TiiVte':s1fo'(ViriO  tv^alth,^e^i\'^qn^  per  capita  wealth  and  debt  of  all  nations 


Countries. 


United  States 

Eng.  or  Great.  B't'n 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Netherlands 

Belgium 

Sweden 

Canada 

Mexico 

Australia 

Portugal 

Denmark 

Argentine  Rep'lic... 

Switzerland 

Norway 

Greece 

Turkey 

Chile... 

Colombia  U.  S  of.... 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Egypt 

All  other  countries 


Total  of  the  world 


Wealth. 


|60,  475, 

43,  600, 

40,  300, 

31,  600, 

21,  715, 

18,  065, 

11,  755, 

7,965, 

4,  935, 

4,  030, 

3,  475, 

3,  250, 

3,  150, 

2,  950, 

1,  855, 

1,  830, 

1,  660, 

1,  620, 

1,410, 

1,  055, 


000,  000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,000 


$253,  685,  000,  000 


Debt  of  all 
kinds. 


$957, 

5,  695, 

4,  892, 

2,  695, 

4,  869, 

2,642, 

2,  250, 

1, 106, 

518, 

213, 

580, 

273, 

110, 


876,  000 
659,  000 
840,  000 
265,  000 
768,000 
021,000 
000,  000 
650,000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 


593, 
58, 

148, 
65, 
29, 
13, 

868, 
92, 
15, 

342, 
79, 
63, 

732, 
3,500, 


670,  000 
467,000 
000,000 
000,000 
869,  000 
625,000 
590,000 
850,  000 
000,000 
624,000 
100,000 
700,000 
000,000 
000.000 


$34,  456,  674,  000 


Wealth 

per 
capita. 


fl,  039.  00 


1,  060.  89 
681.  31 
257.92 
462.  31 
399.  05 
452.  58 


705.  64 
739.  70 


418.  51 
963.56 


520.  71 


Debt 

per 

capita. 


$32.37 

87.79 

116.35 


30.79 
72.42 
76.06 
71.27 
95.56 
63.  10 
13.73 
47.51 
6.89 


134.  11 

15.66 

71.98 

3.72 

7.13 

49.06 


From  the  above  table  it  appears  the  United  States  stands  at  the  head  of 
nations  as  to  wealth,  and  has  in  proportion  to  debt  about  $1  to  $60  of  her 
assets.  No  other  great  Nation  can  show  anything  like  this  proportion ; 
yet,  notwithstanding  all  this,  a  party  of  pro-English  citizens  of  our  land 
want  us  to  adopt  a  policy  that  suits  a  Nation  that  has  a  debt  of  $1  to  every 
$7  she  can  show  of  wealth.  Is  it  not  time  for  the  people  to  adopt  a  finan- 
cial policy  that  will  suit  our  own  Nation  first,  and  let  the  debt-burdened 
nations  of  Europe  follow  our  lead,  if  they  wish  to,  since  we  can  show  that 
within  two  hundred  years  we  have  outstripped  them  all  in  progress  of 
every  kind. 

DEBT  AND  THE  LESSON  IT  TEACHES. 

While  the  United  States  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  nations  of  the 
•ftrth  In  wealth,  amounting  to  $1,039  per  capita,  she  alio  itandfl  aCth« 

m 


A  chapter  of  diplomatic  liistorr  haH  just  been 
written  in  onr  Republic,  discreditably  to  this  Ad- 
mlniBtratlon  and  intensely  humiliatinar  to  our  peo- 
ple. 

—Senator  Wm.  P.  Frye,  Maine. 


EB   T.    (Continued.) 

foot  of  the  list  of  great  nations  in  her  per  capita  indebtedness,  which 
amounts  to  $32.37.  The  population  of  the  United  States  in  1860  was 
thirty-one  millions,  while  her  wealth  amounted  to  fourteen  billions  of 
dollars,  showing  a  per  capita  of  about  $450,  while  in  1890  her  population 
was  sixty-two  millions  and  her  total  wealth  sixty-eight  billions 
of  dollars,  or  a  per  capita  of  $1,039. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  statement  that  while  her  population 
has  about  doubled  since  1860,  her  wealth  per  capita  has  more  than 
trebled.    This  is  what  the  democrats  call  a  bankrupt  Nation. 

In  1880  the  public  debt  amounted  to  three  billion  forty-five  millions. 
In  1890  it  was  reduced  to  two  billion  twenty-seven  millions— a  reduction 
in  ten  years  of  one  billion  eighteen  million  dollars.  Thus  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  per  capita  indebtedness  of  the  national  government  was  re- 
duced from  $60.73  in  1880  to  $32.37  in  1890.  This  is  a  favorable  showing 
for  a  wasteful  nation,  using  the  words  of  the  Democratic  tariff  reformers 
of  the  present  day. 

But  we  do  not  stop  with  these  figures,  but  proceed  to  show  that  the  per 
capita  indebtedness  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  has  been  greatly 
reduced  considering  the  amount  of  money  expended  in  public  and  pri- 
vate improvement  over  that  of  1880. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  combined  State,  county,  municipal 
and  school  debt  of  the  various  States  and  Territories  showing  tho  order 
in  which  they  rank,  as  to  per  capita  indebtedness. 


The  election  of  1892,  -which  resulted  In  the 
ascendency  in  all  branches  of  the  Government  of 
the  Democratic  party,  worked  a  political  revolu- 
tion in  this  country. 

—Hon.  John  Dalzell,  Pennsylvania. 


DEl^T.    (Continued.) 

The  Combined  State^   County^  Municipal,  and  School  Debt,  per  capita. 
Less  Sinking  Fund  of  the  Several  States  and  Territories  for  1890. 


B-.nk. 


1 

2 

a 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 


States    and 
Territories. 

Cap- 
ita. 

West  Virginia 

Utah 

Mississippi 

Florida 

f  3.  32 
3.  GO 
4.06 
5.  56 

Iowa 

5.  90 

Wisconsin 

6.  19 

North  Carolina ... 

Oregon 

Michigan 

6.87 
7.90 
<S.  09 

Washington 

Texas 

{).  00 
9.  02 

Arkansas 

Kentucky 

Illinois 

Oeorgia      

9.  60 
10.  46 

10.  94 

11.  03 

Indiana 

u.  ir> 

Vermont  

]  1 .  39 

South  Carolina... 

11.  55 

12.  51 

Calilbrnia 

Pennsylvania 

Nebraska 

Tennessee 

12.  89 

13.  51 
14.67 
16.  71 

Delaware 

17.  32 

Rank. 


25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 


States  and 
Territories. 


New  Mexico 

18.44 

Idaho 

18.89 

Missouri 

19.24 

Ohio 

19.35 

Minnesota 

20.01 

South  Dakota 

20.11 

Colorado 

20.41 

North  Dakota 

21.03 

New  Hanipsliire.. 

21.64 

Montana 

22.09 

Maine 

23.60 

Wyoming 

27.  14 

Kansas 

28.47 

Nevada 

29.  23 

Louisiana 

29.80 

Virginia 

30.70 

Connecticut 

31.76 

New  York 

33.64 

New  Jersey 

M.  14 

Massachusetts 

36.42 

Rhode  Island 

37.76 

Marvland 

40.46 

Arizona 

49.28 

District  of  Col 

85.86 

Per 
Cap- 
ita. 


DELAWARE. 

Area  1,960  square  miles. 

First  settled  by  the  Swedes  at  Wilmington  in  1627— under  full  control  of 
the  Fnglish  in  1664,  and  governed  as  a  part  of  New  York — title  conveyed 
to  William  Penn  bj'^  the  Didce  of  York,  August  24,  1682— united  to  Penn- 
sylvania, December  7,  1682— granted  a  separate  assembly  in  1703,  but  re- 
mained under  the  same  proprietary— first  State  Constitution  formed, 
September  21, 177(3 — ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Decem- 
ber 7,  1787. 

Legislature  is  composed  of  9  Senators,  21  Representatives.  Meets  bi- 
ennially, (Jan.  1,  1895.) 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  GEORarXiuAV,  (dkm.)  term  expires,  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Anthony  IIiaaiNS,  (rep!)  term  expires,  Mar.  3, 1895. 
CONGRESSIONAI.  DISTRICT. 

At  large.    Population,  168,493 ;  Vote  1892,  Dem.,  18,554 ;  Rep.,  18,083. 


Perhaps  no  act  In  the  history  of  the  coantry 
has  been  more  unjustly  arraigned  and  more  persis- 
tently misrepresented  than  what  is  known  as  the 
McKinley  tariff  law. 

—Senator  John  Sherman,  Ohio. 


DEMOCRATIC  CLAIM  OF  A  BANKRUPT  TREASURY. 

Was  the  Treasury  bankrupt  naIioii  the  Kepublicans  turned  the  Treas- 
ury over  to  the  Deunocrats? 

The  following  shows  the  condition  of  the  Treasury  at  the  date  when  the 
last  four  Presidential  terms  commenced — 

PRESIDENT  GAKFIEU), 

Inaugurated  March   4,   1881.    Cash  balance  in 
Treasury  (March  1),  $170,817,436.69. 
PRESIDENT  CHLEVEI-AND, 

Inaugurated    March  4,  1885.      Cash  balance  in 
Treasury  (March  1),  §159,.3.56,506.41. 
PRESIDENT  HARRISON, 

Inaugurated  March  4, 1889.      Cash   balance  in 
Treasury  (March  1 ),  ?183,827,190.29. 
PRESIDENT  CL.EVEI.AND, 

Inaugurated  March  4,  1893.    Cash  balance  in 
Treasury  (March  1),  $124,128,087.88. 

The  following  is  from  the  Statement  of  Hon.  D.  B.  Henderson  of  Iowa, 
Aug.  20, 1894: 
THE  SURPI.US. 

"The  favorite  argument  of  the  ignorant,  or  those  who  understanding 
wish  to  deceive  the  people  is  that  Mr.  Cleveland  left  a  full  Treasury  on 
March  4, 1889,  and  found  an  empty  one  on  March  4, 1893.  Let  us  examine 
this  question. 

On  tlie  iirst  line  in  "Exhibit  E"  will  be  found  the  amount  available 
at  the  beginning  of  the  several  Administrations  of  Arthur,  Cleveland, 
Harrison,  and  again  Cleveland,  and  on  the  last  line,  opposite  the  word 
•'  surplus,"  the  amounts  over  and  above  expenditures  during  each  period 
indicated. 

Mr.  Arthur  had,  when  he  was  inaugurated,  in  round  numbers  $170,000,- 
0(K),  Mr.  Cleveland  $159,000,000,  Mr.  Harrison  $183,000,000,  and  Mr.  Cleve- 
land, second  term,  $124,000,000.  President  Harrison  did  start  with  $59,- 
000,000  more  than  President  Cleveland  started  with  in  1893.  Why?  Be- 
cause Harrison,  during  his  term  paid  off  $233,588,950  of  the  public  debt  of 
the  country.  During  Mr.  Cleveland's  first  term  he  paid  off  only  $143,884,- 
350,  and  had  to  be  forced  to  pay  oif  any  by  the  passage  of  a  resolution  in 
the  House  of  Representatives,  assailing  him  for  his  delinquency  in  this 
particular. 

Even  after  so  lashed  to  his  duty  he  paid  off  $89,704,600  less  than  Mr. 
Harrison  paid  daring  thQ  four  years  following.  Mr.  Harrison  applied 
the  cash  locked  up  in  the  Treasury  to  pay  off  the  debt  of  the  people,  and 
in  doing  so  he  saved  in  interest  $55,;352,493.51,  as  against  $42,832,538.38  saved 
by  Mr.  Cleveland. 

105 


BeclprocltF  versus  Free-trade.  Reciprocity 
means  more  products  and  manufactures  at  home 
and  more  sales  abroad.  Free-trade  means  less 
products  and  manufactures  at  home  and  more  pur- 
chases abroad.  One  way  lies  thrift  and  prosperity ; 
the  other  way  hard  times  and  distress. 

—Senator  Eugene  Hale,  Maine. 


DEMOCRATIC  DEFICIl'. 

From  1874  to  1894,  inclusive,  there  never  has  been 
a  deficit  in  the  Treasury  until  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30, 1894. 
The  amount  is  stated  by  the  Treasury  reports  at  $69,803,260.58,  being  the 
sum  expended  in  excess  of  the  revenues  collected  for  the  year.  Why  a 
deficit  now? 

DEMOCRATS  DID  ,NOT  INHERIT  A  REPUBLICAN   PANIC— GROVER 
CliEVELAND'S  WORDS. 

President  Cleveland's  message  convening 
Congress  in  extra  seesion  August  7, 1893,  states  that  the  financial  dis- 
trust and  fear  have  sprung  up  on  every  side  suddenly.  We  admit  the 
fact.    The  opening  sentence  of  his  message  is  as  follows : 

"With  plenteous  crops,  with  abundant  promise  of  remunerative  pro- 
duction and  manufacture,  with  unusual  invitation  to  safe  investment, 
and  with  satisfactory  assurance  to  business  enterprise,  suddenly  finan- 
cial distrust  and  fear  have  sprung  up  on  every  side." 

The  Republicans  hold  that  the  panic  began  on  the  ninth  day  of  Novem. 
ber  \S^— suddenly, 

DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORMS,  1840  TO  1892,  extracts  from. 

ON  THE  QUESTION  OF  MONEY. 

1840. 

That  Congress  has  no  power  to  charter  a  United  States  Bank ;  that 
we  believe  such  an  institution  one  of  deadly  hostility  to  the  best 
interests  of  the  country,  dangerous  to  our  Republican  institutions 
and  the  liberties  of  the  people,  and  calculated  to  place  the  busi- 
ness of  the  country  within  the  control  of  a  concentrated  money 
power  and  above  the  laws  and  the  will  of  the  people. 

That  the  separation  of  the  moneys  of  the  Government  from  bank- 
ing institutions  is  indispensable  for  the  safety  of  the  Government 
funds  and  the  rights  of  the  people. 
1844. 

Bank  clause  of  1840  reaffirmed. 
1848. 

Bank  clause  of  1840  reaffirmed  with  the  following  Sec.  21.  *  *  * 
In  defeating  the  declared  purposes  of  their  opponents  in  creating 
a  National  Bank ;  in  preventing  the  corrupt  and  unconstitutional 
distribution  of  the  land  proceeds  from  the  common  treasury  of  the 
Union  for  local  purposes ;  in  protecting  the  currency  and  labor  of 
the  country  from  ruinous  fluctuations,  and  guarding  the  money  of 
the  country  for  the  use  of  the  people  by  the  establishment  of  th^ 
constitutional  treasuir* 


"Wbere  are  the  industries  which  the  election  of 
Cleveland  were  to  open  up?    Go  to  the  cities  and 

Jou'll  find  them  by  the  score,  but  free  soup  houses 
I  what  they  are  called. 

—Hon.  George  W.  Smith,  Illinois. 


BOND  PURCHASES. 

I  call  attention  to  Exhibit  F,  following  my  re- 
marks, being  a  statement  of  the  bond  purchase,  prepared  in"  the  Treasury 
Department. 
EXHIBIT  F, 

Statement  of  the  United  States  bonds  purchased  from  March  i,  1885, 
to  March  1, 189S. 


Principal. 

Premium  paid. 

Interest  saved. 

Fr'm  Mar.l,'85-M»r.l,'89. 
4  per  cents 

$56,  726,  550.  00 
87,  157,  800.  00 

$15,  604,  309.  79 
6,  772,  813.  32 

$27,  450,  259.  22 
5,  382,  279.  16 

4i  per  cents 

Total 

143,  884,  350.  00 

22,  377,  123, 11 

32,  832,  538.  38 

Fr»m  Mar.l,'89-M'r.l,'93. 
4  per  cents 

121,  615,  950.  00 
111,  973,  000.  00 

30,  666,  138.  59 
3,  225,  388.  08 

53,  596,  469.  67 

4i  per  cents 

1,  756,  023.  84 

Total 

2:^,  588,  950.  00 

33,  891,  526.  67 

55,  352,  493.  51 

If  Harrison  left  $59,000,000  less  for  Cleveland  than  he  received,  he  paid 
ofl  $89,704,600  more  of  the  public  debt. 

I  have  demonstrated  that  the  revenues  were  vastly  greater  under  the 
Kepublicans,  and  if  they  had  been  continued  in  power  there  would  have 
been  plenty  of  cash  to  pay  the  Government  bills. 

It  is  a  sad  sight  for  this  country  to  see  the  bonded  debt  increased,  while 
the  revenues  that  come  from  the  foreigners  are  being  transferred  so  as  to 
come  directly  from  the  pockets  of  our  own  people.  The  burden  is  in- 
creased at  home,  while  the  laborer  abroad  is  allowed  to  do  the  work  of 
our  people,  thus  lessening  our  ability  to  lift  the  burden. 

REVENUES  AND  EXPENDITURES. 

I  come  now  to  consider  the  manage- 
ment of  the  finances  by  this  Administration. 

In  1865  the  expenditures  of  the  Government  exceeded  revenues  $936,840,- 
619.38,  and  during  the  civil  war  our  expenditures  each  year  exceeded  our 
revenues.  But  from  1865,  the  last  year  of  the  war,  we  have  had  no  such 
experience  until  the  fiscal  year  just  closed,  when  we  find  that  the  expen- 
ditures exceeded  the  revenues  in  the  startling  sum  of  $69,803,260.58. 

With  this  exception  the  revenues  and  the  cash  in  the  Treasury  have  met 
all  of  our  necessities  since  1865. 

I  find  that  the  receipts,  exclusive  of  postal,  from  March  1,  1885,  to 
March  1, 1889,  under  President  Cleveland,  was  $1,451,660,246.74,  while 
iirom  March  1, 1889,  to  March  1,  1893,  under  President  Harrison,   they  a- 


107 


Better  run  our  home  Industries  full  blast  all 
the  year  every  year,  and  give  away  the  sni-plus 
product  in  free-trade  countries,  than  to  be  idle  and 
bxiy  foreign  wares  cheap  or  even  accept  them  as  a 
free  gift.  —  Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson,  North  Dakota. 


BOND  PURCHASES.     (Continued.) 

mounted  to  $1,540,225,448.35.    This  gives  an  excess  of  receipts  for  the  foui 
years  of  Harrison  of  388,565,201.01.    This  is  the  key   to  the  eflaciency  of  a 
Republican  Administration  executing  Republican  laws. 
1 ,  But  hero  comes  a  sharper  test  of  the  two  Executives,  leaving  out  pos- 
tal receipts : 

Receipts : 
For  first  sixteen  months  of  Harrison's  Administration 

(from  March  1,1889,  to  Julyl,  1890) $532,  743,  263.  03 

For  first  sixteen  months  of  Cleveland's  Administra- 
tion (from  March  1, 1803,  to  July  1,  1894) 422, 147,  849.  48 

For  last  sixteen  months  of  Harrison's  Administration 
(from  November  1,  1891,  to  March  1, 1893) 493,  691,  074.  39 

A  study  of  these  figures  will  show  that  the  first  sixteen  months  of  Har- 
rison's Administration  collected  $110,595,413.55  more  than  the  first  sixteen 
months  of  the  present  Administration,  and  the  receipts  for  the  last  six- 
teen montlis  of  Harrison's  Administration  exceeded  the  first  sixteen 
months  of  the  present  Administration  $71,543,224.91.  Is  it  any  wonder 
that  a  deficit  in  the  Treasury  is  upon  us,  and  that  this  Administration  is 
selling  bonds  to  pay  the  running  expenses  of  the  Government? 

Let  me  give  a  further  test  of  the  administration  of  the  laws  by  the  diflFer- 
ent  Executives.  I  call  attention  to  "Exhibit  E,"  appended  to  my  re- 
marks—a  statement  prepared  in  the  Treasury  Department  at  my  re- 
quest. Observe  the  receipts  from  "customs,  internal  revenue,  and  mis- 
cellaneous," which  gives  the  true  test  of  an  honest  and  efficient  enforce- 
ment of  the  laws : 

Collected  by  President  Arthur,  $1,487,749,110.37. 

Collected  by  President  Cleveland,  $1,451,661,246.74. 

Collected  by  President  Harrison,  $1,540,225,448.35. 

When  President  Cleveland  came  in  the  revenues  in  four  years  fell  off 
$36,087,863.63,  and  when  President  Harrison  came  in  they  increased  in 
four  years  over  President  Cleveland's  work  $88,564,201.01." 


106 


The  elevation  of  a  mao  to  the  Presidency  doei 
not  endow  him  with  capacity,  discernment,  or 
-wisdonk  superior  to  all  others.  It  enlarges  bis 
opportunity  to  do  injury. 

-Hon.  Philip  S.  Post,  lUinois. 


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Necessities  born  of  social  life  and  advancing 
oivi/ization  are  the  real  measures  of  wages. 

—Hon.  Thomas  B.  Keed,  Maine. 


DEMOCRATIC  DEFALCATIONS. 

Matios  of  Democratic  defalcationn  compared  with  Republican  honesty^ 


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The  ascendancy  of  the  Democratic  party  af- 
ter thirty-two  years  of  retirement,  bearing:  upon  its 
banner  the  motto  "down  with  American  ind»*^" 
tries,"  as  in  1861  the  motto  upon  its  escutcl^'*"  ^*f 
•'down  with  the  American  Union,"  is  f*''^  cause  of 
our  trouble.  —Hon.  Seth  L..  M""Ken,  Maine. 


DEMOCBATIC  PLATTOBMS.    (Continued.) 
1862. 

ReaflBrmed  the  two  planks  of  1840  on  the  United  States  Bank. 
1856. 

Reaflarmed  the  two  planks  of  1840,  substituting  the  words  "National 
Banks  "  for  United  States  Bank 
1868. 

Payment  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States  as  rapidly  as  practi- 
cable ;  all  moneys  drawn  from  the  people  by  taxation,  except  so 
much  as  is  requisite  for  the  necessities  of  the  Government,  economi- 
cally administered,  being  honestly  applied  to  such  payment,  and 
where  the  obligations  of  the  Government  do  not  expressly  state 
upon  their  face,  or  the  law  under  which  they  were  issued  does  not 
provide  that  they  shall  be  paid  in  coin,  they  ought,  in  right  and  in 
justice,  to  be  paid  in  the  lawful  money  of  the  United  States. 

Equal  taxation  of  every  species  of  property  according  to  its  real 
value,  including  Government  bonds  and  other  public  securities. 
1872. 

We  demand  a  system  of  Federal  taxation  which  shall  not  unneces- 
sarily interfere  with  the  industry  of  the  people,  and  which  shall 
provide  the  means  necessary  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  Govern- 
ment, economically  administered,  the  pensions,  the  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  and  a  moderate  reduction  annually  of  the  principal 
thereof ;  and  recognizing  that  there  are  in  our  midst  honest  but 
irreconcilable  differences  of  opinion  with  regard  to  the  respective 
systems  of  protection  and  free-trade,  we  remit  the  discussion  of 
the  subject  to  the  people  in  their  Congressional  districts,  and  to 
the  decision  of  Congress  thereon,  wholly  free  from  executive  inter- 
ference or  dictation. 

The  public  credit  must  be  sacredly  maintained,  and  we  denounce 
repudiation  in  every  form  and  guise. 
1876. 

Reform  is  necessary  to  establish  a  sound  currency,  restore  the  public 
credit,  and  maintain  the  National  honor. 
1880. 

Honest  money — the  strict  maintenance  of  the  public  faith — consisting 
of  gold  and  silver,  and  paper  convertible  into  coin  on  demand;  the 
strict  maintenance  of  the  public  faith.  State  and  National,  and  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only.  The  subordination  of  the  military  to  the 
civil  power,  and  a  general  and  thorough  reform  of  the  civil  service. 

Ill 


If  history  and  philosophy  have  made  certain 
any  truth  in  political  e^ionoiny,  it  is  this  :  No  coun- 
try can  permanently  prosper  in  the  race  for  uiate- 
'lial  wealth  by  exclrinj^ing:  the  producits  of  its  soil 
t«i  ^manufactured  jjoods. 

—Hon.  Thomas  Updegraf f,  Iowa. 


DEMOCRATIC  PI.ATFOKMS.     (Continued.) 
1884. 

We  believe  in  honest  money,  tliQ  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  the  Con- 
stitution, and  a  circulating  mediuni  convertible  into  such  money 
without  loss. 
1888. 

The  money  now  lying  idle  in  the  general  treasury,  resulting  from 
superflous  taxation  amounts  to  more  than  one  lumdred  and 
twenty-five  millions,  and  the  surplus  collected  is  reaching  the  sum 
of  more  than  sixty  millions  annually.  Debauched  by  this  immense 
temptation  the  remedy  of  the  Republican  party  is  to  meet  and 
exhaust  by  extravagant  appropriation  and  expenses,  whether  con- 
stitutional or  not,  the  accumulation  of  extravagant  taxation.  The 
Democratic  ])olicy  is  to  enforce  frugality  in  public  expense  and 
abolish  unnecessary  taxation. 
18912. 

Wo  denounce  the  Republican  legislation  known  as  the  Sherman  act 
of  1890  as  a  cowardly  makeshift,  fraught  with  possibilities  of  danger 
in  the  future  which  should  make  all  of  its  supporters,  as  well  as  its 
author,  anxious  for  its  speedy  repeal.  We  hold  to  the  use  of  both 
gold  and  silver  as  the  standard  money  of  the  country,  and  to  the 
coinage  of  both  gold  and  silver  without  discriminating  against 
either  metal  or  charge  for  mintage,  but  the  dolhir  imit  of  coinage  of 
both  metals  must  be  of  equal  intrinsic  and  exchangeable  value,  or 
be  adjusted  through  international  agreement  or  by  such  safeguards 
of  legislation  as  shall  insure  the  maintenance  of  tiio  parity  of  the 
two  metals  and  the  equal  power  of  every  dollar  at  all  tiines  in  the 
markets  and  in  the  payment  of  debts ;  and  wo  demand  that  all 
paper  currency  shall  be  kept  at  par  with  and  redeemable  in  such 
coin.  We  insist  upon  this  X)olicy  as  especially  necessary  for  the 
protection  of  the  farmers  and  laboring  classes,  the  lirst  and  most 
defenceless  victims  of  unstable  money  and  a  fluctuating  currency. 

TAX  ON  STATE    KANKS. 

Wo  recommend  that  the  prohibitory  10  per  cent, 
tux  on  8tate  bank  issues  be  repealed. 

DEMONETIZE  DEFINED. 

To   divest  of    monetary   value;    withdraw 
from  use  as  money ;  deprive  of  the  character  of  money. 

DENMARK. 

In  Denmark  the  standard  is  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
crown;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.26.8 ;  the  coins  are  gold:  10 
and  20  crowns.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  in  the  Scandinavian  Union  la 
1  of  gold  to  14.88  of  limited  tender  silver. 

112 


The  Democratic  party  is  experiencing  a  stag- 
nation of  satisfaction  and  general  revival  of  sad- 
ness in  the  realms  of  traffic.  —Bill  Nye« 


DEPOSITS  WITH  THE  STATES,  from  the  sirRPi.us  in  united 

STATES  TREASURY,  IN  1836. 

Under  the  act  of  June  23,  1836 : 

Maine $955,  83S.25 

New  Hampshire 669,  086.  79 

Vermont 669,  086.  79 

Massachusetts 1,  338,  173.  58 

Connecticut ; 764,  670.  60 

Rhode  Island 382,  335. 30 

New  York 4,  014,  520.  71 

Pennsylvania 2,867,  514.  78 

New  Jersey 764,  670.  60 

Ohio 2,  007,  260.  34- 

Indiana 860,254.  44 

Illinois 477,  919.  14 

Michigan 286,  751.  49 

Delaware 286,  751.  49 

Maryland 955,  838.  25 

Virginia 2,  198,  427.  99 

North  Carolina 1,  433,  757.  39 

South  Carolina 1,  051,  422.  09 

Georgia 1,051,  422.  09 

Alabama f>69,  086,  79 

Louisiana 477,  919.  14 

Mississippi 382,  3:J5.  30 

Tennessee 1,  433,  757.  39 

Kentucky 1,  433,  757.  39 

Missouri 382,  335.  30 

Arkansas 286,  751.  49 

Total $28, 101,644.  91 

DUTY,    AMOUNT    OF.     COLI.ECTED    PER    CAPITA    OF    POPULATION 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  FROM  1701  TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  1S93. 

If  each  person  in  the  United  States  during  the  several  years  from  1791 
to  the  close  of  the  year  1893  had  paid  their  proportionate  share  of  the  im- 
port duty,  it  would  have  ranged,  as  shown  in  the  following  table,  from 
52  cents,  the  lowest  in  1814,  to  ^.23,  the  highest  in  1872.  The  average  duty 
per  capita  for  103  years  Avas  ?2.35,  while  the  average  duty  of  the  McKinley 
law  was  ^3;  showing  only  a  difference  of  65  cents.  Thus  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  burdens  claimed  to  be  added  by  the  McKinley  law  are  not  so 
great  as  are  usually  complained  of  or  understood. 


liOng  may  ft  be,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  object  of 
the  American  statesmen  "  to  keep  up  by  Avhatever 
means  the  standard  of  comfort  among  the  labor- 
ing classes."  When  this  is  lost  sight  of  it  will  be  a 
bad  day  for  the  American  people. 

^Uon.  Jno.  H.  Gear,  Iowa. 


U8 


I  came  here  believing:  that  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  was  elected  to  legislate  for  the 
people  of  America,  and  I  find  here  a  bill  advo- 
cated by  every  prominent  paper  in  Canada,  by 
every  trade  journal  In  England. 

—Hon.  Jno.  A.  T.  Hull,  Iowa. 


DUTY.    (Continued.) 
Year  end'g—       Duty. 
1791,  Sept.  30...$1.61 

1792 1.19 

1793 1.54 

1794 1.95 

1795 2.03 

1796 2.68 

1797 2.66 

1798 2.28 

1799. 2.96 

1800 3.01 

1801 5.40 

1802 2.63 

1803 2.45 

1804 3.30 

1805 3.69 

1806 3.88 

1807 3.86 

1808. 1.56 

1809 1.54 

1810 2.19 

1811 1.33 

1812 1.87 

1813 91 

1814 52 

1815 4.55 

1816 3.81 

1817 2.50 

1818 2.84 

1819 2.27 

1820 1.72 

1821 1.90 

1822 2.36 

1823 2.13 

1824 2.36 

1825 2.84 


Year  end'g —       Duty. 

1826 2.28 

1827 2.38 

1828 2.46 

1829... 2.22 

1830 2.21 

1831 2.77 

1832 2.16 

1833 1.73 

1834 1.32 

1835 1.75 

1836 2.04 

1837 1.16 

1838 1.24 

1839 1.55 

1840 88 

1841 1.13 

1842 1.91 

1843,  June  30...  .40 

1844 1.53 

1845 1.56 

1846 1.48 

1847 1.33 

1848 1.51 

1849 1.38 

1850 1.73 

1851 2.03 

1852 1.92 

1853 2.28 

1&54 2.46 

1855 1.99 

1856 2.28 

1857 2.20 

1858 1.41 

1859 1.59 

1860 1.68 


Year  end'g—   Duty. 

1861 1.22 

1862 1.42 

1863 1.91 

1864 2.83 

1865 2.33 

1866 4.96 

1867 4.65 

1868 4.34 

1869^ 4.68 

1870 4.96 

1871 6.12 

1872 , 6.23 

1873 L 4.43 

1874 3.74 

1875 3.51 

1876 3.22 

1877 2.77 

1878 2.67 

1879 2.73 

1880 3.64 

1881 3.78 

1882 4.12 

1883 3.92 

1884 3.47 

1885 3.17 

1886 3.30 

1887 3.67 

1888... 3.60 

1889 3.62 

1890 3.62 

1891 3.39 

1892 2.66 

1893 2.97 


DUTY,  DIFFERENTIAL,  EFFECT  OF. 

Under  the  new  bill  the  following  paragraph  appears  in  the  Free  list: 

"691.  Plows,  tooth  and  disk  harrows,  harvesters,  reapers,  agricultural 
drills,  and  planters,  mowers,  horsorakes,  cultivators,  threshing  machines 
and  cotton  gins :  Provided,  That  all  articles  mentioned  in  this  paragraph, 
if  imported  from  a  country  which  lays  an  import  duty  on  like  articles 
imported  from  the  United  States,  shall  be  subject  to  the  duties  existing 
prior  to  the  passage  of  this  Act." 

This  opens  a  discrimination  between  the  above  named  class  of  farming 
implements  and  that  of  "  other  machinery." 

M«Kinley  rate  is  45  per  cent.;  new  bill  rate  is  35  per  cent.  For  example, 
if  the  above  named  articles  come  from  Canada  (as  Canada  lays  an  im- 
port duty),  the  duty  will  be  45  per  cent,  while  on  the  other  hand,  machin- 

114 


The    splendid    development   of   Iowa   has 
come  under  protection. 

—Hon.  Jno.  A.  T.  Hall,  Iowa. 


DUTY.    (Continued.) 

ery  of  any  other  description  would  come  in  at  the  rate  of  35'  per  cent. 
The  above  is  a  discriminating  duty,  and  is  unfair  to  the  factory  or  firm 
which  may  produce  wagons  or  other  forms  of  implements  used  in  agri- 
culture. The  spirit  of  the  law  throughout  is  to  reward  one  class  and 
punish  other  classes.  Other  class  legislation  of  the  same  kind  is  found 
in  the  bill — see  salt,  etc. 

DUTY,  DISCRIMINATING,  in  the  AOKicuiiruRAi.  scheduub. 

In  levying  duties  on  the  products  of  the  ground,  no  discrimination 
should  be  made  in  favor  of  one  cereal  or  crop  against  that  of  another, 
either  on  account  of  location  or  political  affiliation.  No  Democrat, 
whether  he  come  from  States  on  our  Canadian  border,  Louisiana,  South 
Carolina,  or  any  other  portion  of  the  country,  can  ever  explain  with  any 
degree  of  reason  why  three  products  of  the  ground  grown  in  Southern 
States,  namely,  rice,  peanuts,  and  sugar,  should  be  favored,  while  all  the 
products  of  border  States  should  be  discriminated  against.  Let  the  far- 
mers of  these  States  read  the  following,  and  then  decide  for  themselves : 

The  duties  fixed  by  the  Wilson  bill  are  as  follows :  Rice,  83  per  cent ; 
peanuts,  72  per  cent ;  sugar,  40  per  cent.  Com,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley, 
buckwheat,  potatoes,  and  hay  are  fixed  at  an  average  of  about  20  per 
cent.  Now,  let  us  see  how  it  works.  The  total  crop  for  1893  of  sugar,  pea- 
nuts, and  rice  amounts  to  about  $28,000,000  worth.  The  following  is 
Michigan's  crop  of  cereals  for  1893:  which  serves  to  illustrate  our  point. 


Quantity. 

Worth. 

Corn              

bushels 

21, 000,  000 

20,  000,  000 

23,  000,  000 

1,  600,  000 

1,  300,  000 

800,000 

14,  600,  000 

1,850,000 

$10,  000,  000 

Wheat 

do 

11,  000,  000 

Oats  

do 

7,  500,  000 

Rye         

do 

700,000 

Barley                

do 

650,000 

TJnckwheat 

do 

450,000 

do 

6,500,000 

Hav          

tons 

17,  000,  000 

Total  crot) 

63,800,000 

This  shows  the  amount  in  bushels  and  value,  giving  a  total  of  $53,800,- 
000.  The  operation  of  the  foregoing  produces  results  as  follows :  The 
Southern  crop  of  sugar,  rice,  and  peanuts  is  increased  by  reason  of  the 
tariff,  according  to  the  philosophy  of  our  friends,  the  reformers,  in  the 
sum  of  $18,200,000,  while  the  crop  of  Michigan,  which  was  worth  more 
than  double  the  rice,  sugar,  and  peanut  crop,  is  only  increased  in  value 
by  the  same  tariff  law,  according  to  the  tariff  reformers,  in  the  sum  of 
$10,760,000. 

U6 


Noijr,  to  say  that  protection  does  notla- 
Grease  wages  is  to  say  that  busy  factories  do  iMt 
increase  wages  ;  that  lighted  furnaces  do  not 
increase  wages ;  that  open  mines  do  not  in- 
crease wages ;  that  manufacturing  cities  do  not 
increase  wages ;  tliat  having  the  market  close 
to  the  farm  and  the  farm  close  to  the  work- 
shop does  not  increase  wages. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass. 


DUTY.    (Continued.) 

In  other  words,  the  people  of  Michigan  must  raise  more  than  a  hundred 
millions  worth  of  com,  wheat,  oats,  etc.,  to  return  an  increase  of  value 
equal  to  that  which  is  yielded  by  the  rice,  peanut,  and  sugar  crop  in  the 
South,  of  $28,000,000.  If  this  is  legislating  for  the  whole  people  of  the 
United  States,  the  people  of  Michigan  must  study  a  new  principle  of 
political  economy  to  ever  understand  how  it  is  accomplished.  The  hay 
crop  of  Michigan  alone  is  equal  to  the  whole  of  the  sugar  crop  of  the 
United  States  in  1893,  but  it  must  take  care  of  itself  against  Canadian 
competition,  while  Louisiana  sugar  must  be  fostered  and  nursed  by  the 
Government  against  the  West  India  Islands  sugar. 

DUTIES,  Ai>  VAI.OKEM:  and  specific. 

AD  VAiiOREM  DUTY  is  a  specified  per  cent,  levied  upon  the  value  of  the 
goods  imported.  For  example,  the  duty  on  a  certain  class  of  silk  is  60 
per  cent,  of  their  foreign  value. 

SPECIFIC  DUTY  is  a  specified  sum  of  money  to  be  paid  on  each  pound, 
yard  or  ton.  For  example,  wheat  pays  25  cents  per  bushel  regardless  of 
its  market  value. 

Sometimes  both  duties  are  combined,  as  in  the  case  of  Wilton  carpets, 
where  a  specific  duty  of  60  cents  per  square  yard,  and  an  ad  valorem 
duty  of  40  per  cent,  on  their  value  is  charged. 

There  is  no  doubt  an  honest  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  relative 
merits  of  the  two  systems ;  but  the  leading  commercial  nations  of  the 
world  have  found  from  long  experience,  that  owing  to  the  inlierent  dis- 
honesty of  man,  and  the  universal  tendency  to  undervaluation  under  the 
ad  valorem  system,  the  only  means  of  attaining  an  honest  administration 
of  the  tariff  laws  is  by  a  specific  duty. 

No  stronger  argument  on  this  subject  can  be  adduced  than  that  of 
Daniel  Manning,  while  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Cleveland's  first 
Administration,  as  follows : 

"  Whatever  successfiil  contrivances  are  in  operation  to-day  to  evade  the 
revenue  by  false  invoices,  or  by  undervaluation,  or  by  any  other 
means,  under  an  ad  valorem  system,  will  notecase  even  if  the  ad  valorem 
rates  shall  have  been  largely  reduced.  They  are  incontestably,  they  are 
even  notoriously  inherent  in  that  system. 

One  advantage,  and  perhaps  the  chief  advantage,  of  a  specific  over  an 
ad  valorem  system,  is  in  the  fact  that,  under  the  former,  duties  are  levied 
by  a  positive  test,  which  can  be  applied  by  our  officers  while  the  mer- 
chandise is  in  possession  of  the  Government,  and  according  to  a  standard 
which  is  altogether  national  and  domestic.  That  would  ])e  partially  true 
of  an  ad  ralorem  sytem  levied  upon  •  home  value ' ;  but  there  are  consti- 
tational  Impediments  in  the  way  of  such  a  system  which  appear  to  be  in- 
superable." 

116 


Bat  there  are  laws  that  can  elevate  the  con- 
dition of  tlie  laboring^  men,  and  there  are  laws 
that  can  degrade  tiieiii,  and  tlie  Kepublican 
party  has  stood  for  twenty-five  years,  and  it  will 
stand,  I  believe,  by  the  blessing  of  God  and  the 
will  of  the  American  people,  twenty-five  years 
more.  —Daniel  Kerr,  Iowa. 


E 


EARTHENWARE.    (See  also,  Clay  and  Pottery  Products.) 

Earthenware  will  be  seriously  injured  by  the  provisions  of  this  bill. 
The  duty  was  increased  on  this  ware  by  the  tariff  law  of  1883,  and  was 
justified  by  the  condition  of  the  industry  and  the  pressing  interests  of 
American  labor— notwithstanding  which,  the  foreign  manufacturers  sup- 
ply fully  one-half  of  the  American  demand. .  The  prediction  was  made 
at  the  time  of  the  increase  that,  as  a  result,  the  American  Avare  would  be 
improved  in  quality  and  reduced  in  price,  w^hich  prediction  has  been  fully 
verified.  This  industry  has  sprung  up  since  1860,  and  no  more  striking 
illustration  of  the  benefit  of  protection  can  be  found.  It  has  grown  to  be 
one  of  the  most  valuable  of  our  manufacturing  interests ;  the  capital  in- 
vested has  increased  to  §26,000,000,  and  the  hands  employed  number  up- 
wards of  twenty  thousand ;  the  price  of  good  ware  has  been  brought  within 
the  reach  of  the  humblest  household ;  our  home  competition  has  reduced 
the  price  of  ware  fully  50  per  cent.,  and  a  taste  for  ceramic  art  has  been 
cultivated,  developing  a  new  field  of  employment  for  both  men  and 
women.  The  wages  paid  in  our  potteries  are  125  per  cent.,  in  advance  of 
those  paid  for  like  labor  abroad. 

STATISTICS  FOR  1890-3. 

Establishments 707 

Capital ^,127,104 

Employes 20,296 

Wages $10,138,143 

Material 5,618,411 

Value  of  product 22,057,090 

Imported  in  1893  ^,377,283,  on  which  duty  was  collected  $5,404,985,  Mc- 
Kinley  law,  duty  51.20,  new  law,  35.21,  average  ad  valorem. 
The  above  does  not  include  Glass,  Brick,  and  Tile. 

ECUADOR. 

In  Ecuador  the  standard  is  silver,  the  monetary  unit  is  the  sucre,  the 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.61.3.  The  coins  are  gold :  condor  ($9.64.7) 
and  double  condor.  Silver :  sucre  and  divisions.  The  ratio  of  gold  to 
silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

EDUCATION  AND  LABOR,  DEMOCRATS  OPPOSE. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact— admitted  by  the  candid  men  representing  the 
South— that  their  laborers  are  not  so  well  paid  as  in  the  North.  And  as 
an  excuse  for  that,  they  say  their  labor  is  not  so  intelligent,  and  conse- 
quently worth  less.  This  explanation  would  be  entirely  satisfactory  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  they  resist  every  effort  to  educate  and  enlighten 
their  laborers,  so  they  may  demand  and  receive  better  wages. 

117 


It  has  always  been  the  doctrine  of  the  Re- 
publican party  that  tlio  boy  who  is  employed  to 
till  the  fields,  to  cultivate  the  corn,  if  he  is  hon- 
est, sober,  industrious,  and  law-abiding,  is  just 
.as  much  entitled  to  our  honor  and  good  w^ill 
and  respect  as  is  the  man  who  qavus  the  farm 
and  gives  him  employment ;  and  it  was  this  doc- 
trine of  the  Republican  organization  that  made 
»  rail-splitter  President  of  the  United  States  and 
a  canal  boy  its  Chief  Executive  and  most  distin- 
£;uished  citizen. 

— Ex-Senator  B.  W.  Perkins,  Kansas. 


EDUCATION  AN©  I.ABOR.    (Continued.) 

When  it  is  proposed  to  pass  a  bill  establishing  schools  in  which  the 
poor  may  be  educated,  under  the  rules  of  the  House,  adopted  by  the  ma- 
jority, the  Speaker  exercises  .his  one  man  power  and  appoints  a  commit- 
tee that  u^tterly  refuses  to  report  to  the  House  the  "  Blair  educational 
bill,"  that  was  in  the  interest  of  all  laboring  men  who  are  unable  to 
school  their  children.  Then  when  we  take  the  further  declarations  made 
by  these  men — or  some  of  them — that  they  of  the  South  would  be  able  to 
live  under  a  tariff  that  would  starve  the  labor  of  the  North  to  death,  we 
can  but  conclude  that  they  are  satisfied  with  their  own  labor  and  want 
to  keep  it  in  the  condition  it  now  is.  They  are  willing  to  force  a  measure 
through  the  House,  the  tendency  of  which  will  be  to  reduce  the  labor  of 
the  North  to  an  equality  with  their  own. 

(See  illiteracy,  schools,  pauperism.) 

EGYPT. 

In  Egypt  the  standard  is  gold,  the  monetary  unit  is  the  pound  (100 
piasters),  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  ^.94.3.  The  coins  are  gold: 
pound  (100  piasters),  5,  10,  20,  and  50  piasters.  Silver:  1,  2,  5, 10,  and  20 
piasters.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15.68  of  limited  tender 
silver. 

EGGS  AND  POULTRY. 

An  enumeration  of  poultry  and  poultry  products  in  the  United  States 
was  attempted  for  the  first  time  by  the  census  of  1880.  As  then  reported, 
there  were  in  the  United  States  in  1880,  exclusive  of  spring  hatching, 
102,265,653  barnyard  fowl  (chickens),  and  23,234,687  other  domestic  fowl, 
such  as  geese,  ducks,  and  turkeys.  The  nvimber  of  dozens  of  eggs  produced 
during  the  year  1879  was  456,875,080.  The  figures  of  the  Eleventh  Census, 
just  issued,  make  the  number  of  barnyard  fowl  for  the  year  1890,  258,472,- 
155;  that  of  turkeys,  geese,  and  ducks,  26,816,545  ;  and  the  number  of  doz- 
ens of  eggs  produced  during  1889,  817,211,146.  This  shows  during  the 
decade  under  consideration  an  increase  in  the  number  of  barnyard  fowl 
of  153  per  cent.,  of  other  fowl,  15  per  cent.,  and  in  the  number  of  eggs  pro- 
duced of  79  per  cent. 


118 


Oh,  I  dislike,  Mr.  President,  to  hear  work- 
iBg-people  talk  about  the  sale  of  their  wages, 
liabor  has  that  in  it  that  can  not  be  bought  and 
sold.  The  labor  of  man  is  oiTllization ;  it  is  ad- 
vancement ;  it  is  the  tmward  trend  of  humanity. 
—Senator  O.  H.  Piatt,  Conn. 


EIGGS  AND  POULTRY.    (Continued.) 

PBIC£.-AT  12  CBNTS  ADOZEN,  A  V£BY  MODEBATE  ESTIMATE,  THE 
ANNUAIi  VAI.UE  OF  THE  EGG  PRODUCTION  ON  THE  FABM  BOSE 
FBOM  S65,000,0O0  IN  1879  TO  S98,000,000  IN  1889. 

If  in  addition  to  this,  the  annual  consumption  of  meat  sold  from  the 
poultry  reported  is  considered,  the  importance  of  this  branch  of  rural 
industry  will  be  more  fully  appreciated. 

The  value  of  eggs  imported  in  1893  was  $392,616.90 ;  at  12  cents  per  dozen. 
The  duty  collected  was  ?164,792.12.  The  duty  under  the  McKinley  law 
was  6  cents  per  dozen  or  41.29  per  cent,  average  ad  valorem.  Under 
present  law  3  cents  per  dozen  or  24.78  per  cent,  average  ad  valorem. 


UB 


Protection  to  labor  should  be  accouipllshed  by 
■wise  laws  in  restraint  of  pauper  and  lawless  immt- 
Sration.  —Senator  John  Sherman,  Oliio. 


JBG6S  AND  POUIiTRY.    (Continued.) 

Egg  and  poultry  product,  1889-^90, 


States  and  Territories. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Khodo  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania ; 

X)elaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas -., 

Arkansas rV 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia 

Kentucky 

Ohio , 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota.^ 

Iowa.... 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

South  Dakota 

North  Dakota 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New  Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 


Poultry  on  hand  June  1, 

1890. 


Domestic 

fowl, 
[chickens.] 


Total. 


No. 
1,  411,  185 

934,  322 

789,  278 
1,  023,  605 

482,  370 

1,  075,  044 
8,  421,  667 

2,  990,  098 
10,  .381,  781 

900,  212 

3,  430,  859 

6,  576,  260 

7,  507,  593 

3,  873,  798 
7,  357,  934 

919,  601 
6,  252,  044 

5,  031,  784 
2,  240,  907 

11,523,717 

6,  264,  427 
12,  002, 139 

3, 107,  447 

12,  740,  559 

13,  059,  359 
5,  852,  690 

12,  307,  903 

21,  463,  525 
5,  646,  294 

4,  448,  831 
20,  201,  706 

22,  785,  848 
15,  843,  345 

7,  395,  368 

2,  292,  866 
804,  388 
233,  660 

73,  694 
710,  942 

60,  590 

57,  221 
279,  983 

62,  167 

231,  547 

779,  972 

1,  180,  7(i5 

3,  504,  250 


Other. 


258,  472,  155 


No. 

49,  476 

30,  033 

96,  049 

84,  777 

42,167 

66,  760 

784,464 

296,  305 

999,  604 

131,  149 

002,  279 

992.  731 

742,  820 

407,  750 

540,  010 

81,  419 

001,  757 

732,  813 

291,  104 

1,  455,  151 

783,  078 

1,  570,  445 
525,  421 

2,  009,  924 
1,  008,  094 

357,  534 

1,  287,  890 

2,  505,  511 
427,  518 
295,  380 

1,  749,  507 

2,  405,  940 
1,  133,  410 

503,  655 

131,  200 

55,  113 

9,992 

4,293 

34,  073 

2,  248 

4,  580 

10,  320 

7,  436 

15,  176 

37,  150 

97,  209 

482,  952 


Eggsp 
duced 


Dozens. 

9,  384,  252 
5,  019,  150 

4,  515,  130 
8,  931,  398 
2,  020,  714 

5,  637,  590 

49,  807,  100 
8,  031,  571 

50,  049,  915 
2,  218,  754 
8,  718,  593 

13,  557,  571 

11,  755,  635 

5,  702,  141 

11,  522,  788 

2,  788,  991 

10,  823,  526 

11,  393,  498 
5,  933,  700 

32,  400,  433 
13,  371,  909 

23,  172,  313 
8,  440,  259 

24,  691,  437 
70,  162,  240 
34,  309,  633 
48,  621,  660 
60,  351,  965 
29,  390,  784 
20,  &">4,  498 
09,  448,  339 
53,  147,  418 
42,  584,  975 
23,  300,  684 

8,  777,  993 

3,  552,  664 
834,166 
a32,  221 

2,  685,  109 
279,  664 
204, 174 

1, 131,  071 
170,  725 
737,  812 

2,  710,  620 

4,  453,  9.33 
13,  679,  423 


26,  816,  545  817,  211,  146 


120 


The  "Wilson  Mil  does  not  reduce  taxation.  It 
merely  transfers  it  from  foreign-made  goods  and 
levies  it  on  domestic  industry. 

—Hon.  Jolin  F.  I^acey,  Iowa. 


BOGS  AND  POUIiTBT.    (Continued.) 
£GGS  AND  THB  HOMX:  MABK£T. 

Those  who  clamor  for  the  markets  of  the 
world  forget  that  the  principle  which  gives  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  the  markets  of  the  world  free,  must  also  give  to  the  people  of  the 
world  the  markets  of  the  United  States  free.  This  can  be  better  illus- 
trated by  the  single  agricultural  product  of  eggs  than  in  any  other  way. 

Eggs  were  upon  the  free  list  until  1890,  when  the  McKiuley  law  went 
into  operation.  The  following  summary  will  show  the  number  of  eggs 
imported  into  the  United  States  from  1883  to  1893,  with  the  value  there- 
of for  each  of  the  ten  years. 

In  1889  the  importations  amounted  to  18,000,000  dozen,  for  which  foreign 
farmers  were  paid  $2,420,000,  or  an  average  of  15  cents  for  each  dozen  of 
foreign  eggs  so  purchased.  For  the  eight  years  preceding  the  McKinley 
law,  namely,  from  1883  to  1891  inclusive,  the  sum  total  paid  by  Amer- 
ican people  for  the  eggs  shipped  to  us  fro.n  foreign  farmers  amounted  to 
$19,947,717,  being  enough  money  to  build  the  Capitol  of  the  United  States 
and  the  White  House,  with  all  the  adornments  of  their  grounds.  Now, 
let  us  try  to  show  to  the  American  farmer  that  this  market  for  nearly 
$20,000,000  worth  of  eggs  is  taken  from  him  while  he  is  attempting, 
through  the  theories  of  free  trade,  to  aid  the  markets  of  somebody  else 
outside  of  the  United  States. 

Lest  there  should  be  some  cavil  about  where  these  eggs  come  from,  at- 
tention is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  official  Custom  House  reports  for 
1889  show  that  Belgium  sent  215,000  dozen  ;  China,  two  thousand  miles 
across  the  great  Pacific,  sent  126,300  dozen,  and  Denmark,  Germany,  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  all  add  something  to  the  imports  of  this  product  of 
the  farm.  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  sent  us  three  and  one-half 
million  dozen ;  Canada  nearly  12,000,000  dozen,  and  Hongkong,  Italy 
and  Mexico  all  sent  us  many  thousand  dozen  each.  The  greatest  num- 
ber, 5,700,000  dozen,  of  these  were  received  at  Buffalo  Creek  custom 
house.  New  York. 

The  imposition  of  the  duty  of  5  cents  per  dozen  by  the  McKinley  Act  of 
1890,  had  the  direct  effect  of  reducing  the  importations  and  saving  to  the 
American  producers  $2,000,000  a  year,  which  our  farmers  might  claim  as 
clear  profit.  The  whole  product  imported  under  the  operation  of  the 
McKinley  Law  is  less  than  the  imports  for  any  one  year  for  ten  years 
preceding. 

The  Wilson  Bill  proposes  to  take  this  $2,000,000  a  year  out  of  the  pock- 
ets of  our  farmers  and  give  the  trade  back  to  the  foreigners  by  admitting 
eggs  free.  What  is  true  of  the  product  of  eggs  is  true  of  the  product  of  the 
farm  in  general. 

Our  people  do  not  seem  to  understand  that  the  enormous  savings  and 
profits  which  accrue  to  American  agriculture  are  the  direct  result  of  our 
system  of  American  tarifi'.  If  you  were  to  talk  to  the  ordinary  farmer 
to-dayi  and  teU  him  that  the  eggs  laid  in  China  and  Japan  are  to 

m 


Every  pay-day  American  ivorbingmen  are  re- 
minded that  the  Republican  party  is  no  lonser  in 
power.  —Hon.  John  F.  Lacey,  Iowa* 


EGGS  AND  FOUIiTBT.    (Continued.) 

be  brought  by  the  hundred  thousand  dozen  across  the  great  Pacific, 
and  from  Europe  across  the  great  Atlantic  to  enter  our  great  sea- 
coast  markets  and  compete  with  the  eggs  raised  on  the  farm  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  he  would  tell  you  at  once  that  you  were  either  an  idiot  or  a 
fool.  But,  when  the  records  of  our  custom  houses  are  laid  bare,  and  the 
exact  importations  are  shown,  then  the  people  try  to  find  an  apology  for 
their  ignorance  of  these  great  principles  which  underlie  the  policy  of 
protection  to  agriculture. 

ELECTIONS  IN  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS.   (See  the  several 

States.) 
ELECTION  OF  PRESIDENTS.    (See  Popular  Vote.) 
ELECTIONS. 

TOTE  BY  STATES  FBOM  1876  TO  1892. 

(The  vote  is  that  cast  for  Presidential  Electors.) 

ALABAMA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,613,017. 

Voting  population,  324822:  white,  184,059;  colored,  140,763. 
Election.  Dem.  Rep.         Gbk.  Pro. 

1876 102,989         68,708        

1880 91,185         56,221  4,642        

1884 93,951         59,591  873  612       

1888 117,320         57,197        593        

1892 138,138  9,197        >85,181  239       

♦Populist. 
ARKANSAS. 

Population  in  1890, 1,128,179. 

Voting  population,  257,868:  white,  188,296;  colored,  69,572. 

Election.                  Dem.            Rep.  Gbk.          Pro.      Un.Lab. 

1876 « 68,071         38,669       

1880 60,775         42,436  4,079        

1884 72,927         60,895  1,847        

1888 85,962         68,752        614  10,613 

1892 87,752         46,974       *11,831  113       

*  Populist. 

CAUFOBNIA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,208,130. 

Voting  population,  462,289:  white,  390,228 ;  colored,  72,061. 

Election.                   Dem.          Rep.  Gbk.         Pro. 

1876 76,468         79,279       

1880 80,426         80,348  8,392        

1884 89,288       102,416  2,017  2,920        

1888 117,729       124,816  5,761 

1892 118,151       118,927       «25,311  8,096       

*  Populist. 


122 


American  -vrorkingnnen  now  liave  f  onnd  that 
bankrupt  industries  make  poor  paymasters. 

'^Hon.  John  f  ^  JuSLQey,  Iowa* 


^LECTIONS.    (Conti&uea,) 

COILOBADO. 

Population  in  1890, 412,198. 

Voting  population,  164,920:  white,  161,015  j  colored,  8,905. 

Election.                    Dem.  Rep. 

1876 By  legis- 
lature. 

1880 24,647         27,450 

1884 27,723         36,290 

1888 37,567         50,774 

1892 .„...,....-..«^..         38,620 

*  Populist. 

4DONNECTICUT, 

Population  in  1890,  746,258. 

Voting  population,  224,092:  white,  220,116 ; 

Election.  Dem.  Rep. 

1876 61,934  59,034 

1880 64,415  67,071 

1884 67,199  65,923 

1888 74,920  74,584 

1892 ^  £2,395  77,032 

♦Populist. 

J>£I«AWAS]S. 

Population  in  1890, 168,493. 

Voting  population:  47,659:  whit©, 40,007 ;  colored,  7,552. 


Gbk. 

rio. 

tCTn.  liab. 

'""•'-* 

«.A.«AIU.. 

M«MU..«A. 

1,435 
1,958 

""761 
2,191 

1,687 

*53,*584 

■1,266 

colored,  '< 
Gbk. 

3^76. 
Pro. 

""409 
2,305 

"4,026 

Dn.Lab, 

868 

1,688 
4,234 
*809 

<240 
209 

Election. 


120 
6 


Dem. 

1876 13,381 

1880 15,275 

1884 16,964 

1888 16,414 

1892 18,581 

UXORIDA. 

Population  in  1890,  391,422. 

Voting  population,  96,213 :  white,  58,068;  colored  38,145. 


Rep. 
10,752 
14,133 
12,951 
12,973 
18,077 


Gbk. 


Pro.     Un.  lab. 


55 

400 
5U 


13 


Gbk. 


*4,843 


72 
403 
570 


Election.  Dem.  Rep. 

1876 22,927  23,849 

1880 27,964  23,654 

1884 31,766  28,031 

1888 39,561  26,659 

1892 30,143  

*  Populist. 

GBOBOIA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,837,353. 

Voting  population,  398,122:  white,  219,094 ;  colored,  179,028.  ■ 

Election.  Dem. 

1876 130,088 

1880 102,470 

1884 94,667 

1888 100,449 

1802 129,386 

♦Populist. 

128 


Pro.      Un.  Lab. 


Rep.' 
60,446 

Gbk. 

'""969       ','. 
145 

*42,939 
tScattering. 

Pro. 

tJn.  Lab. 

64.086 

48,603 

195 

1,808 

988 

40,446 
48,305 

'"t2',363 

Why  theorize  wlien  the  air  resounds  with 
facts  ?  A  McKinley  bill  clouds  the  sky  with  smoke 
by  day  and  lij^hts  the  clouds  with  fire  by  nigrht.  A 
Wilson  bill,  even  when  only  pending:,  carries  gloont 
and  ruin  in  its  very  promise. 

—Hon.  John  F.  I^acer,  Iowa. 


ELECTiaNS.    (Continued.) 

IDAHO. 

Population  in  1890,  84,385. 

Voting  population,  31,490;  white,  29,525 

Election.                    Dem. 
1892 


Rep. 
8,599 


colored,  1,965. 

Pop.  Pro. 


10,520 


288 


iij:j:nois. 


Population  in  1890,  3,826,351. 
Voting  population,  1,072,663 : 


white,  1,054,463;  colored,  18,200. 


Election.  Dem. 

187G 258,601 

1880 277,321 

1884 312,355 

1888 348,371 

1892 426,281 


Gbk. 

26,358 
10,910 

*22',267 


443 
12,074 
21,703 
25,870 


7,134 


Rep.         Gbk.  Pro.      Un.  Lab. 

278,232        

318,037 
337,474 
370,475 
399,288 
♦Populist. 

INDIANA. 

Population  in  1890,  2,192,404. 
Voting  population,  595,066 :  white,  581,987 ; 
Election.  Dem.  Rep. 

1876 213,526       208,011 

1880 225,522       232,164 

1884 ^ 244,990       238,463 

1888 261,013       263,361 

1892 262,740       255,615 

*Populist. 

IOWA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,911,896 

Voting  population,  520,332 :  white,  517,006 ;  colored,  3,326. 

Election.  Dem. 

1876 112,121 

1880 105,845 

1884 177,316 

1888 179,877 

1892 196,367 

♦Populist. 

KANSAS. 

Population  in  1890, 1,427,096. 

Voting  population,  383,231 :  white,  370,688 ;  colored,  12,543. 


colored, 
Gkb. 

13,079. 
Pro. 

Un.  Lab. 

12,986 

""3,028 

9,881 

13.044 

8,293 

2,694 

*22,198 

Rep. 
171,326 

Gbk. 
^*,701 

Pro. 

Un.Lab. 

183,927 

592 
1,472 
3,550 
6,322 

197,089 

211,958 
219,373 

*20;616 

9,105 

Election.  Dem. 

1876 37,902 

1880 59,801 

1884 90,132 

1888 102,745 

1892 


Rep. 

78,322 
121,549 
154,406 
182,904 
157,241 
'Populist. 


Gbk. 

'**"l9,851 
16,341 

*i63'iil 


Pro.   Un.  Lab. 


25 
4,495 
6,779 
4,553 


37,788 


121 


By  tlie  f  rolts  of  Any  la'w,  it  should  be  Judged. 
Under  the  McKlnloy  "atrocity,"  we  exported  in 
1892,  $1,016,73!3,011,  the  larsrest  aiuoiint  in  the 
ooantry'8  history. 

—Hon.  John  F.  Itacey,  lows. 


EUBCTIONS.    (Contlnned.) 

KENTUCKY. 

Population  in  1890, 1,858,635. 

Voting  population,  450,792:  white,  387,371 ;  colored,  63,421. 

Election.                    Dem.          Rep.  Gbk.          Pro.       Uu.  Lab. 

1876 159,696         97,156        

1880 149,068       106,306  11,499  258        

1884 152,961        118,122  1,681         3,1.39        

1888 183,800        155,134        5,225        

1892 175,461        135,441        *23,600         6,442        

*Populist. 
I^OUISIANA. 
Population  in  1890, 1,118,587. 

Voting  population,  250,563 ;  white,  130,748 ;  colored,  119,815. 

Election.        Dem.    Rep.  Gbk.     Pro.   Un.  Lab. 

1876 70,508    75,315   

1880 65,067    38,637      439   

1884 62,540    46,347   

1888 85,026    30,701   127        39 

1892 87,922    13,311   *13,332   

*  Populist. 

MAINE. 

Population  in  1890,  661,086. 

Voting  population,  201,241 ;  white,  200,009 ;  colored,  632. 
Election.  Dem. 

1876 49,917 

1880 65,171 

1884 52,140 

1888 50,482 

1892 48,024 

*  Populist. 

MARYI^AND. 

Population  in  1890, 1,042,390. 

Voting  population,  270,738 :  white,  218,843  ;  colored,  51,895. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.         Gbk.  Pro.       Un.  Lab. 

1876 91,780         71,981        

1880 .'. 93,706         78,515  818        

1884 96,932         85,699  531         2,794        

1888 106,168         99,986       4,767        

1892 113,866         92,736  *796         5,877  t27 

*  Populist.  t  Scattering. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Population  in  1890,  2,238,943. 

Voting  population,  665,009:  white,  657,042 ;  colored,  7,967. 

Election.  Dem.         Rep.         Gbk.  Pro.      Un.  Lab. 

1876 108,777       150,063        

1880 111,960        165,205  4,548  682        

1884 122,481        146,724         24,4;33         10,026        

1888 151,855       183,892        8,701        

176,813       202,814         *3,210  7,539  649 

♦Populist. 

125 


Rep. 
66,300 

Gbk. 

3,953  . 
"*2;M5 

Pro. 

Un.  Lab. 

74,039 

93 
2,160 
2,690 
3,062 

72,209 

73,734 

62,878 

1,345 
336 

Our  farmers  hare  better  houses  and  outbuild- 
ings, raise  better  stock,  drive  better  horses  than 
ever  before.  —Hon.  A.  B.  Kiefer,  Minnesota. 


Rep. 

72,962 

Pro. 

Un.  Lab. 

93,903 

,286 

4,684 

15,311 

14,017 

111,923 
142,492 

ijcffi 

122,736 

*30,398 
t  Fusion 

tio7,an 

BUSCTIOXS.    (Continued.) 

MICHIGAN. 

Population  in  1890,  2,093,889. 

Voting  population,  617,445 :  white,  611,008 ;  colored,  6,437. 

Election.        Dem.    Rep.    Gbk.    Pro.   Un.Lab. 

1876 141,095   166,534   

1880 131,597   185,341    34,895     942   

1884 149,835   192,669    42,243   18,403   

1888 213,469   236,387   20,945     4,555 

1892   202,296   222,708   *19,892   14,069   

*  Populist. 

MINNESOTA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,301,826. 

Voting  population,  376,036 :  white,  374,027;  colored,  2,009. 

Election.  Dem. 

1876 48,799 

1880 53,315 

1884 70,144 

1888 104,385 

1892 100,579 

*  Populist. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Population  in  1890, 1,289,600. 

Voting  population,  271,080:  white,  120,611 ;  colored,  150,469. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.  Gbk.    Pro.   Un.  Lab. 

1876 112,173  52,605   

1880 75,750  34,854     6,797   

1884 76,510  43,509   

1888 85,471  30,096   218       222 

1892 40,237  1,406   *10,259     610   

♦Populist. 

MISSOUKI. 

Population  in  1890,  2,679,184. 

Voting  population,  705,718:  white,  667,451;  colored,  38,267. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.    Gbk.    Pro.   Un.  Lab. 

1876 203,077  145,029 

1880 208,609  153,567 

1884 235,988  202,929 

1888 261,954  236,253 

1892 268,628  226,762 

♦Populist. 

MONTANA. 

Population  in  1890, 132,159. 

Voting  population,  65,415:  white,  61,948;  colored,  3,467. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.         Pop.  Pro. 

1892 17,534         18,838         7,259  617 

126 


Gbk. 

Pro. 

35,135 

2,153 

4,540 

*41,183 

4,298 

The  day 
Western  farmer 
wbeat. 


has  srone,  never  to  relurn,  when  the 

ler  sanges  everythlnff  by  a  bushel  of 

—Hon.  A.  B.  Kieler,  Minnesota. 


ELECTIONS.    (Continued.) 

NEBRASKA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,058,910. 

Voting  population,  801,500 :  white,  297,281 ;  colored,  4,219. 

Election                   Dem.         Rep.  6bk.          Pro.     Tin.  Lab. 

1876 17,554         31,916       

1880 28,523         54,979  8,950        i... 

1884 54,391         76,912        2,899        

1888 80,552        108,425        9,429  4,226 

1892 24,943         87,227        *83,134         4,902       

♦Populist. 

NEVADA. 

Population  in  1890,  45,761. 

Voting  population,  20,951 :  white,  17,002 ;  colored,  8,949. 

Election                    Dem.         Rep.  Gbk.         Pro.      Uh.  Lab. 

1876 9,308         10,383  

1880 9,613  8,732 

1884 5,578  7,193  26        

1888 5,326  7,238  41        

1892 711  2,822  *7,267  85        

♦Populist. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Population  in  1890,  376,530. 

Voting  population,  118,135 :  white,  117,889 ;  colored,  246. 

Election.        Dem.    Rep.  Gbk.    Pro.   Un.  Lab. 

1876 38,509    41,539   

1880 40,794    44,852      528     180   

1884 39,183    43,249      552    1,571   

1888 43,456    45,728   -.    1,593       43 

1892 42,081    45,658     *293    1,297   

♦Populist. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Population  in  1890, 1,444,933. 

Voting  population,  413,530 :  white,  398,966 ;  colored,  14,564. 

Election.        Dem.    Rep.  Gbk.     Pro.  Un.  Lab. 

1876 115,962   103,517   

1880 122,565   120,555    2,617      191    

1884. 127,798   123,440    3,496     6,159   ^.. 

1888 151,508   144,360   7,933   

1892 171,066   156,080  ^985     8,134     1,337 

♦Populist. 

NEW  YORK. 

Population  in  1890,  6,997,853. 

Voting  population,  1,769,649 :  white,  1,745,418 ;  colored,  24,231. 

Election.                   Dem.         Rep.  Gbk.           Pro;     Un.  Lab 

1876 621,949       489,207      .' 

1880 634,511        555,544        12,373  1,517        

1884 563,154       562,005        16,994  25,016        

1888 685,965       650,338      80,281  626 

'  '"      , 664,869       609,850  ♦li,429         88,190            i,087 

♦Populist. 

127 


I  have  seen  the  straw  shed  of  free-trade  ttmes 

grlve  place  to  the  splendidly-constructed  barns  that 

are  an  ornauient  to  the  farms  all  tlirough  Illinois. 

—Hon.  A.  J.  Hopkins,  Illinois. 


EliECTIONS.    (Continued.) 

NORTH  CAROI.INA. 

Population  in  1890,  1,617,947. 

Voting  popnlution,  842,653:  white,  233,307 ;  colored,  109,346. 

Election.  Dem.  Hep.  Gbk.  Pro.     Un.  Lab. 

1876 125,427  108,417  

1880 124,208  115,874          1,126         

1884 142,952  125,068  454        

1888 147,902  134,784  2,789                147 

1892 132,951  100,346  *44,732           2,636        

*Populist. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Population  in  1890, 182,719. 

Voting  population,  55,959:  white,  55  769 ;  colored,  190. 

Election.                     Dem.         Rep.          Pop.         Pro.         Tin.  lab. 
1892 17,619         17,650  875  


OHIO. 

Population  in  1890,  3,672,316. 

Voting  population,  1,016,464:  white,  990,542 ;  colored,  25,922. 

Election.        Dem.    Rep.  Gbk.     Pro.   Un.  Lab. 

1876 323,182   330,698   

1880 340,821   375,048     6,456    2,616   

1884. 368,280   400,082     5,179   11,069   

1888 396,455   416,054   24,356     3,496 

1892 404,115   405,187   ^4,850   26,012   

♦Populist. 

OREGON. 

Population  in  1890.  313,767. 

Voting  population,  111,744  :  white,  102,113 ;  colored,  9,631. 

Election.                     Dem.         Rep.  Gbk.         Pro.      Un.  Lab. 

1876 14,149         15,206 

1880 19,948         20,619  240        

1884 24,604         26,860  726  4li2        

1888 26,522         33,291        1,677  363 

1892 :.       14,243         35,002        *26,8V5  2,281        

*  Populist. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Population  in  1890,  5,258,014. 

Voting  population,  1,401,869;  white,  1,426,996;  colored,  34,873. 

Election.                  Dem.          Rep.  Gbk.           Pro.     Un.  Lab. 

1876 3(J(V204       384,184       

1880 ^ 407,428        444,704  20,668  1,939        

1884 '. 392,785        473,804  16,992        15,283        

1888 444,327       52^^,585       20,708  3,877 

1992..... 452,264       516,011  *8,714       25,123                898 

♦Populist. 

128 


inhere  is  no  country  In  tlie  world  wJiere  Indl- 
vidital  enterprise  lias  sucli  wide  and  varied  range, 
and  wherein  the  inventive  genius  of  man  has  sucli 
encouragement.  —William  McKinley* 


«I.ECTIONS.    (Continued.) 

RHODE  ISIJI.ND. 

Population  in  1890,  345,506. 

Voting  population,  100,017;  white,  97,75G ;  colored,  2,201. 

Election  Dem.  Rep.  Ghk.  Pro.  Un.  Lab. 

1876..., 10,712  15,787  

1880 10,779  18,195  236  20         

1884 12,391  19,030  422  928        

(888 17,530  21,969       1,251         

1892... 24,335  27,069  *227  1,565        

*Populist. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Population  in  1890,  1,151,149. 

Voting  population,  235,606;  white,  102,657 ;  colored,  132,949. 

Election  Dem.  Rep.  Gbk.          Pro.     Un.  Lab. 

J876 90,896  91,870        

1880 112,312  58,071              666       

1884 69,890  21,733       

1888 65,825  13,740       

1892 54,698  13,384         *2,410        

*Populist. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Population  in  1890,  328,808. 

Voting  population,  96,765:  white,  96,177 ;  colored,  588. 

Election.                    Dem.         Rep.          Pop.         Pro.      Un.  Lab. 
1892 9,081         34,888  20,512        

TENNESSEE. 
Population  in  1890,  1,767,518. 
Voting  population,  402,476:  white,  310,014;  colored,  92,462. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.  Gbk.  Pro.  Un.  Lab. 

1876 133,166  89,566  

1880 128,191  107,677  6,917      43   

1884 133,258  124,078  957  1,131   

1888 158,779  138,988   6,969   

1892 136,477  99,973  *23,622  4,856   

*  Populist. 

TEXAS. 

Population  in  1890,  2,235,523. 

Voting  population,  635,912 :  white,  434,010 ;  colored,  101,932. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.         Gbk.         Pro.       Un.  Lab. 

1876 104,803         44,803 


1880 156,428         57,893  27,405        

1884 225,309         93,141  3,321          3,53-1        ,.... 

1888 234,883         88,280        4,749            29,459 

1892 239,148         81,444  *99,(as          2,166        

*  Populist. 

129 


And  these  are  they,  the  Hags  of  whoso  coun- 
tries will  never  float  above  the  Stars  and  vStripes  so 
Ions:  as  American  patriotism  burns  in  American 
breasts,  and  American  citizens  are  loyal  and  true 
to  America's  interests. 

—Hon.  Georse  W.  Smith,  Illinois. 


EliECTIONS.    (Continued.) 

TERMONT. 

Population  in  1890,  332,422. 

Voting  population,  101,697:  white,  101,369;  colored,  328. 


Election.  Dem 

1876 20,350 


1880. 
1884. 


18,316 
17,331 
16,788 
16,325 


Rep. 

44,428 
45,567 
39,514 
45,192 
37,992 
*Populist. 


Gbk. 

'"li215 

785 

*43 


Pro.      Un.  Lab. 


1,752 
1,459 
1,424 


**'* •  

1.^8         

1 678       

*12.274 

2.798        

VIRGINIA. 

Population  in  1890, 1,655,980. 

Voting  population,  378,782:  white,  248,036;  colored,  130,747. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.  Gbk.         Pro. 

1876 139,070         95,558 

1880 128,586         84,020 

1884 145,497  139,356 

1888 151,977  150,438 

1892 163,977  113,256 

/  *Populist. 

WASHINGTON. 

Population  in  1890,  349,390. 

Voting  population,  146,918 :  white,  141,934 ;  colored,  4,984. 

Election.  Dem.  Rep.  Pop.  Pro. 

1892 29,844         36,470         19,105  2,553 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Population  in  1890,  762,794. 

Voting  population,  181,400:  white,  172,198;  colored,  0,202. 


Un.  Lab. 


Election. 


876. 
880. 
884. 


Dem. 
56,495 
67,391 
67,317 
78,677 
84,468 


Rep. 
42,046 
46,243 
63,096 

78,171 
80,285 


Gbk. 

"'9,079 
810 

*4.166 


Pro. 


939 
1,084 
2,130 


Tin.  Lab. 

Un.  Lab. 
1,508 


♦Populist. 

WISCONSIN. 

Population  in  1890, 1,688,880. 

Voting  population,  461,722:  white,  459,893;  colored,  1,829. 


Election.  Dem.  Rep.  Gbk. 

1876...... 123,926  130,070   

1880 114,649  144,400  7,986 

1884 146,459  101,157  4,598 

1888 155,232  176,553   

1892 177,335  170,791  ^^9,909 

130 


Pro.   Un.  Lab- 


7,656 
14,277 
13,132 


8,552 


Oive  the  sugar  Indnstry  in  America  the  pro- 
tection and  encouragement  it  lias  liatl  in  Europe 
and  you  will  have  1,000  sugar  factories  producing 
6,000,000,000  pounds  of  sugar,  employing  1,^00 
laborers  in  eacli  factory  or  an  average  of  1,^00,000 
employees  from  whom  6,000,000  of  our  population 
would  draw  their  maintenance  and  sustenance. 

—Hon.  Geo.  I>.  Meiklejohn,  Nebraska. 


EliECTIONS.     (Contlnu«5d.) 

WYOMING. 

Population  in  1890,  60,705. 

Voting  population,  27,044 :  white,  26,050 ;  colored,  994. 
Election.                   Dem.  Rep.  Pop. 

1892 8,454  7,722 

ELECTORAL  COLLEGE  1892-'96. 


Pro. 
530 


Un.  Lab. 


Alabama : 11 

Arkansas 8 

California 9 

Colorado 4 

Connecticut 6 

Delaware 3 

Florida 4 

Georgia 13 

Idaho 3 

Illinois 24 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 10 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana 8 


Maine 6 

Maryland 8 

Massachusetts 15 

Michigan 14 

Minnesota 9 

Mississippi 9 

Missouri 17 

Montana 3 

Nebraska 8 

Nevada 3 

New  Hamshire 4 

New  Jersey 10 

New  York 36 

North  Carolina 11 

North  Dakota 3 


Ohio 23 

Oregon 4 

Pennsylvania 32 

Rhode  Island 4 

South  Carolina 9 

South  Dakota 4 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 15 

Vermont 4 

Virginia 12 

West  Virginia 6 

Washington 4 

Wisconsin 12 

Wyoming 3 


Total,  444.    Necessary  to  choice,  223. 

Utah,  when  organized  will  add  3  votes,  making  the  total  of  447. 


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-JOATIOAi 


1 r: » 


♦  ©• 
132 


.iiOjni-- 


PPW 


How  ran  we  face  the  people  after  indulffins  In 
such  jbutrR»-couH  discriminations  and  violations  of 
prin6iple»f  -Grover  Cleveland. 


EnPLOYHENT. 


THE  FACTORY  SYSTEM  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1890. 


SHOAVING  THE  INDUSTRIES  AND  NUMBER  OF  ESTABLISHMENTS, 
WITH  THE  NUMBER  OF  PERSONS  EMPLOYED,  AND  THE  WAGES 
PAID. 


Articles. 


Agricultural  inaplements 

Ammunitjon 

Artificml  feathers  and  flowers.    (See  also  Mil- 
linery and  lace  Roods.) 
Arti  ficial  limbs.  (See  also  Surgical  appliances.) 
Artists'  materials 


Awnings,  tenU,  and  sails... 

Axle  grease 

Babbitt  metal  and  solder 

Bagging,  flax,  hemp,  and  jute. 
Bagu,  other  than  paper— 


ware.     (See 


Bags,  paper ,.*.- 

Baking  and  yeast  powders 

Baskets  and  rattan  and  wIUot;: 

also  Whalebone  and  rattan.) 

Bellows  ~ , 

Bells,    (dee  also  Foundry  and  machine  shop 

products.) 


Belting  and  hose,  leather 

Belting  and  hose,  linen , 

Belting  and  hose,  rubber , 

Bicycle  and  tricycle  repairing, 
Bicycles  and  tricycles 


Billiard  tables  and  materials 

Blacking.    (See  also  Cleansing  and  polishing 

preparations.) 
Blacksmithingand  wheel wrighting.    (See also 

Carriages   and    wagons,  including   custom 

work  and  repairing.) 

Bluing 

Bone,  ivory,  and  lamp  black.    (See  also  Paints.) 


Huokbinding  and  blank-book  making.    (See 
also  Printing  and  publishing.) 

Boot  and  shoe  cut  stock 

Boot  and  shoe  iiiulings  

Boot  and  shoe  uppers 

Bpots  And  shoes,  custom  work  and  repairing.. 

13;> 


910 
35 
251 

59 


581 
31 
36 
16 
61 

58 

150 
403 

17 

22 


9 
17 

83 
27 

57 
71 

28,000 


805 

344 

133 

317 

20.803 


42,514 
2,267 
6,835 

250 


3.872 

191 

261 

3.149 

3.769 

1.382 
1,867 
3,732 

101 
430 


1,621 
292 

1,945 
306 

1,925 

1,157 
1,039 

50.867 


2iz 
36.-J 


13,815 

5,. 503 

2,283 

2,110 

35,046 


S2l, 81 1,761 
1,110,482 
2,681,185 

189,370 
165,341 

2,208,235 
135,109 
183,229 
905,213 

1.462,011 

580, GD2 
1,001,1.30 
1,269,135 

62.48S 
237.227 


1.114,754 
153,366 

1,013,768 
161,683 

1,105,723 

870,4fiO 
561,644 

26,796,927 


104,194 

215, 2S8 


6,903,951 
2,32.3,271 


1.089,823 
16,559,242 


T^0  netr  ^tarlff^ves  Canada  all  she  wants 
without«urreiul«rJns  janytliini;. 

—S^na^tor  J.  S.  Morrill,  %'ermontv 


EMPLOYMRNT.   ic«alfaa«44 


irti«i««o 


Boots  and  shoes,  factory  product  ^..^.....^^ 

Boots  and  shoes,  rubber » ^ 

Bottling.     (See  also  Liqflot^  molt;  Mineral 

and  suda  \raters.) 

Boxes,  clffars..'..........^^.^...^^ ^.^.^...^..- 

Boxes,  fancy  and  paper.     (Sea  i^lso   Fancy 

articles,  not  elsewhere  specified.) 

Boxes,  wooden  pnckine.  (See  also  Lumber, 
planing  mill  productSt  including  sash,  doors, 
and  blinds.) 

Brass ^^ ^ ^.....-, 

Brass  and  copper,  rolled  

Brass  castings  and  brass  finishing.  (See  also 
Bronze  castings;  Plumbers' supplies.) 

Brassware. -~ ~..  .....,..< 


Bread  and  other  bakery  products 

Brick  and  tile.    (See  also  Clay  and  pottery 

products.) 

Bridges ^ 

Bronze  castings.    (See  also  Brass  castings  and 

brass  finishing:.) 
Brooms  and  brushes. ...-«.^ 


Buttons ..- 

Calcium  lights 

Cardboard.    (See  also  Paper.) 

Card  cutting  and  designing .^.. 

Carpentering » ^.m** 


Carpets  and  rugs,  other  than  rag.    (See  also 

Woolen  goods .) 

Carpets,  rag..... ~ 

Cai'pets,  wood 

Carriage  and  wagon  materials 

Carriages  and  sleds,  children's 

Carriages  and  wagons,  including  customwork 

and   repairing.      (See   also   Blacksmithing 

and  wheelwrighting.) 
Cars  and    general    shop    construction    and 

repairs  by  steam  railroad  companies. 
Cars   and     general    shop     construction    and 

repairs  by  street  railroad  companies. 
Cars,  steam  railroad,  not  including  operations 

of  railroad  companies. 
Cars,  street  railroad,  not  including  operations 

of  railroad  companies. 
Celluloid  niui  celluloid  goods...,.^^..,......, 


Cheese  and  butter,  urban  dairy  product 

Cheese,  butUT,  and  condensed milk,  factory 
produce 

134 


2,082 

11 

716 


588 


63d 


U 

16 
433 

113 

10,484 
5,828 

137 
14 

1,235 

106 

15 

5 

26 

16.917 

173 

854 

6 

539 

87 

8.614 


716 

78 

71 

17 

10 

160 
4.552 


139.333 
9,264 
3,929 

6,537 
19,954 

13,922 

'  819 
2,801 
11,903 

7,518 

62,762 
109,151 

8.921 
311 

10.984 

4,036 

.  97 

'  223 

214 

140,021 

29,121 

1,764 

328 

10,928 

2,936 

73,453 


108,585 
2.031 

32,062 

1,833 

551 

552 
14,309 


%, 375 ,076 
3,666,875 
2,271.355 

2,134,383 
6,869.900 


6.477.129 


436,569 
1,577,778 
6,922.489 

4.057.058 

28,789,047 
32,695,189 

5,681^304 
253,835 

4,317.026 

1,673,876 

49,570 

139,782 

106,5&3 

94,524,197 

11.633.116 

650,119 

155.396 

5,208,427 

1.330,955 

40.198.522- 


«61 ,797,675 

1,431.377 

16,830.531 

1.174.7PC 

304.7fifi 

274,700 
5.116.005 


»jb  4l>«"3«lMnlnir^men  .of  UMlr^cnv 


gm 


rJLQYMBNT.    (Continaejit) 


Arflvl**. 


Chemicals.    (Pee  also  Fertilizers ;  Gunpowder; 

High  explosives;  Paints;  Varnish.) 
China  decorating.    (See  also  Clay  and  pottery 

products.) 
Chocolate  and  cocoa  producta. ^..^.. 


Cfffar  molds _ ~ 

^lay  and  pottery  producta.    (Se«  also  Brick 

and  tile.) 
doansips:  and  polishing  preparations.    ^See 

aIko  Blacking.) 
<0)ock  cases  and  materials.    (Sea  also  Wateh 

and  clock  materials.) 
C^looka. ,.«....,  .^ — — — , 

Cloth,  sponging  and  refiniahjng....^ ^^ 

Clothing,  horae ~.... 

Clothing,  men's,  custom  work  and  repairing.., 

Clothing,  men's,  factory  product.. 

Clothing,  mtfn'a,  factory  product,  huttonholes. 

Clotliing,  woinen*8,  dressmaking 

Clothing,  women's,  factory  product ^..... 

Coffee  and  »»pice,  roasting  and  grinding 

Coffins  aiul  burial  cases,  trimming  and  finish- 
ing. 
CufHns,  burial  cases,  and  unde^^takers*  goods  ... 


Coke ~ 

Collars  and  cuffs,  paper 

Combs ~ 

Confectionery...... —.......,. 

Coopemg*...^.^..........; ~. 


CordAge  and  twine... 

Cordials  and  Mrups 

Cork  cutting 

Corsets 

Cottoii,  cleaning  and  rehnndling. 

Cotton,  compressing .^ 

Cotton,  ginning .<...». ~........ 

Cotton   good.s.    (See    nlHo  Hosiery  and  knit 
goods.) 

Cotton  ties r. ......^..^.^.., 

Cotton  waste ^....^^.,^,..^  ^...., 

Cmcibles — , ,... .~.~ .». .... 

Ciitlery    and     edge  tools.    (See   also  Files; 

Hardware;  Saws;  Tools,  not  elsewhere si>e6> 

ifted.) 

Dentistry,  mechanical ^ ., 

Dentl»t«'  mnterinia .^...^  . 

Druggists'   preparations,  not   including  pr*> 

fucuriptlvn*.    CSeo  alsq  Patent  mediclMf  i|Ui 

$(M>itMMTiMl«Cl>#rmoaery  Hiid  ensmeti<9t^    w 


563 

78 

11 

7 
707 


27 


23 

31 

13,591 

4,867 

200 

19,587 

1,224 

858 

1.368 

194 

218 

8 

81 

2,921 

2,652 

14* 

40 

2^ 
13 

62 

1,637 

905 

8 
31 


10 

.474 


n 


16,952 

467 

963 

142 
20.296 


32 

8.585 

396 

952 

86,143 

156,341 

1.373 

fT.lfS 

42.008 
5.122 
3,234 

6,424 

9.15» 
.  91 
807 
27,211 
24.652 

12,506 

387 

2.138 

lLv870 
210 

3.000 

7.6C0 

[221.585 

18 

829 

254 
t.4<7 


4.737 
1,214 


9,691,843 

254,524 

596,604 

67,396 
10.138,143 

176,949 

20.688 

1,936.525 

244,803 

813.305 

48.551.103 

62,311,644 

526,925 

22.373.636 
18.812.787 
3,263.019 
1.999.153 

3,555,256 

4,186,264 

48.637 

433,036 

11,633.448 

,U .665,360 

4,412.640 

232,988 

762.518 

4.062,815 

'^'  "84,068 

2.228.619" 

781 ,798 

69,489.272; 

3,150 
154.257 

.  149.210 
4,918.152 


9.48], 189 

S67,626 


135 


Ipetttors  of  American  sh««p  kefderft  and  dock  mat' 
;t«r».  -Hon.  Bfnger  Hermann,  Oregon. 


EM PLOYMSKT«  fCmtlnoMCI 


^^^ 


DruR  grrincHng..v.».» «....^ «... 

Dyeing  and  cleaning. ...♦i;.i"?fitvuj;»k»»».»«. 

Dyeing  and  flniBliing  textiles « 

Dye  sttifTa  and  eztractH .....tt.it 

tClectrical  apparatus  and  supplies.... 


K)eetfloHRlilanrt  )WArer  («);.- 

KlectroplftUnK.*;rf..v.v.v.v.\.v....vi 

Kmery  wh»»el8..*....v....v.w».i 

Enameled  good!*Avv;v.^«,v^».»vvv^.vvh..v>»..... 

!£Dameling ;.:>....».««»..»%«...»'«%. 

iEngravers^iuatena]s.» 

lBngrAv]ng  and  diesinking. 

lEngraTlDg,  steel,   including  plate  printings 
-    (Seo  also  Lithographing  and   engraving; 
'  Pliolol  i  thx^raphing  ^nd  engraving.) 

!Engravlng,-ncoDd «„.. 

jEnvelojies....... 


Fancy  articles,  not  elsewliere  specified.... 

Felt  goods.    (See  also  Woolen  goods.) 

Fertilizers.    (See  also  Chemicals.).^ 

|Flles.  6  (See  also  Cutlery  and  ed^e  tools.). 
iFJrearms..... 


iFire  extinguishers,  chemical... 

SFireworks.... f..r.f«^.:rs 

^''ish,  canning  and  preserving.    (See  also  Foo 

preparations.) 
OFlags  and  banners.     (See  also  Regalia  an 

eodety  banneifi  and  emble.ms.) 
FiavDring  lex  tractSa.^.,«,«*,v.«... ......  m«..<^».« 

^1ax«  dressed*^.... 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products..........;.. 

Food  preparations.  (See  also  Fish,  canning 
and  i)reserving;  Fruits  and  vegetables,  can- 
ning and  preserving;  Oysters,  canning  and 

^  preRervlng.) 

Foundry  and  machine  shop  products.    (See 

,^al80  Ironwork,  architectural'  and  ornamen« 
tal;  Steam  ftttiiigs  and  heating  apparatus.) 

Foundry  supplies..^fli .'.»...,...«^ 


Fruit  jar  trimmings.... 

Fruits  and  vegetables,  canning  and  preserving. 
(See  also  Food  preparations  j^Pickles,  pre- 
serve5<,  and  sauces.) 

<Fur  goods.  (See  also  Hats  and  caps, ^not  in- 
cluding wool  hats.)  _ 

Furnishing  goods,  men's.    tSee  also  Shirts.) 

Furniture,  c^ibipetmaking,'^  repairing  »1id  up- 
holstering. (See  also  Mattresses  and  spring 
beds.) 

m 


13V 

976 
248 
€0 


144 

813 
17 
19- 
27 
16 
882 
134< 


41. 


377 
34 


140 
34 


22 

iia4 

29 
148 

6 

18,470 
302 


173 
5,189 
20,267 
2,277 
9,485 

2,0041 

2,162^1 

292 

391 

187 

161 

1,635 

2.560 


1.286 
2.501i4| 

8,954 
2,266 
10,158 
2,66a, 
2.75^ 


103;S94. 
2,537,656' 
9,717,011 
1,275,649 
6,366,18a 

1,556,623 

1,260.475 

182,600 

191,925 

104,672 

89^.339 

1,169,073 

1.881.583 


557 


364 


617 
63,481 
4.152 


6,475 

21 

5 

886 

484 

li86 
4,054 


247,754 


212 


552 
50.881 


8.075 

22:211 
14,7?' 


956.S6r 
1,068.650 

1,679,818 
1,041,296 
4,671,831 
1,445,941 
1,700,206 

67,873 

213,103 

1.248,396 

142,625 

441^786 

227,128 
27,035,742 
1,816,836 


148,389,063; 


152,773 

166,735 
5.243.707 


4,749.191 

7,889,849 
8,584,097 


«tcas.  •^Hoo.  Joseph  G.CaniK 


pitnlsrcd  m« 
ivq^eu  ine  to  both 
Cannon,  Illinois. 


CMPLOYMBNT.    tC*ntlnQ«d.) 


ArtiClet. 


Furniture,  chairs^..........^...^... ..^ .^... 

Furniture,  factory  product.....M....>^.-.....M 

Furs,  dressed..^.^ ^^^.,^......*..^ 

Galvanizing.^ ^ 

Gas  and  lamp  fixtures.    (See  Also  Lamps  and 
reflectors.) 

Gas.  illuminatins:  ftnd  heating. ......«....^„... 

Gas  machines  and  metArs^.**^.^,,..^^^...^....^. 

Gas  stoves ^^ ^^^ ..........^ 

Glass «.. 

Glass,  cutting,  staining,  and  ornamenting 


Gloves  and  mittens.    (Sec  also  Hosiery  and 

knit  goods;  WooleA  goods.) 

Glucose - 

Glue ~ 

Gold  and  silver,  leaf  and  foil. — .«.. 

Gold  and  silver,  redticing  and  refining,  not 

ft-om  the  ore. 

'iGraphite .~« — « 

Grease  and  tallow.  (See  also  A  zle  grease :  Soan 

and  candles.^ 

Grindstones .w.»».m~.... 

Gunpowder.  (See also  Ammunition:  Higher- 

plosives.) 
Hftirwork — ...~. 

Hammocks.. ,^. 

Hand  knit  goods..j44u....... 

Hand  Rtamps..< 

Hardware.    (See  Also  Cutlery  and  edge  tools ; 

Tools  not  elsewhere  specified.) 
Hard  WHjfe,  eaddlery  ..*...- ~ - 

Hat  ftnd  cap  lnateriaTs.«...vH....» ..►. 

Hats  and  caps,  not  including  wool  bats.  (See 
alsoFur  goods;  Straw  goods,  not  clscwhero 
specified.) 

Ilay  and  Mrnw,  haling. « 

MighcxploHlveSv  (Sccalao  Ammunition:  Gun- 
powder.) 

Hones  nnd  whetstones 

Hooks  and  eyes„ ..^.........^ 

Horse  shoes,  factory  product...t.^. , 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods.  (See  also  Cotton 
goods:  Gloves  i\nd mittens;  Woolen  goods.) 

House  furnishing  goods,  not  elsewhere  speci- 
fied. 

(ce,  .'xrtifioial ..........^.m-m....... 


X37 


840 

1.579 

26 

27 

108 


742 
88 
24 
294 
279 

324 

7 

62 
81 


87 

492 

6 

28 
234 
850 

102 

73 
705 


32 

9 

10 

4 

796 

133 

222 


14,860 
1,071 
1,031 

45,987 
3.794 

8. 669 

1.759 

l.f36 

1.499 

966 


21 
1,787 

132 
1,730 

t,945 

86 

224 

1,068 

19,671 

3,179 

1,705 
27.193 


820 

71 

243 

493 

61.209 

3.667 

8.265 


6.737,810 

34,470,846 

287,508 

473,111 

3.592.612 


10.642,794 

709,529 

628,773 

22,118,622 

2,496,420 

3.109.008 

974.406 
823,452 
800,796 
771 ,030 


10.442 
1,079.284 

66.980 
t. 002 ,694 

870.601 

■  18,359 

61,989 

650,647 

9,911,486 

1,547,295 

844,352 
14,111,747 


149,6.'>3 
546.816 

?7.973 

$148,444 

282,870 

18,263,272 

1,779,753 

.1.441,187 


We  honor  labor  as  the  source  of  all  wealth. 
-Seuatorr  George  C.  Perkins,  California. 


EMPLOYMENT.    (Continued.) 


Article*. 


Ink.  priBtinj.,;.;^:::..^^!. .;^.,:i::. ^ 

Ink,  writing .w..« 

Instruments,  profeesional  and  scientific 

Iron  and  steel „ i, 

Ir»n  and  steel  bolts,  nuts,  washers,  and  rivets. 


Iron  and  steel  doors  and  shutters » 

Iron  and  ste'el  forgings .,— 

Iron    and  steel   nails    and  spikes,   out  and 

wrought,  including  wire  nails. 

Iron  and  steel  pipe,  wrought. ., 

Iron  work,  architectural  and  ornamental.    (Se© 

also  Foundry  and  machine  vbop  products.) 


iTory  andjbor 
in#:... 


.   )ne  work.. 
Japanni 

Jewelry.  "(See  also  Watch,  clock.  »tid  jewelry 
repairing.)' 

Jewelry  and  instrument  case8........^^. .... 

Jute  and  Jute  goods.. 


Kaolin  and  other  earth  grinding 

Kindling  wood.«, 

Labjfls  and  tapes ...y 

Lamps  and  reflectors.    (See  also  Gas  and  lamp 

fixtures.) 
Lapidary  work — .~..— .► 

Lard,  refined.    (See  also  Slaughtering.) «.. 

Lasts ~. 

Lead,  bar,  pipe,  and  sheet ^ 

Leather  board.    (See  also  Paper.).. 

Leather,  dressed  skins ., 


Leather  goods.  (See  also  Pocketbooks ;  Trunks 
and  valises.) 

Leather,  morocco ■> .... 

Leather,  patent  and  enameled , , 

Leather,  tanned  and  curried — 

Lightning  rods « 


Lime  and  cement...^-.. 

Linen  goods 

Liquors,  distilled...... 

Liquors,  malt,    (See  also  Bottling.) 

Liquors,  vinous.    (See  also  Liquors,  distilled.). 

Llthogi-aphing  and  engraving.  (See  also 
Engraving,  steel,  including  plate  printing; 
Photolifhographing  and  engraving;  Print- 
ing and  publishing.) 

Lock  and  gun  smithing. ^ 

Looking-glass  and  picture  frames 

Lumber  and  other  mill  oroducts  from  logs  or 
bolts, 

138 


35 

SS 
233 
645 

82 

7 

90 
188 

22 
724 


64 
39 

783 

76 

7 

95 

136 
47 
93 


139 

121 

32 

1.596 

22 

873. 

3 

iiO 

1,218 

236 

219 


1,308 
1,290 


516 
508 

2,371 
152,535 

7.341 

53 
4,448 
17.116 

12,064 
18,672 


1,345 

292 
15.761 

1,038 
1,212 

1,451 

1.805 

710 

2,286 

129 

1,018 
774 
780 
185 
355 

3.074 

•  .2.37 

2,087 

34,348 

210 

13.710 
583 

5.343 
31.800 

1.282 

10,590 


.560 
9. 604 


21,011  286,197 


455,764 
801.426 
,606.194 
,065.506 
,472.202 


2,638,641 
7.816,994 


5,845.462 
11,961,457 


687,369 

156.201 

10.270,393 

687.574 
391.586 

744,129 

772.377 

379,897 

1.320,273 

99,486 

618,042 
571.732 
652.321 
92.163 
207,724 

1,464.124 

4,529,569 

1.352.981 

17,825,605 

132.195 

5.473.222 

1X0.204 

2.814.889 

28.382.544 

480,733 

7.147.174 


1,502.316 
5.257,553 
87.784.433 


L^ttt^  improve  oiirselvoH  from  Uie  level  that 
!  now  ucoiipy,  higher  and    higher. 

-Hon.  H.  W.  Blair,  IVew  Hampshire. 


EMPLOYMENT.    (C/intlniied.) 


Articles, 


Xntnber,  planing  mill  products,  including 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds.  (See  also  Boxes, 
wooden  packing ;  Wood,  turned  and  carved.) 

Malt,    (Se»also  Liquors,  malt.) 

Mantels,  slate,  marble  and  marbleized 

Marble  and  stone  work.  (See  also  Monu- 
ments and  tombstones.) 

Masonry,  brick  and  stone.  (See  also  Plaster- 
ing and  stuccQWork.) 

Matches.. ^..^^.^^,.^       *^^^.^^ 

Mats  and  oaatting....^.....'...........     ^^^,,^ 


3,670 


202 

90 

1.321 


Mattresses  and  spring  beds.  (8ee  also  Furni- 
ture; Wirework,  including  wire  rope  and 
cable.) 

Millinery  and  laoe  goods.  (See  also  Artificial 
featbera  and  flowers.) 

Millinery,  custom  ^nru  ,^ , 

Millstones 

Mineral  and  soda  waters.    (See  also  Bottling.).. 

Mirrors. 

Models  and  patterns.......^.. .^^...^.^.^^,. 

Monuments  and  tombstonee.    (See  also  Marble 

and  stone  work.) 

Mucilage  and  paste.-.....^- « ~.. .....~.. 

Musical  instruments  and  materials,  not  spe* 

eifled. 
Musical  instrumentSt  organs  and  materials. .«».. 

Musical  Instruments,  pianos  and  mateTlals.»«.. 

Needlee  and  pins..................^.........^.^ ....... 

Nets  and  seints.M..... 

Oakunot. 

Oil, 


278 


Oil)  oottonseed  and  eake..,*.* 

Oil,  essential.... 

Oil,  illomlnaUDS.  »ot  indudinc  petroleum. 

fining. 
Oil«  lard 
OU* 


5,999 

4 

1.377 

is 

449 
2.052, 

55 


145 


45 

22 
7 
7 

119 

67 

5 


8,694 

1 ,70-1 
23,888 

108,405 

1,755 
423 

7,337 


11,827 

23,976 

28 

7,717 

1,542 

2,010 

12.101 

404 
1.382 

4,989 

13,057 

1.680 

650 

151 

101 

6,801 
220 
66 


on,  lubricating 

Oil,  rasin 

Oildoth,  enameled 
OiMeth,  floor......... 

01  eeoMUgarine....... 

Optical  goodSw.......! ■ ..r.. 

Ordnance  and  ordnance  stores 

Oysters,  canning:  and  preserring.    (See  also 
Food  preparations.) 

Painting  and  paper  hanging.^.... tum  u-  U^,"^^ 

Paints.   (See  also  ChemicaU;^Vamish)j;,,..4CM..4     8t2J 

189 


124 
8 

9 
19 
12 

191 

4 
16 


120t 

"'it 


1,07^ 
117 
367 

1,583 


2,844 
1,459 
3,614 

56,281 


48,970,080 


2,103.200 

I, 160,561 
17,433,505 

70.681, SCO 

544.211 
212,481 

3.660.297 


5,452,42f 

8.945.139 
17,864 
4,206,868 
1,033,235 
$1,427,861 
7,930,016 

199.411 
862.177 

8.096,477 

9,347,729 

728.002 

,.  217.985 

57.116 

70,131 

1.907,827 
37,492 
54.418 

82,232 
1,286.062 

876,470 
82,652 
212,461 
837,969 
245.890 

1,300,452 

1.099.306 

712.501 

87.722.550 


J,737L5,(K».f 


be  lild 


r/S'S?5lI^^  ;/;S*  J*'"!:«l«^.f«"  "ft  «fl»  .n«n 


Fl".*«  «.»  byb^sine  a  city  fiei  «,,  ftl.iTnVhicir'JanSoi 
>fion.  H.  W.  Blair,  New  HaiwDBliliS 


EMrLOVMf>NT.    (Continued.) 


ArtKHes, 


Paper,    (See  also  Leather,  board ;  Pulp,  wood.). 

Paper  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Paper  hangings .... 

Paper  patterns ~ 

Patent  medicines  and  compounds.    (See  also 

JDruggists'  preparations,  not  including  pre- 

iscriptions.) 


Paving  and  paving  materials.. 

iPcncil  ca.ses ~ 

Pencils,  lead .• 

Pens,  fountain  and  stylographic 
Pens,  gold - ,..,.«, 


Pens,  steel 

Perfumery  and  cosmetics.   (See  also  Druggists' 
preparations,  not  including  prescriptions.) 

Petroleum,  refining 

Photographic  apparatus < 

p*hotographic  materials  ^...U^....^.... 


Photography 

photolithographingand  engraving.    (See  also 

I.ilhographingand  engraving;  Stereotyping 

and  electrotyping.) 
Pickles,  preserves  and  sauces.    (See  also  Fruits 

and  vegetables,  canning  and  preserving.) 

Pipes,  tobacco " 

^Plastering  and  stuccowork*  (See  also  Masonry, 

brick  and  stone.) 

Plated  and  britannia  ware.  (See  also  Silver- 
ware.) 

Plumbers'  supplies.  (See  also  Brass  castings 
and  brass  finishing.) 

Plumbing  and  gas  fitting m » 

Pocketbooks.    (See  also  Leather  goods  ) 

Printing  and  publishing,  book^ and  job.  (See 
also  bookbinding  and  blank*book  making.) 

'|*rinllnB  and  publishing,  music.  (See  also 
Bookbinding  and  blank-book  making.) 

[Printing  and  publishing,  new.spapers  and  peri- 
odicals. (See  also  Bookbinding  and  blank- 
book  making.) 

Printing  materials.. ■  •« -.— 

Printing,  lip .». 

Pnlp  goods 

Pulp,  wood ••••. 

Pulp  from  fiber  other  than  wood 

Pumps,  not  Including  stesttn  pumps 

Refrigerators *. •>• ••• ;•••••• 

Regalia  and  society  bannersandfemblems.  (See 
also  Flags  j\nd  banners.) 


B67 
66 
27 

27 
1.127 


704 
6 
5 
15 
19 

3 

157 

94 
25 
45 

3,105 


316 


69 
1.746 


122 


29.568 

1,647 

2,814 

448 

9,890 


22,730 

89 

1 .452 

176 


611 
1.755 


12.471 
549 


10,432 
1,852 


4.252 


1,345 
10.624 


6.919 
5.485 


5,327 

42.513 

28.762.611 

62 

1,348 

661 ,092 

4.098 

58,139 

35,874.361 

79 

701 

448.582 

12,362 

106,095 

68.601,532 

64 

8G6 

486,106 

27 

292 

158.600 

9 

276 

l:».n34 

82 

2,830 

S 1,228 .901 

7 

168 

93.256 

256 

2,140 

1.145.145 

82 

2.373 

1,252,765 

137 

2,379 

1,014,722 

13,746,684 

•765,181 

1,474.788 

153,738 

5,094,202 


10,450.970 

60,088 

580,750 

102,799 

260.669 

152.175 
877,679 

6.989.478 
808.939 
538. 26« 

6,405,871 
988.898 


I,7i7,3l9 

730,990 
6,845,181 


3,775.305 
8.304.214 


140 


^tie  Ncaf«ciOW  of  class  le«:islHtion    Kliniilct   not 
lie  set  in  place  in  the  cornfieldH 

-Hon.  Geo.    B.Shaw,    \Vi!«con«in.^ 


•iMPLOVMEKT. 


;( Continued! 


lfi.nmm 


•Registers,  car  fare ~.. 

Registers,  cash .....„.....' 

Rice  cleaning  and  polishing 

Roofing  and  roofing  materials.  (See  also  Tin- 
smithing,  coppersmitbing.  and  ..sheet-iron 
working.) 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods..., 


Rules,  ivpry  and  wood ^ , 

Saddlery  and  harness.... ;....».. 

Safes  and  vaults 

Salt ;. .^rn^iv;:^... 

Sand  andjemery  imper  and  cloth. . 


Sausage.    (See  also  Slaughtering.) 

Saws , 

Scales  and  balances .1?......a...;, 

Screws,  machine.....'..:'.^^.';..1r.*.j!^.««... 
iJBcrews.  wood..;...1::^:tJi***te.1?^?;:!S?ftr., 


''3J?'' 


Sewing  machine  cases.. ,..., 
Sewing  machine  repairing , 

Sewing  machines  and  attachments...... 

Shipbuilding 

iShirls.    (See  also  Furnishing  goods,  men's.). 

Shoddy . 

Show  cases...... 

Silk  and  silk  goods...... 

Siiversmithing ..^'f:;;;;v..;^^.;.^vvii:^:l.....';.v: 

Silverware.    (See  also  Plated _  and  _britannia 
■■  .ware.)   • 


Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale. 
(SeealsoLard,  refined;  Sausage.) 

'^Slaughtering,  wholesale,  not  including  meat 
packing.     (See  also  Lard,  refined  ;  Sausage.) 

Smelting  and  refining .;.... 

Soap  and  candles.  (See  also  Grease  and  tal- 
low.) 

Soda  water  apparatus. «_«,«,»..>.«*««..».«,.. 

Sporting  goods m.,,,..- 

Springs,  steel,  car  and  carriage .7:'......'::t7lt;.::i' 

Stamped  ware.  (See  also  Tinsmithing,  cop- 
persmitbing, and  sheel-irQn  ^yorking.) 

Starch 

.Stationery  good.s,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Steam  fittings  and  heating  apparatus.  (See 
also  Foundry  and  machine  shop  products.) 

Steam  packing 

Stencils  and  brands 

Stereotyping  and  electrotyping.  (See  also 
Type  founding  ) 

.Straw   goods,  not  elsewhere  specified.    (See. 

141 


7 

'     6 

32 

2,140 

139 
16 


200 
9 

249 
95 
76 
(20 

7 

7 

166 

59 

1,010 

869 

94 

99 

.472 

.     24 

.30 


611 

507 

«0 
.^578 

12 

il36 
57 
99 

80 
200 

217 

34 
106 
81 


^ToT 

742 

743 

13.333 


9,802 

163 

80,326 

4,131 

4,455 

258 

1,106 
2,943 
1,500 
1.113 
1,651 

1,842 
335 

9,121 
25,934 
32.750 

2,299 
1,500 
50,913 
'  314 
,2.806 


40.409 

7,537 

1.765 
9,305 

993 

2,199 
1,892 
7.075 

3,121 

4,790 

11,779 

418 

499 

1.475 


64,074' 

434.140 

819.593 

8.558.026 


4.516,266 

74.127 

16,030.845 

2,391.825 

1,782,491 

156,489 

561.673 
1,859,694 
837.573 
534,943 
625,465 

886,725 

201 ,066 

5,170,555 

16,028,847 

10.704.603 

^56.582 

876,150 

19,6S0,3ia 

253.652, 

1,618.42ft 


23.491,101 
5.350,479 

1,122,353 
4,951.648 

728,121 

881,970 
1,174.770 
3,092.872 

1,189,017 
2,268.409 

7,594,395 

229,174 
845.377 


l.C 


«?^ 


UOv88S 


Wky  takeoff  tfie  faflff  from  the  products  of 
I  he  farm  »  ^  Hun.  E.  J.  Hainer,  Nebraska. 


EMPLOVMPNT.    iContlnnM.j 


Arllcitt!!. 


Sugar  nnd  rnolnsjiej*.  refining: -^ 

Surgical  appliances.  («ee also  A rtitictal  limbs.) 

Tarnnd  lurpenline.-.j,,!: ,;. 

Tnxidern)y.„ti, ,.:.. ,......:... 

Teasels .,ii ...,*,.> 


Timber  prorlucts  not  manufactured  at  mill 

Tinsmithing,  coppersmilhing,  and  sheet-iron 
working.  (See  also  Hoofing  and  rooting  ma- 
terials; Stamped  ware.) 

Tobacco,  chewing,  wmoking,  and  snutT 

Tobacco,  cigars  and  cigaroites... 

Tobacco,  stemming  and  rehandling 


Tools',  not  elsewhere  specified.  (See »\l80  Cut^ 
lery  and  edge  tools;  H.ardware.) 

Toys  and  games 

Trunks  and  valises.   (See  also  Leather  goods.). 

Type  founding.  (See  also  Stereotvning  and 
electrotvping.) 

Typewriters  and  supplies 

Umbrellas  and  canes 

Upholstery  materials.  (See  also  Carpets  and 
rugs,  other  than  rag;  Woolen  goods;  Worsted 
goods.) 

Varnish     (Sec  also  Paints.).. 

Vault  lights  and  ventilators.  (See  also  Foun- 
dry and  machine  shop  products.) 

Vinegar  and  cider 

Washing  machines  and  clothes  wringers 

Watch  and  clock  materials.    (See  also  Clock 

cases  and  materials.) 

Watch  cases 

Watch,  clock,  and  jewelry  repairing:.  (See  also 

.Jewelry.) 

Watches.. 

Whalebone  and  rattan.  (See  also  Baskets 
and  rattan  and  willow  ware.) 

Wheelbarrows.. 

Whips „ ^  „.,..., 

Wiudmilly 


Window  shades „ 

Wire 

Wirework,    including   wire  rope  and  cable. 

(See  alRO  Matlres.ses  and  spring  beds.) 

Wood,  preserving 

Wood,  turned  anil  carved.    (See  also  Lumber, 

planing  mill  products,  includingsash.  doors. 

ind  blinds.) 

142 


393 
155 

670 
63 


1,606 
7,002 


395 

10,956 

292 

462 

139 
395 


435 
152 


694 
163 
32 

45 
4,502 


19 
9 

26 
81 

77 

182 

24 

569 

4 

872 


7,529 

912 

15,315 

J  55 

72{ 

46,142 
38,442 


31,267 
98,156 
6,504 

7.095 

3,440 

6,785 
2,172 

1,7S5 
6,863 
3,479 


1,851 
205 


3,388 

1,2S9 

563 

3,869 
8,647 


6,675 
79 

620 
1,087 
1,295 

2,399 
7.804 
7.917 

95 
8,430 


2,815,275 
549,318 

2,933,491 
102,237 
21,584 

11,353,608 
21 .036,375 


8,568.071 

44.767,989 

1,455,946 

4,144,838 

1,346.850 
3,513,749 
1,401,749 

SI ,078,203 
3,204,797 
1,454,062 


1,749.061 
160.594 


1,149,069 
589,523 
292,497 

2,116,286 
5,516,595 


8,688,927 
63,713 

297,508 
.544,522 
691,583 

1,437,771 
4,183,802 
3,983,209 

42,009 
4,226,923 


The  Democratic  party  has  no  foreign  markets 
at  its  disposal.     —Hon.  J.  T.  McCleary,  Alinnesota. 


EMPLOYMENT.    (ContlntiedO 


Articles. 


Woodenware,  not  elsewhere  specified 

Wool  hats 

Woolen  goods.  (See  also  Carpets  and  ruf»s, 
other  than  rag ;  Felt  ^oods ;  Gloves  and  mit- 
tens ;  Hosiery  and  knit  goods.) 

Worsted  goods 

Zinc 

All  other  industries  (a) 


®« 

©S 

«M>1 

o^ 

oo 
.P. 

o-M 

o 

^ 

fe 

167 

3,101 

32 

3,592 

1,311 

79,351 

143 

43,593 

8 

1,083 

12 

1,748 

Sl,237,a34 

1,363,944 

28,478,931 


15, 880, 183 
653,096 
622,080 


a  Industries  in  which  less  than  three  establishments  are  reported  are  grouped  in 
order  to  avoid  disclosing  the  operations  of  individual  establishments.  These  estab- 
lishments are  distributed  as  follows :  fuel,  artificial,  2 ;  phonographs  and  grapho- 
nes,  2;  racking  hose,  1;  rubber,  vulcanized,  1;  sugar  and  molasses,  beet,  2; 
thread,  linen,  2 ;  tinfoil,  2. 

ENGLAND'S  FREE-TRADE  TAX.   (See  also,  Great  Britain.) 

England  collects  one  hundred  millions  from  customs  under  a  free- 
trade  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

The  campaign  this  fall  is  designed  to  bring  our  tariff  to  the  English 
model — a  free- trade  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

Great  Britain  has  2,220  customs  ofiScials.  Her  custom-houses  are 
scattered  everywhere. 

On  some  imports  Great  Britain  imposes  a  duty  of  400  per  cent.,  or  500 
per  cent.;  on  several  a  duty  of  1,900 per  cent. 

By  a  tax  of  6  pence  per  pound  on  tea  and  2  pence  per  pound  on  coffee, 
Great  Britain  wrests  from  the  breakfast  table  of  her  people  $22,000,000  an- 
nually. 

She  has  a  tariff  on  chicory,  cocoa,  cocoa  husks,  chocolate,  currants,  figs, 
raisins,  plums,  prunes,  chloral,  chloroform,  collodion,  tobacco,  snuff, 
soap,  ether,  cordials,  alcohol,  spirits,  and  other  articles,  which  in  1886 
yielded  her  a  customs  revenue  of  $99,086,435. 

Besides  a  free- trade  tariff  compels  heavy  direct  taxation.  While  we 
collect  our  one  hundred  and  eighteen  millions  from  internal  revenue 
taxes.  Great  Britain  in  1886  by  internal  taxes  collected  by  licenses  to 
auctioneers,  pawnbrokers,  and  peddlers,  by  stamps  on  bankers*  notes,  on 
bills  of  exchange  and  promissory  notes,  on  checks,  drafts,  and  receipts, 
on  deeds  and  instruments,  by  a  tax  on  dogs  and  guns,  by  a  house  duty, 
by  a  tax  on  marine  and  life  insurance,  by  a  land  tax,  a  tax  on  legacies, 
by  liquor  taxes  and  licenses,  by  a  tax  on  patent  medicines,  on  property, 
and  licenses  on  refreshment  houses,  by  a  tax  on  dealers  and  manufact- 
urers of  tobacco  and  snuff,  and  by  taxes  on  a  hundred  other  vexatious 
items,  from  her  people,  the  enormous  sum  of  $291,573,490. 

143 


We  have  been  doltig  business  in  tliis  country 
for  tlie  last  thii-ty  yeai's  under  tlie  American  sys- 
tem of  i)r«»ieftioii.  It  matters  very  little  ivhetlier 
it  is  tlie  best  system  or  not.  The  business  of  the 
country  had  adapted  itself  to  it  and  the  Nation  has 
prospered  as  no  nation  ever  prospered  before. 

—Hon.  Jno.  Avery,  Michigan. 


EUROPE,   FINANCIAI.  CONDITION  1894. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  Continent  of  Europe  at  present  offers 
motive  for  anxiety,  the  rapid  increase  of  public  debt  causing  a  propor- 
tionate increase  of  taxation,  while  a  succession  of  deficits  in  recent  years 
in  most  countries  would  seem  to  indicate  that  all  prudence  in  these  mat- 
ters has  been  abandoned.  We  have  only  to  compai'e  the  condition  of 
Europe  at  the  close  of  1893  with  what  it  was  in  1885  to  understand  a  good 
deal  of  the  growing  spirit  of  uneasiness  observable  on  all  sides,  which  is 
a  prominent  feature  in  the  final  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century.  There 
has  been  since  1885  an  increase  of  21  per  cent,  in  taxation  and  17  per  cent, 
in  public  debt,  and  if  things  go  on  in  this  manner  we  shall  probably  see 
some  nations  bankrupt  before  long.  Not  only  has  taxation  reached  its 
limit,  biit  the  taxes  that  press  in  many  countries  most  heavily  on  the 
working  classes  are  out  of  proportion  with  the  other  public  burthens. 
No  clearer  proof  could  be  adduced  of  the  reckless  method  of  finances  in 
the  past  nine  years  than  the  subjoined  table  of  average  annual  income 
and  expenditure ;  and  the  correctness  of  the  figures  is  borne  out  by  a 
statement  of  the  increase  of  debt  in  the  several  countries,  according  to 
ofiicial  returns : 

Annual  average,  millions  sterling. 

, ' .      Debt  increase. 

Revenue.  Expenditure.  Millions  stg. 

France 128  138  89 

Germany 145  165  183 

Russia 90  105  132 

Austria 80  88  73 

Italy 60  63  30 

Spain 32  34  17 

Portugal 9  11  20 

Other  States 62  56  36 

Total 596  660  580 

About  60  per  cent,  of  this  increase  of  debt  (or  surplus  expenditure)  U 
accounted  for  by  reproductive  works,  the  outlay  having  been  approxi- 
mately as  follows : 

Millions 
sterling. 

State  railways : 36 

Telegraphs,  etc 16 

Armaments 228 

Total 580 

Since  1885  the  Continental  governments  have  built  or  purchased  more 
than  16,000  miles  of  railway.  It  is  undeniable  that  the  construction  of 
these  railways  has  eminently  served  to  develop  the  resources  and  indus- 
tries of  the  countries  in  question,  but  the  net  earnings  of  such  lines  (except 
in  Germany)  have  rarely  excecd(Hl  2i  per  cent. ,  and  thus  have  fallen  very 

li4 


But  this  period  of  Industrial  serrltnde  will 
end ;  and  when  it  does  end,  in  the  election  of  a 
President  who  does  notffet  his  financial  policy 
from  Wall  street  and  his  tariff  policy  from  Engr- 
land,  Montana  will  challenge  the  world  in  the  in- 
dustrial rac*.   —Hon.  Ohas.  8.  Hartman,  Montana. 


EUROPE.    (Coatinaed.) 

far  short  of  the  interest  on  the  money  borrowed  to  make  them.  Hen^e  « 
constant  disturbance  in  the  finances.  Military  outlay  has  been  another 
cause  of  a  continuous  deficit,  and  it  would  be  impossible,  without  enter-^ 
ing  into  the  field  of  politics,  to  discuss  how  far  one  or  another  Nation  has 
been  gr^ilty  of  extra vgance  under  this  head.  We  have,  however,  no  diffi- 
culty in  ascertaining  the  cost.  According  to  the  budgets  of  the  16  Con- 
tinental States,  the  annual  expenditure  for  armies  and  navies  rose  from 
£128,000,000  in  1884  to  £146,000,000  in  1893,  the  average  for  the  intermediate 
nine  years  having  been  £140,000,000,  that  is,  £12,000,000  more  than  in 
1884.  In  order  to  meet  this  increase  of  expenditure  taxes  have  been  aug- 
mented on  all  sides,  the  aggregate  revenues  of  the  said  sixteen  States 
showing  as  follows: 

1886.  1893. 

Millions  stg.       Millions  stff. 

Customs 73  87 

Excise 126  161 

Sundries 339  4U 

Total 537  649 

Customs  and  excise  fall  heaviest  on  the  working  classes,  because  they 
are  the  least  able  to  support  taxation,  and  in  many  states  of  the  Conti- 
nent excise  comes  in  a  most  objectionable  form.  Suffice  it  to  mention 
the  sugar  tax  in  France,  which  amonts  to  five  francs  per  inhabitant ;  the 
salt  tax  in  Italy,  which  averages  two  francs  per  head ;  and  the  sugar  tax 
in  Germany,  of  nearly  two  marks  per  head.  The  sum  of  customs  and 
excise  collectively  in  various  countries  has  increased  very  remarkably 
since  1885,  viz : 

Millions  sterling. 

1885.  1893.                           Increase. 

France 69  68                               16  pr  ct. 

Germany 18  80                              67    ** 

Russia t 37  48                              80    •* 

Austria 29  85                               21    *• 

Italy 22  24  .                      «    ♦• 

The  above  figures  force  us  to  conclude  that  the  extra  burthens  cansed 
by  the  enormous  military  expenditure  of  late  years  fall  in  a  great  rneas* 
ure  on  the  working  classes  of  the  Continent,  and  that  any  further  increase 
of  customs  or  excise  might  produce,  not  merely  discontent,  but  revolu- 
tion. One-fourth  of  the  public  debt  of  Continental  Europe  is  represesfced 
by  State  railways,  and  there  is  very  little  to  show  for  the  remainder- 
say  8,000,000,000  sterling— expended  mostly  in  wars  or  armaments.  This 
latter  kind  of  expenditure  may  be  termed  unproductive,  and  the  amount 
of  money  lost  or  wasted  in  this  manner  since  1885  has  averaged  25,000,* 
000  KterUng  per  »imu)i|.    Sow  lon^  is  this  to  go  op  before  bi^nkrupto/ 


Wben  w«  llfflit  our  torch  by  any  inferior  flam*.* 
tlien  we  descend  to  a  lower  altitude  and  make  th« 
TTorld  worse  rather  than  better. 

—Hon.  H.  W.  Blair,  New  Hampshir*. 


KUBOPE.    (Contlnited.) 

overtakes  one  or  other  of  the  European  nations  ?  What  effect  must  such 
a  crisis  have  on  the  trade  of  the  world?  Is  it  possible,  in  the  present  po- 
litical state  of  Europe,  to  devise  any  means  for  averting  a  general  cata- 
clysm ?  These  are  questions  of  far  higher  importance  to  300,000,000  of  the 
human  race  than  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus  or  the  discovery 
of  the  North  Pole.  Nevertheless,  there  are  unfortunately  few  thinking 
men  in  Europe  who  give  themselves  any  concern  with  respect  to  a  state 
of  things  more  pregnant  with  widespread  danger  and  confusion  than  any 
that  has  existed  for  a  century.— Michael  O.  Mulhall,  in  the  North  Amer- 
can  Review  for  June. 

EUROPEAN  SIIiVER  COTJIiD  NOT  BE  BUMPED  INTO  OUR  MINTS  WITH 
PROFIT  TO  FOREIGN  OWNERS. 

The  silver  of  Europe  is  coined  at 
a  ratio  of  15i  tol,  whereas  American  coinage  is  at  the  rate  of  16  to  1,  and 
as  the  bulk  of  European  silver  has  been  in  use  many  years,  it  has'proba- 
bly  lost  3  per  cent,  by  abrasion.  Here  is  a  dead  loss  of  6  per  cent,  on 
every  dollar's  worth  of  European  silver  to  be  "dumped"  on  this  country, 
to  which  must  be  added  freight  and  insurance.  But  this  is  not  all.  The 
European  coins  could  not  be  offered  to  our  mints.  The  one-tenth  alloy 
vrhich  they  contain  would  have  to  be  extracted— a  loss  of  10  per  cent.— 
and  the  extraction  would  cost  another  5  per  cent.,  making  a  loss  and  cost 
of  not  less  than  22  cents  before  the  "dump",  reached  our  mints,  the  total 
loss  on  every  dollar's  worth  of  European  silver  brought  over  here  being 
not  less  than  32  cents.  To  put  it  in  another  shape,  foreign  speculators, 
in  order  to  "dump"  European  silver  on  our  mints  would  be  compelled  to 
sell  for  68  cents  the  silver  that  cost  them  a  dollar  in  gold. 

An  ounce  of  coined  silver  in  India  is  equal  to  $1.37  in  gold,  so  that  a 
dollar  there  would  contain  but  348.33  grains  of  pure  silver,  against  359.91 
in  Europe  and  371.25  here.    Hence,  to  send  the  silver  of  India  here,  a  loss 
of  nearly  8  cents  an  ounce  would  be  incurred. 
Note  the  following :  ♦ 

This  relation  may  be  shown  in  tabular  form  as  follows : 

371i  grains  silver,  ratio  16    tol $1.000(yjgold 

371i  grains  silver,  ratio  15i  to  1 1.0315^old 

371i grains  silver,  ratio  15    tol 1.0660 gold 

Or  in  the  following  form : 

1  oz.  silver,  ratio  16    to  1,  worth  in  gold $1,2929 

1  oz.  silver,  ratio  I5i  to  1,  worth  in  gold 1.3337 

1  oz.  silver,  ratio  15    to  1,  worth  in  gold «...  1.3781 

Or  again : 

Onr  silver  unit,  371.25  grains $1.00  in  gold 

Unit  of  France,  359.90  grains 1.00  in  gold 

Rupee  of  India,  348.30  grains 1.00  in 'gold 

EXPORTS.    (See  Balance  of  Trade.) 

146 


T  hay*  said  'Miclilisau  is  rlcli  in  afirrlcoltural 
produots.  Her  manufactories,  her  minins:  Indus- 
&les>  her  miUii,:aud  her  s^'eat  lumber  camps  afford 
»  ready  market  for  the  more  perishable  prodactj^i  of 
Hbm  farm.  —Hon.  Jno.  Avery,  Mioliisan. 


FACTORY  SYSTEM,  (See  Manufactures  and  Employment.) 

FAILURES  IN  BUSINESS  FROM  1885  TO  1893. 

From  Reports  of  U.  S.  Treasury. 


Year. 

No.  Failures. 

Ldabilities. 

1885 

10,637 
9,834 
9,634 
10,679 
10,882 
10,907 
12,273 
10,344 
15,242 

124,220,321 

1886 

114,644,125 

1887 

167,561,030 
123,829,973 

1888. 

1889 

148,784,337 

1890 

189,856,964 

1891     

189,868,638 
114,044,167 

1892 

1893. 

346,749,889 

FARMS. 

Total  number  of  farms  in  1890 

An  increase  of. 

Or  13.86  per  cent 

Value,  Including  fences  and  buildings  in  1890 ' 

Showing  an  increase  in  valuation  since  1880,  of  30.23  per 
cent. 

Value  of  farm  implements  and  machinery  in  1890 

Showing  an  increase  since  1880,  of  21.58  per  cent. 

Value  of  live  stock  on  hand  June  1, 1890 

Showing  an  increase  since  1880,  of  47.21  per  cent. 

Value  of  farm  products  in  1889 

Showing  an  increase  since  1880,  of  11.19  per  cent. 

Horses  on  farms  in  1890,  numbereid 

An  increase  over  1880,  of  44.53  per  cent. 

Swine 

Or  an  increase  over  1880,  of  20.40  per  cent. 

OATTIiS. 

Working  Oxen » 

Milch  Cows 

Other  C»ttl© * 


Total  on  farms  June  1, 1890. 

Gattl«  on  ranges  June  1, 1890. 

Totftl  Cftttl*  on  farm«  sAd  ranges.. 


4,564,641 
555,734 

$13,279,252,649 


^94,247,467 

$2,208,767,573 

$2,460,107,454 

14,969,467 

67,409,583 


1,117,494 
16,511,950 
33,734,128 

51,363,572 

6,285,220 

67,648,792 


w 


I  am  not  here  to  despnule  the  currency ;  btit, 
while  that  is  true,  I  am  not  here  to  obey  the  com- 
mand of  the  extreme  people  who  want  sold  and 
sold  alone  for  currency. 

—Hon.  Joseph  G.  Cannon,  IllinolB. 


FARMS.    (Oontinned.) 
MILK. 

Gallons,  June  1, 1890 5,209,125,567 

Or,  an  equivalent  of  315.48  gallons  per  milch  cow,  and  83.18 
gallons  per  capita  of  population. 

BUTTBB. 

Pounds 1.024,223,468 

SHEEP. 

Exclusive  of  spring  lambs,  June  1, 1890 35,935,364 

Number  of  fleeces  shorn  in  fall  of  1889,  and  spring  of  1890...  32,126,868 

Average  pounds  per  fleece - 6.15 

FARM  IMPLEMENTS.  (See  A§:ricultural  Implements.) 
FARM  LABOR.  (See  Labor  and  Farm  Values.) 
FARM  MORTGAGES.  (See  Mortg:a§:es.) 
FARM  PRICES.  (See  Farm  Values,  also,  Prices.) 
FARM  VALUES. 

Th«  products  of  the  American  farm  have  declined  in 
value,  but  the  changes  noted  in  thirty  years  do  not  show  an  unfavorable 
condition  against  the  farmer  when  values  of  articles  of  essential  house- 
hold use  which  the  farmer  must  purchase  are  compared  with  what  he 
sells.    In  the  following  tables,  nineteen  years*  prices  are  shown. 

Of  ten  leading  articles  which  the  farmer  sells,  for  nineteen  years  from 
1873  to  1891,  inclusive,  there  was  a  shrinkage  of  a  general  average  of  13 
per  cent.,  while  of  the  articles  which  the  farmer  buys,  for  the  same  period, 
it  is  shown  in  the  second  table,  by  ten  leading  articles,  that  there  was  an 
average  reduction  or  decrease  of  price  of  26  plus  per  cent.,  the  additional 
table,  of  ten  articles,  showing  a  reduction  of  31  plus  per  cent. ;  or  of  the 
twenty  articles  enumerated  in  the  two  tables,  of  that  which  the  farmer 
buys,  there  is  an  average  reduction  for  the  nineteen  years  of  55  plus  per 
cent.;  while  there  is  but  13  percent,  of  a  reduction  of  that  which  he  sells. 

Attention  is  called  in  these  tables  to  the  years  1886, 1887, 1888  and  1889, 
which  were  the  years  covered  by  the  period  of  Grover  Cleveland's  first 
term.    Some  comparisons  for  these  years  may  be  instructive  to  the  reader. 

The  prices  which  have  prevailed  since  the  last  National  Hlection,  are 
shown  in  another  chapter. 


I4B 


"What  answer  can  be  made  tc  the  intelligent 
farmers  of  Wisconsin  wlio  find  that  their  potatoes 
are  protected  from  tlie  vegretable-groAvers  of  Cana- 
da by  a  duty  of  20  per  cent.,  -while  the  toothsome 
peanut  of  the  Old  Dominion  is  sheltered  by  a  pro- 
tection of  73  per  cent.,  and  avIio  ask  if  this  favorit- 
ism is  not  a  fairly  good  example  of  class  legisla- 
tion. —Hon.  Geo.  B.  Sha\r,    Wisconsin. 


JTABMS.    (Continued.) 

4£tTIClJKS  THAT  FARMERS  SEJLI.. 

TABLE  1. 


Years. 

'6 

1 
1 
i 

O 

<X3 

02 

® 

s 

o 

o 

If 

cJ  O 

Pi 

o 
ft 

i 

■s 

C3 

'6 

1 

0) 

ft 

i 

'a 

o 
ft 

1 

o 

a 

u 

o 

ft 

0 

1 

I 

o 

i| 

O  ft 

o 

o 

M 

yA 

PlH 

M 

M 

o 

EH 

Cts. 

cts. 

Cits. 

Cts. 

as. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

mB 

18.  8 

61 

fl.  31 
1.43 

8.8 
9.6 

9  2 

7.8 
8.2 

7.7 
8.2 

21  1 

13  1 

10.7 
A.  6 

1874 

15.4 

71 

9.4 

25.0 

13.1 

1870 

15.  0 

84 

1.12 

11  4 

13.  8 

10  1 

8.  7 

23.  7 

13.  5 

11.3 
10.4 
10.  2 

lc7G 

12.  9 

67 

1.24 

12.1 

10.8 

13  3 

10.6 
9.0 

8  7 

23.9 
20.6 

12  6 

1877 

11.8 

58 

1.17 

10.9 

7.5 

11.8 

iQTC 

11.1 
9.9 

66 

47 

1.34 
1.07 

8.7 
6.9 

8.8 
7.0 

6.8 
6.7 

7.7 
6.3 

18.0 
14.2 

11.4 
8.4 

8.7 
7.8 

1879 

1880  ••••;• 

11.5 

54 

1.25 

6.7 

7.4 

6.1 

6.4 

17.1 

9.5 

7.7 

icci 

11.4 
11.4 

55 
66 

1.11 
1.19 

8.2 
9.9 

9.3 
11.6 

7.7 
9.0 

6.5 

8.5 

19.8 
19.3 

11.  1 
11.0 

8.3 
8.  5 

1882 

looo 

10.8 
10.5 
10.6 
9.9 
9.5 
9.8 
9.9 

68 
61 
54 
49 
47 
55 
47 

1.13 

1.07 

.86 

.87 
.89 
.85 
.90 

11.2 

10.2 

9.2 

7.5 
7.9 
8.6 
8.6 

11.9 
9.5 

7.9 
6.9 

7,  1 
7.7 
8.6 

9.9 
7.9 

1:1 

6.6 
7.4 

7.4 

8.9 
7.6 
7.5 
6.0 
5.4 
5.3 
5.5 

18.6 
18.2 
16.8 
15.6 
15.8 
18.3 
IG.  5 

11.2 
10.3 
9.3 
8.3 
9.3 
9.9 
9.3 

8.3 
9.1 
9.9 
9.6 

8  7 

1«Q4 

1QOK 

lUUfi 

1CC7 

ICCO 

8.3 

8.8 

1889 ■ 

1890 

10.1 

41 

.83 

7.7 

7.1 

6.0 

5.4 

14.4 

9.0 

8.6 

1891 

10.0 

57 

.93 

7.6 

6.9 

5.9 

5.6 

14.5 

9.0 

8.7 

Average 

decrease.. 

53 

6 

30 

14 

25 

24 

27 

32 

31 

19 

General  arerage,  13*  plus  per  cent. 


149 


I  can  set  my  table  with  American-made  glass- 
ware and  cTiina  grood  enough  for  a  prince  and 
cheap  enough  to  be  within  the  reach  of  a  laboring: 
man,  and  I  can  load  that  table  with  bread  and  but- 
ter and  potatoes  and  meat  and  poultry  and  fish  and 
erame  and  fruits  and  vegetables,  all  raised  in  Amer- 
ica. —Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson,  Nortli  Dakota. 


FAKMS.     (Continued.) 

AKTICIiES  THAT  FARMERS  BUY. 

TABtE  2. 


Years. 

s, 

n 

ft 

a 

d 

a 

o 

ft 

1 

1 

1 

1 

u 

1 

8 

g 

ft 

1 

!>> 
u 

ft 

a 

© 
m 

u 
o 
ft 

Q 

ft 

1873 

Ots. 
11.6 
10.5 
10.8 
10.7 
11.6 
10.2 
8.5 
9.0 
9.2 
9.7 
9.2 
7.1 
6.4 
6.7 
6.0 
6.3 
7.6 
7.0 
5.7 

Cfs. 
4.90 
3.99 
3.42 
2.98 
2.57 
2.31 
2.69 
3.68 
3.09 
3.47 
3.06 
2.39 
2.33 
2.27 
2.  30 
2.03 
2.00 
2.  00 
1.86 

$86.00 
67.00 
60.00 
52.00 
45.00 
44.00 
51.00 
60.00 
58.00 
61.00 
.50.  00 
44.  00 
40.00 
43.00 
49.00 
44.00 
43.  00 
45.00 
42.00 

$120.  50 
94.25 
68.  75 
59.  25 
45.  50 
42.25 
48.25 
67.50 
61.13 
48.50 
37.  75 

30.  75 
28.50 
34.50 
37.08 
29.83 
29.25 

31.  75 
29.92 

Cts. 
18 
20 
18 
17 
20 
17 
14 
15 
13 
10 
8 
11 
9 
9 
15 
15 
16 
19 
16 

Gts. 
95 
100 
60 
55 
55 
45 
40 
40 
35 
35 
33 
33 
33 
33 
28 
23 
23 
25 
25 

Cts. 
13.31 
11.42 
10.41 
8.85 
8.46 
7.80 
7.97 
8.51 
8.61 
8.45 
8.32 
7.28 
6.75 
6.75 
7.  15 
7.  2!5 
7.  0.) 
7.00 
6.83 

Ots. 
14.  13 
11.75 
11.  12 
8.71 
8.46 
7.65 
7.67 
8.51 
8.06 
8.25 
7.11 
6.86 
6.36 
6.25 
6.58 
6.75 
6.  75 
6.75 
6.41 

Ots. 
19.41 
18.04 
15.12 
13.58 
12.46 
11.00 
11.62 
12.74 
12.74 
12.95 
12.93 
10.46 
10.  37 
10.65 
10.88 
10.94 
10.50 
10.90 
10.64 

Ots. 
11.  37 

1874 

9.  75 

1875 

8.  71 

1876 

7.  00 

1877 

6  77 

1878..... 

6  09 

1879.., 

6.  25 

1880 

7.  41 

1881 

7.00 

1882 

6.  60 

1883 

6.  00 

1884 

6.  00 

1885 

imi 

6.  00 
6.  00 

1887 

6.  00 

1888 

6.  50 

1889 

6.  50 

1890.... 

6.  00 

1891 

6.00 

Aver  age 
decrease... 

::, 

62 

51. 

75 

11 

1 

73 

48 

55 

45 

47 

Average  reduction  in  ten  farm  products,  26.1. 


160 


The  blending  of  onr  rosotirces,  iiidastrles  and 
products  is  the  secret  of  the  .great  prosperity  we 
nave  enjoyed  in  tlie  past. 

—Senator  Qeo.  I..  Shoup,  Idaho. 


FARMS.    (Continued.) 


TABtE  NO.  3. 


'd 

tj 

^ 

2 

d 

S 

u 

CD 

. 

c3 

u 

a 

Pi 

o 

^ 

O 

• 

>. 

fl 

^\ 

■ZR 

k. 

tD 

'^ 

o 

Years. 

1 

■3 

O 

V 

O 

u 
o 

g 

S 
'3 

% 

I 

1 
1 

o 
'd 

1—1 

Si 

c3 

1 

ft® 

-a 
1 

P-i 

o* 

O 

s 

U 

O 

Q 

p; 

^ 

Cts. 

ats. 

Cts. 

as. 

Cts. 

Cf,s. 

1873 

6.69 
5.57 
5.33 
4.10 
4,38 
3.44 
3.93 
4.51 
3.05 
3.76 
3.60 
3.36 
3.12 
3.31 
3.  33 
3.81 

$2.65 

2.50 

2.25 

2.00 

3.00 

3.50 

3.60 

3.00 

2.00 

2.45 

1.80 

1.43 

.83 

.70 

.53 

.49 

85 
80 
70 
65 
50 
45 
40 
40 
35 
35 
35 
33 
30 
28 
28 
27 

$3.40 
2.97 
3.18 
3.08 
2.97 
2.42 
2.42 
2.42 
2.12 
2.  12 
2.29 
2.16 
1.91 
2.  (M 
1.70 
1.76 

$1.41 

1.25 

1.  12 

1.00 

.91 

.87 

.83 

.83 

.83 

.79 

.79 

.75 

.70 

.70 

.66 

13 
11 
10 
10 

8 
8 
8 
9 
8 
9 
8 
7 
0 
6 
7 
6 

$1.14 

1.02 

.92 

.82 
.81 
.75 
.67 
.85 
.  75 
.78 
.74 
.66 
.58 
,dS 
.60 
.53 

19 
20 
17 
14 
14 
12 
12 
14 
14 
17 
16 
15 
14 
14 
15 
15 

69 
71 
70 
65 
54 
40 
36 
53 
43 
50 
52 
50 
45 
44 
40 
38 

2.  00 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879- 

188Qr 

1.  26 

1881 

1.  25 

1882 

1.  23 

1883 

1.  22 

1884 

1.  12 

1885 

1.  04 

1886 

1.  04 

1887 

1.  03 

1888 

0.97 

18S1) 

3.81 

.38 

20 

1.70 

.66 

6 

.52 

13 

39 

0.  97 

1890 

3.34 

.35 

26 

1.70 

.04 

6 

.48 

10 

40 

0.  93 

1891 

2.95 

.30 

25 

1.70 

.62 

6 

.50 

9 

32 

0.  92 

Average  de- 

crease  

56 

89 

70 

50 

66 

54 

56 

62 

53 

54 

Average  reduction,  31  per  cent. 

Average  reduction  in  twenty  articles  which  the  farmer  buys,  65.4  per 
cent. 


151 


We  uphold  a   system   of   tariff  protectlou  be- 
cause  we  believe  it  is  one  important  method  of 
defending:  the  standards    of  living   in   the   United 
States  from  a  fatal  and  degrading  competition. 
—Senator  Henry  Cabot  liodge*   Massachusetts. 


FARM  VALUES. 

HI6U£R  PRICES  FOR  FARM  PRODUCTS. 

The  gross  incomes  of  the  farm. 
era  of  the  United  States  are  indicated  in  the  following  tables,  being  divi- 
ded into  four  groups,  by  which  a  comparison  is  made  of  the  States  having 
diversity  of  occupations  with  purely  agricultural  States.  These  tables  are 
from  the  "  Farm  and  Factory,"  by  J,  i2,  Dodge. 

SUMMARY. 

Table  No.  1  shows  the  value  per  capita  to  be  ^7,  and  the  per  cent,  in 
agricultural  18. 

Table  No.  2  shows  the  value  per  capita  to  be  $394  and  the  per  cent,  in 
agricultural  42. 

Table  No.  3  shows  the  value  per  capita  to  be  $261  and  the  per  cent,  in 
agricultural  to  be  58. 

Table  No.  4  shows  the  value  per  capita  to  be  $160  and  the  per  cent,  in 
agricultural  77. 

The  significance  of  these  tables  is  at  once  apparent,  as  it  is  seen  at  a 
glance  that  one  man  earns  about  three  times  more  by  reason  of  the  mar- 
kets which  are  known  to  be  the  result  of  industrial  employment.  One 
million  of  men  in  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  as  shown  in  table 
No.  1,  get  for  their  farm  produce  $160,000,000  more  than  two  million  farm- 
ers as  shown  in  table  No,  4.  Here  is  the  direct  proof  that  the  factory  aids 
the  farm.  Where  eighteen  per  cent,  of  the  people  are  engaged  in  agri- 
culture, and  eighty-two  per  cent,  engaged  in  other  jjursuits,  as  shown  in 
table  No.  1,  the  annual  earnings  or  value  of  their  products  amount  to  $457 
per  annum.  A  careful  study  of  the  following  table,  which  should  be  com- 
pared with  table  No.  4,  will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  conditions  existing 
between  purely  agricultural  and  manufacturing  districts. 

1^ 


Tiie  plain   issue    tvliich  we    aro  to   meet  la 
Indireiit  versxis  direct  taxation. 

-Senator  J[>avid  B.  Hill,  New  York. 


FARM  VAI.UKS*    (Continued.) 


In  the  foregoing  table  California,  with  79  per  cent,  of  the  people  en- 
gaged outside  of  agriculture,  shows  the  largest  possible  income.  This  is 
accounted  for  in  part  by  her  fruit,  which  finds  a  general  market  througli- 
out  the  United  States.  Maryland  and  Virginia,  geographically  divided 
by  the  Potomac,  may  be  profitably  compared  in  tables  Ko.  1  and  No.  3. 
Maryland,  with  cities  and  villages  busy  with  industries  other  than  agri- 
culture, nearly  doubles  agricultural  Virginia  in  the  annual  returns  of 
her  farms. 

TABLE  NO.  «. 


States. 

Persons  in 
all  occu- 
pations. 

Persons 
In  agricul- 
ture. 

Percent, 
in  agri- 
culture. 

Value  of 
product  in 
agriculture. 

Value 

per 
capita. 

New  Hampshire 
Delaware 

142,468 

54,580 

40,  822 

231,  993 

40,  055 

994,  475 

67,  343 

30,  122 

569,  204 

[)99,  780 

417,  455 

118,  584 

57,  844 

44,490 

17,  849 

14,  139 

82,  130 

14,  550 

397,  495 

27,001 

12,  781 

240,  319 

4J6,  371 

105,  901 

55,  251 

28,  508 

31 

33 
35 
35 

36 
40 
40 
42 
42 
44 
47 
47 
49 

?13,  474,  330 
6,  320,  345 
1,  897,  974 

21,  945,  489 

3,  337,  410 
15G,  777,  152 

13,  2:^4,  548 

4,  212,  750 
91,  159,  858 

203,  980,  137 
72,  779,  49i) 

22,  082,  656 

5,  648,  814 

0303 
354 

New  Mexico 

134 

267 

Utah, 

229 

Ohio 

394 

Oregon 

489 

Washington 

Michigan 

330 
379 

Illinois 

467 

Wisconsin 

372 

Vermont 

400 

Dakota 

198 

Total 

3,  704,  725 

1,666,875 

42 

^16,  850,  959 

f394 

Our  people  are  so  Interdependent  in  their  oC- 
cnpationg,  "wliether  a»  laborers  in  field  or  factory, 
as  merchants  or  manufacturers,  as  ti'ansporters  of 
products  or  clerks  or  otherwise  ;  that  we  have  hith- 
erto believed  otir  true  national  policy  to  be  to  aid  in 
keepinsr  every  man  within  the  borders  of  our  Re- 
public uninterruptedly  occupied. 

—Senator  Wm.  B.  Allison,  lovra. 


FARM  VAI.UES.    (Continued.) 

In  this  table  the  factory  system  of  New  England,  stimulated  by  the 
markets  of  New  York  and  Boston,  brings  the  farm  and  the  home  market 
very  close  together,  as  illustrated  in  the  case  of  Vermont,  where  forty- 
seven  per  cent,  of  the  people  are  engaged  in  agriculture  with  an  annual 
return  of  four  hundred  dollars  each,  but  otherwise,  the  principles  under- 
lying the  whole  system  are  true. 

TABIJ33  NO.  3. 


States. 

Persons  in 
all  occu- 
pations. 

Persons 
in  agricul- 
ture. 

Per  cent, 
in  agri- 
culture. 

Value  of    ! 
products  in 
agriculture. 

Value 

per 
capita. 

Virginia 

494,  240 
692,  959 
255,  125 
635,  080 
863,228 
528,  302 
152,  614 
176, 199 
519,854 
91,  536 
322,  285 
447,  970 
522, 133 

254,  099 
355,  297 
131,  535 
331,  240 
205,306 
303,  557 

90,  507 
107,  578 
320,  571 

58,  731 
206,  080 
294, 153 
359,  317 

51 
51 
52 
62 
57 
57 
59 
61 
62 
64 
64 
66 
69 

^5,  726,  221 
95,  912,  660 
49,  468,  951 

114,  707,  082 
42,  883, 522 

136,  103,  473 
31,  708,  914 
19,  360,  049 
63,  850, 155 
7,  439,  392 
52,  240,  361 
62,  076,  311 
65,  204,  329 

$180 

Missouri 

270 

Minnesota 

370 

Indiana 

346 

Louisiana 

Iowa 

209 
448 

Nebraska 

350 

West  Virginia 

Kentucky  

180 
199 

Florida 

126 

Kansas  

253 

Tennessee 

211 

Texas 

181 

Total 

5,  201,  525 

8,  017,  971 

68 

1786,  681,  420 

$261 

In  this,  the  third  table,  it  will  be  noticed  that  two-thirds  of  the  people 
are  dependent  directly  upon  agriculture,  and  as  a  result  the  average  in- 
come drops  to  $261  per  annum. 

The  great  States  of  Iowa,  Minnesota  and  Nebraska  lead  in  the  value 
per  capita  of  products.  Here  may  be  found  the  greatest  agricultural  de- 
velopment by  reason  of  soil,  climate  and  enterprise.  This  group  with 
three  millions  engaged  in  agriculture,  produced  a  value  of  seven  hun- 
dred and  eighty-six  million  dollars ;  while  in  table  No.  2  it  is  shown  that 
one  million  and  a  half  engaged  in  agriculture  produced  nearly  as  much, 
being  six  hundred  and  sixteen  million  dollars.  These  States  are  gradu- 
ally gaining  in  factory  enterprise.    Indiana,  perhaps,  taking  the  lead. 

164 


The  grreat  trusts  are  guarded  by  the  provisions 

of  this  law,  bnt  there  is  notliing:  to  show  that  the 

farmer,     the   workingriuaii    <>i-  the    maniilnciiirer 

have   been    heard    oi*   regarded    iu     its    schedules. 

—Senator   Henry  Cabot   Lodge,    Massachusetts. 


LBM  VAIiUES.     (Continued.) 


TABI.E  NO.  4. 


\ 
\ 

States. 

Pel  rtons  in 
all  occu- 
pations. 

Persons 
in  agricul- 
ture. 

Percent, 
in  agri- 
culture. 

Value  of 
products  in 
agriculture. 

Value 

per 
capita. 

Georgia .^, 

697,  862 
480,  187 
392,102 
492,790 
415,  506 
260,  692 

432,  204 
360,  937 
2M,  602 
380,  630 
339,  938 
216,  655 

72 
75 
75 

77 
82 
83 

$67,  028,  929 
51,  729,  611 
41,  108,  112 
56,  872,  994 
63,  701,  844 
43,  796,  261 

$156 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina. ... 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

143 
140 
149 

187 

Arkansas 

202 

Total 

2,  639, 139 

2,024,966 

77 

$324,  237,  751 

$160 

Here  is  found  a  group  of  States  in  which  an  average  of  seventy-seven 
per  cent,  of  the  people  are  engaged  in  aericulture.  South  Carolina  stands 
at  the  bottom  in  the  list  of  earnings,  with  one  hundred  and  forty  dollars 
as  the  per  capita  income  of  those  engaged  in  agriculture  in  the  State. 

No  better  argument  is  to  be  found  in  all  the  history  of  the  past  or  in 
present  results.  This  vast  territorial  section,  covered  by  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi  and  the  Carolinas,  equals  if  not  surpasses  any  like 
area  of  territory  on  the  Western  continent  in  fertility,  climate  and  the 
natural  resources  incident  to  easy  transportation  and  communication  one 
with  the  other.  Georgia  ought  to  be  the  leading  State  in  wealth  of  the 
United  States  to-day,  considering  age,  opportunity,  climate,  soil  and  loca- 
tion ;  but  she  stands  almost  at  the  foot  of  the  listr— her  agricultural  people 
earning  but  $155  annually. 

The  foregoing  tables  and  the  criticisms  thereon  give  to  the  observing 
student  a  further  and  better  opportunity  to  understand  why  tariff  reform, 
as  perfected  in  the  Wilson  Bill  in  the  present  Congress  is  a  sectional, 
Southern  product  in  character  very  much  like  the  States  in  industrial 
development, whose  narrow-minded  Representatives  were  its  framers  and 
advocates. 

FARMERS,  HOW  BENEFITED  BY  PROTECTION. 

We  start  first  with  the  proposition  that  each  farmer  must  pay  his  share 
of  the  National  expense  in  some  kind  of  taxes.  Take  a  family  with  an 
annual  income  ranging  from  three  to  four  hundred  dollars  per  annum. 
By  comparison  of  one  hundred  and  ninety-five  occupations,  the  annual 
wages  in  England  as  compared  with  the  United  States  are  Ibund  to  be 
|309  in  England  and  in  the  United  States  $597,  showing  a  difference  in  fa- 
vor of  American  labor  of  $288  annually.  The  average  daily  wages  of  or- 
dinary labor  in  the  United  States  are'$1.32  per  day  against  an  average  in 
England  of  only  60  cents  per  day. 


Ifi 


The  new  tariff  Is  bad  in  construction,  bad  In 
purpose,  and  bad  in  its  assaults  upon  the  onward 
march  of  the  industrial  energy  and  prosperity  of 
this  nxigrhty  Kepublic. 

—Senator  Jacob  Gallingrer,  New  Hampshire. 


FARMERS.    (Continued.) 

An  American  family  expends  annually  for  clothing,  $58.50 i  for  food, 
^182.36 ;  for  sundries  or  all  other  articles  outside  of  rent,  light,  and  fuel, 
$73.08.  Upon  these  articles  the  duty  levied  according  to  tha  Democratic 
theory  is  on  clothing,  66  per  cent,  equal  to  $22.49 ;  for  food,  23  per  cent, 
equal  to  $34.10;  for  sundries,  27  percent,  equal  to  $15.54,  or  a  total  tax  of 
§72.13. 

It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  farmer  can  not  expend  anything 
like  the  same  amount  the  mechanic  expends  for  the  maintenance  of  his 
family.  In  all  articles  except  that  of  clothing  it  would  not  equal  half. 
Therefore  it  is  reasonable  to  say  that  the  farmers  outlay  annually  as  a 
tax,  according  to  the  Democratic  theory,  would  not  exceed  $50,  all  of 
which  we  deny  as  being  true  either  in  theory  or  practice,  but  give  these 
ligures  for  the  sake  of  the  argument. 

Now,  to  offset  this  tariff  tax  of  $72.13  of  the  mechanic,  or  the  probable 
reduced  amount  of  the  farmer  of  $50,  we  have  accumulated  profits  or 
benefits  upon  the  agricultural  products  which  the  farmer  produces. 
The  average  farmer  in  Northern  New  York  is  benefited  as  follows : 

Wheat,  29  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893:    Rate  of  duty  25  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. $7.25 

Oats,  125  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893 :    Rate  of  duty  15  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 18.75 

Corn,  63  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893 :    Rate  of  duty  15  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 9.45 

Rye,  14  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893:    Rate  of  duty  10  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 1.43 

Barley,  23  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893 :    Rate  of  duty  30  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 6.40 

Hay,  30  tons  to  the  farm,  1893 :    Rate  of  duty  $4  per  ton  present 

law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 120.00 

l^otatoes,  107  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893:    Rate  of  duty  25  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 26.75 

Buckwheat,  17  bushels  to  the  farm,  1893 :    Rate  of  duty  15  cents  per 

bushel  present  law,  increaseKi  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 2.55 

Eggs,  207  dozen  to  the  farm,  18f8 :    Rate  of  duty  5  cents  per  dozen 

present  law,  increased  value  by  reason  of  tariff. 10.36 

Total «. $196.13 

The  foregoing  result  shows  the  advantage  of  the  present  tariff  as  af- 
fected by  nine  articles  of  the  product  of  the  farm.  We  leave  out  all  live 
stock,  fruit,  garden  farming,  poultry,  butter,  and  dairy  products,  which, 
if  thrown  into  the  calculation,  would  at  least  double  the  benefit  which 
tlie  present  tariff  law  guarantees  to  the  agricultural  classes. 

The  result  as  shown  by  comparing  the  cost  in  taxes,  which  is  $50,  with 
tlie  benefits  in  tariff,  $196.13,  leaves  a  balance  in  favor  of  the  farmer  of 
$146.13. 

The  Wilson  bill  proposes  the  sweeping  away  of  this  $146.13,  leaving^  the 
farmer  to  bear  his  share  of  the  national  burden  for  the  support  of  the  Gtov- 
emment  as  surely  as  if  the  present  tariff  law  yrfre  to  remain  in  force. 

m 


It  li»§  fteen  the  policy  of  the  OoT«niment  tm 
«o11eotthe  principal  part  of  its  revenues  by  m  tax 
^non  Ixoports  :  and  no  change  in  this  policy  Is  de- 
SSLbliir^  «r.jPre«ident  CleTeland,    in  XS99. 


IPAMIERS,  and  the  new  democratic  tariff. 

Considering  that  we  are  told  by  the  Democrats  that "  of  the  staple  agri- 
^nlturaiproducts,  including  meats  and  provisions,  we  are  such  large  ex- 
porters, and  must  continue  to  be  such  large  exporters,  that  any  duties 
kipon  themare  useless  for  protection,  and  fruitless  for  revenue,  and  gen- 
erally can  beimposed  only  for  the  purpose  of  deluding  the  less  intelligent 
of  our  farmery"  etc.,  it  will  be  difficult  to  explain,  upon  what  principle 
the  duty  on  hort»es,  which  last  year  yielded  a  revenue  of  about  $400,000 
upon  an  importa^on  amounting  in  value  to  one  and  a  quarter  millions, 
is  reduced  more  thtku  one-third. 

Is  there  less  moral  turpitude  in  20  than  in  32  per  cent,  of  deceit?  Or 
does  it  proceed  from  a  fear  that  by  saving  to  the  Northwestern  farmer 
annually  two  or  three  million  dollars  paid  for  Canadian  horses,  the 
farmer  will  become  a  robber  baron  ? 

Why  is  the  duty  on  barley,  whicBi  last  year  brought  over  half  a  million 
in  revenue,  reduced  from  64.68  to  20  per  cent? 

Upon  what  principle  is  one-half  of  the  ^00,000  collected  on  cheese  last 
year  remitted  by  a  reduction  of  one-half  the  present  duty? 

liast  year  imported  beans  paid  into  the  national  Treasury  nearly  half 
a  million ;  this  bill  reduces  the  duty  more  than  half. 

The  duty  on  hay,  hops,  honey,  and  onions  last  year  swelled  the  Gov- 
ernment receipts  by  nearly  a  million  and  a  quarter,  every  dollar  of  which 
was  paid  by  foreign  producers,  yet  this  is  reduced  by  nearly  one-half. 

The  "  tax  "  on  imported  potatoes  brought  to  the  Government  Treasury 
last  year  over  a  million,  at  the  rate  of  51.96 ;  yet  three-fifths  of  this  is 
abandoned  for  the  benefit  of  the  foreign  producer  by  a  reduction  to  20.78. 

The  Government,  however,  is  allowed  to  recoup  for  these  remissions  by 
a  duty  of  83.89  on  rice  and  72.86  per  cent,  on  peanuts.  This  will,  however, 
Jiardly  compensate  the  Treasury,  or  content  the  Northwestern  farmer, 
when  it  is  considered  that  almost  $400,000  was  last  year  collected  on  im- 
ported eggs,  at  6  cents  per  dozen,  which  this  bill  abandons,  and  that  the 
American  hen  must  adjust  herself  to  the  system  of  cheap  production  and 
competition  with  foreign  labor. 

FINANCIAL  DISASTER.    (See  Panic.) 

FINANCIAL  DISASTER,  was  it  caused  by  the  sherman  siir- 

VER  liAW  ?  ' 

The  shrinkage  in  bank  clearings  for  the  two  months  pre- 
ceding the  repeal  of  the  purchasing  clause  of  the  Sher- 
man act  was 82,634,599,247 

The  falling  off  for  the  two  months  immediately  following 
such  repeal  was 3,339,684,035 

Or  greater  than  the  shrinkage  of  the  two  months  imme- 
diately preceding  the  repeal  by 705,084,788 

?rhe  shrinkage  in  the  month  of  September,  1893,  before  the 
repeal  act  was  passed,  was 1,467,649,673 

giiat  of  December  following  the  repeal  in  October  was 1,047,606,663 

Zn  the  months  of  January  and  February,  1894,  according  to 
firadstreet,  the  shrinkage  in  business,  as  indicated  by  the 
Tolmoe  of  bftnk  clearings,  jreaohed  the  •nonoous  ram  mt  s»tW7,>lt,4i4 


The  same  force  which  has  created  ereat  ii»- 
tions  has  created  civilization,  and  srreat  nations 
are  the  denial  of  the  let-alone  theory. 

—Senator  Henry  Cabot  I^odse,  Massachusetts. 


HNB  BARS. 

Gold  or  silrer  bars  remltins:  from  the  operations  of  parting  a^^d  refin- 
ing.   Bars  containing  99  per  cent,  of  pure  metal  are  generally  e>nBidered 
as  fine  bars. 
FINENESS  OF  METAI<. 

A  term  indicating  the  proportion  of  pure  metal  contai^ied  in  a  piece 
of  gold  or  silver.  Fineness  is  expressed  im  thousandtis ;  that  is,  pure 
metal  is  1000  fine.  United  States  coin  is  nine  hundred  one-thousandths 
fine,  or,  decimally,  .900  fine.  Fineness  is  estimated  by  jewelers  and 
workers  in  the  precious  metals  by  "  carats,"  pure  metal  being  24  carats. 
Thus,  22  carats,  the  British  standard  for  gold  coin^iJ,  is  22-24  or  decimally, 
.9161  fine. 

FLORIDA. 

Area,  69,268  square  miles. 

First  State  Constitution  formed  January  11, 1839,  by  Act  of  Congress, 
admitted  as  a  State,  March  3, 1845. 

Legislature  composed  of  32  Senators,  92  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
niaUy,  April  2, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1897. 

Senator  Samuel  Pascoe,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Wilkinson  Call,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  188,630.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,113— No  opposition. 

2nd.  Population,  202,792.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  14,668 ;  Pop.,  4,641. 

FOREIGN  COINS,  VALUE  OF. 

The  law  requires  that  the  value  of  foregin 
coins  as  expressed  in  the  money  of  account  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
that  of  the  pure  metal  of  such  coin  of  standard  value ;  and  the  values  of 
the  standard  coins  in  circulation  of  the  various  nations  of  the  world  shall 
be  estimated  quarterly  by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  and  be  proclaimed  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  immediately  after  the  passage  of  this  act 
and  thereafter  quarterly  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  April,  July,  and 
October  in  each  year. 

FOREIGN  LABOR.    (See  Labor.j 

FOREIGN  MARKETS.    (See  also.  Markets  of  the  Worl(L|) 

FOREIGN  MARKET,  TRANSPORTATION  WASTE  OF  FORCE. 

All  unnecessary  transportation  is  a  waste  of  energy,  and  our  develop- 
ment ought  to  tend  in  the  direction  of  reducing  it  to  the  minimum.  The 
importance  of  supplying  our  own  necessaries  of  life  all  must  acknowl- 
edge. With  our  vast  area,  offering  every  variety  of  soil  and  climate, 
every  dollar  expended  in  the  development  of  our  latent  possibilities 
raises  the  wall  of  defense  against  possible  foreign  foes,  and  largely  serFM 
IUm  pu^p^M  of  rn^jaX  muL  wUitary  expeadituiMk 

m 


If  the  laboring  olass  are  to  perish,  perish,  I 

•«jr,  the  whole  Nation.  ,  „  «  ,   .    ^     

^  -Senator  J.  N.  Dolph,  Orcswt 


^VOBBION  MASKBTS.    (Contlam«i.) 

Transportation  only  consumes,  it  does  not  or«at«.  It  is  m  tax  on  eTSii 
aitiole  carried,  and  should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible,  and  the  forces 
noy  going  into  its  wasteful  service  released  for  more  profitable  and  pro 
ductlve  labor,  or  at  least  not  increased  unnecessarily.  This  can  only  be 
done  >iy  encouraging  the  building  up  of  home  markets.  As  we  are  legis- 
lating Ur  tills  country  and  not  for  any  other,  the  first  step  is  to  relieve 
our  peop)!9  from  dependence  upon  the  foreign  market.  Every  bushel  of 
wheat  conmimed  here  is  a  bushel  less  added  to  the  foreign  surplus,  and 
every  acre  oS  land  taken  from  wheat-growing  and  applied  to  other  pur- 
poses means  so  much  less  wheat  for  an  already  overloaded  foreign  mar- 
ket. We  largely  control  the  grain  prices  in  Liverpool  by  the  quantities 
we  send  there. 

Wheat  bears  transportation  better  than  any  other  cereal,  having  the 
greatest  value  proportioned  to  its  weight;  and  still,  at  present  prices, 
wheat  300  miles  or  more  W«st  or  Northwest  of  Gliicago  pays  one  bushel 
out  of  every  four  to  transportation  companies  between  the  place  of  its 
production  and  Liverpool. 

FRANCE. 

In  France  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver,  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
franc,  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3.    The  coins  are  gold :  5, 10, 
20,  60,  and  100  francs.    Silver :  5  francs.    The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of 
gold  to  15i  of  silver  and  1  of  gold  to  14.38  of  limited  silver. 
FR£X:  COINAGE  DEFINED. 

Free  coinage  means  coining  all  the  bullion  an  individual  may  bring 
to  the  mints  into  full  legal-tender  money. 
FREE  lilST. 

The  free  list  is  a  collection  of  articles  which  were  at  one  time  on  the 
dutiable  list,  but  subsequently  made  free. 

FREE  RAW  MATERIAL.  (See  Raw  Material.) 
FREE  SUGAR.  (See  Sugar.) 

FREE  TRADE  DEFINED. 

Free  trade  does  not  deny  the  right  to  tax  imports,  but  in  such  taxation 
it  eliminates  protection.  England  has  a  revenue  of  more  than  one  hun- 
dred millions  from  this  source,  all  laid  upon  articles  not  produced  in 
Great  Britain,  and  so  it  is  wholly  unprotective. 

The  English  theory  and  Democratic  argument  are  one  and  the  same. 

FREE  TRADE  AND  STATES  RIGHTS. 

Extract  from  speech  of  Senator  Cnllom. 
There  are  two  theories  of  States  rights  and  free  trade,  closely  akin  as 
they  are,  gave  birth  to  secession  and  nullification,  and  but  for  the  prompt 
and  patriotic  action  of  Andrew  Jackson  the  OT«rt  aok  of  armed  rebellion 


What  (let  me  ask)  Is  the  farmers'  department 

of  this  Government  doins:  under  its  present  head  ? 

—Hon.  J,  W.  Babcock,   Wisconsin. 


UnEUSB  TBABB  ANI>  STATES  BIGHTS.    (Continued.) 

South  Carolina  was  the  birthplace  of  free  trade,  and  the  nullification 
.ordinance  of  that  Commonwealth,  passed  in  November,  1832,  was  the  first 
official  enunciation  of  the  theory  reiterated  sixty  years  later  at  Chicapo 
by  a  Democratic  convention  in  1892,  that  a  protective  tariff  is  unconsti-u- 
tional.  The  Democratic  convention  of  1892,  a  body  composed  largel/i  as 
I  have  reason  to  believe,  of  conservative  and  moderate  Democrats,  pQOuld 
have  consented  to  the  incorporation  into  their  platform  of  the  gr^at  cen- 
tral idea  born  of  nullification  in  1832,  that  protection  is  unconstitutional. 

It  is  lamentable,  Mr.  President,  that  such  a  monstrous  doctrine  should 
have  found  its  way  into  the  fundamental  structure  of  a  great  political 
party.  I  do  not  pretend  to  assert  that  this  was  the  trap  Trhich  it  is  said 
Mr.  Cleveland  believes  was  laid  for  him  in  the  Chicago  Democratic  plat- 
form ;  but  certainly,  except  in  the  nullification  ordinance  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1832,  there  can  not  bo  found  in  the  history  of  political  parties, 
recent  or  remote,  any  such  damning  assertion  as  that  incorporated  into 
the  Chicago  Democratic  platform,  upon  which  Mr.  Cleveland,  with  the 
Senator  from  Missouri,  the  Senator  from  Texas,  the  Senator  from  Mary- 
land, and  the  Senators  from  New  York,  is  supposed  to  stand.  Let  me 
quote  it  verbatim  and  compare  it  with  the  nullification  ordinance : 

CHICAGO  PI.ATFORM. 

"  We  declare  it  to  be  a  fundamental  principle  of 
the  Democratic  party  that  the  Federal  Government  has  no  constitutional 
power  to  impose  and  collect  tariflf  duties,  except  for  the  purpose  of 
revenue  only." 

DISUNION,  NUIXIFICATION  ORDINANCE. 

"  We,  therefore,  the  people  of 
the  State  of  South  Carolina  in  convention  assembled,  do  declare  and  or- 
dain that  the  several  acts  imposing  duties  on  imports  (the  tarifl"laws  of 
1828  and  1832)  are  unauthorized  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  are  null  and  void  and  no  law." 

Thereupon,  upon  the  lead  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  a  rebellion  was  inaugurated, 
or  attempted  to  be  inaugurated,  by  undertaking  to  take  South  Carolina 
out  of  the  Union.  I  am  reminded  by  the  honorable  Senator  from  Ohio 
[Mr.  Sherman]  that  the  same  principle  was  embodied  in  the  constitution 
of  the  so-called  Southern  Confederacy.  It  was  one  of  the  stones  of  the 
comer  upon  which  that  government  was  attempted  to  be  built. 

Mr.  PiiATT.    May  I  interrupt  the  Senator  from  Illinois  ? 

Mr.  CuLiiOM.    Certainly. 

Mr.  PiiATT.  A  very  significant  fact  to  be  spoken  of  in  this  connection 
is  that  the  words  "  tariflf  reform "  were  first  inaugurated  by  Governor 
Hayne  when  he  made  his  proclamation  in  issuing  the  nullification  ordi- 
nance. 

Mr.  CuiiiiOM.    I  remember  that  that  is  true. 

This,  with  other  ordinances,  completely  nuUifying  the  laws  of  Con- 
groMr  was  report  io  t)4«  South  Carolina  nullifiofttion  oonyentioii  by 

m 


Democrats  by  theoretical  Bpeculations  about 
per  cents  and  advalorems  make  believe  that  tbe 
poor  have  to  bear  the  burden  of  tariff  taxation.  In 
tenth  and  practical  fact  it  is  not  so. 

—Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson,  North  Dakotft. 


^FRIIB  TBAIJZ.    (Contlntied.) 

Gen.  Hayne,  ifovember  20,  1832,  and  adopted  by  a  nearly  nnanimous 

vote. 

The  party  in  S(Wh  Carolina  which  promoted  and  urged  these  proceed- 
ings adopted  the  n^ne  of  "  The  Free  Trade  and  State  Rights  party."  In 
July,  1832,  Mr.  Calh6«an,  in  a  letter  to  citizens  of  Colleton,  spoke  of  them 
by  that  name,  and  in  ^is  same  letter  he  said : 

"  In  the  short  space  of  ^our  years  our  doctrine  has  overspread  our  own 
State  and  is  rapidly  taking^  root  beyond  our  limits." 

And  so  it  was.  \ 

It  should  be  borne  in  mindHhat  the  letter  of  Mr.  Calhoun  was  written 
when  Calhoun  was  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  and  it  shows 
clearly  what  I  intimated  earlier  in  these  remarks  that  subsequent  to  1828 
Mr.  Calhoun  changed  his  views,  and  from  the  firm  and  solid  ground  of 
American  protection  he  passed  out  upon  the  dangerous  marsh  of  free 
trade. 

"Free-trade  and  State  rights"  was  the  motto  of  disunion,  the  excuse 
for  secession,  and  although  crushed  out  by  Jackson  in  1832,  it  sprang  anew 
into  disgraceful  life  in  1860,  to  be  driven  to  the  wall  at  untold  cost  of 
blood  and  treasure  by  Lincoln,  and  Grant,  and  Sherman,  and  Logan, 
and  Palmer,  I  may  say,  and  many  other  distinguished  men. 

In  1892  the  false  creed  again  sprang  into  being  and  was  adopted  by  the 
Democratic  party  only  to  be  again  driven  from  the  political  field  as  it 
Will  be  in  1894. 

A  revenue  tariff  pure  and  simple,  is  a  misnomer  aad  an  impossibility. 
It  is  merely  a  half-way  house  between  free-tradt  «nd  protection,  a  neu- 
tral ground  where  cowards  may  meet  as  under  a  truce  to  concoct  unholy 
compromises  and  base  compacts  between  sugar  trusts  and  lead  trusts  and 
questionable  "combines,"  to  the  injury  of  legitimate  commercial  and 
agricultural  and  manufacturing  interests.  Dignified  and  worthy  Sena- 
:»ors  console  themselves  with  the  idea  that  the  compound  of  free-trade 
and  State  rights  is  vastly  more  palatable  when  it  is  labeled  "  tariff  reform  " 
than  when  it  was  called  by  its  true  and  proper  designation  of  nullifica- 
tion and  disunion. 

That  sturdy  old  Republican-Democrat  Andrew  Jackson,  whose  "  by 
the  Eternal "  meant  all  that  his  full  and  expressive  utterance  could  im- 
ply, built  his  everlasting  fame  upon  the  true  support  he  always  gave  to 
the  American  system,  and  nowhere  in  our  wonderful  legacy  of  State 
papers  are  to  be  found  any  more  touching  or  eloquent  tributes  to  the 
beauty,  simplicity,  and  value  of  the  American  Union  than  in  the  mes- 
sages, letters,  and  proclamations  of  Jackson.  The  closing  words  of  his 
proclamation  to  the  South  Carolina  discontents,  geneially  known  as 
"  Jackson's  nullification  proclamation,"  are  to  be  classed  in  classic  beauty 
beside  the  address  of  Abraham  Lincoln  at  Gettysburg,  I  quote  a  few 
^es: 

in 


^er*  ooold  hare  b«en  read  between  the  stars 
and  bars,  as  they  floated  at  the  head  of  the  Confed- 
erate forces,  the  words  "slavery  and  free  trade,  "and 
between  the  stars  and  stripes  upon  the  flasr  of  the 
Union,  as  it  was  borne  by  the  boys  in  blme  t*  Tioto- 
tjp  HSHkm  words  "liberty  and  protection." 

«-Hon.  Joseph  G.  Cannon,  yiHf^^ 


P^Ua  TBADB.    ^Osmtlnnsd.) 

**  Fellow-citizong  of  th«  United  States,  the  threat  of  unhallowed  dis- 
linion,  the  names  of  those  once  respected  by  whom  it  is  uttered,  the  array 
pf  military  force  to  support  it,  denote  the  approach  of  a  crisis  in  our 
Mffairs  on  which  the  continuance  of  our  unexampled  prosperity,  our 
political  existence,  and  perhaps  that  of  all  free  governments  may  de- 
pend. 

«  «  •  •  •  «  * 

"Preserve  the  Union  by  all  constitutional  means,  and  if  it  be  the  will 
of  Heaven  that  a*  recurrence  of  the  primeval  curse  on  man  for  the  shed- 
dins:  of  a  brother's  blood  should  fall  upon  our  land,  let  it  be  not  called 
down  by  any  offensive  act  on  the  part  of  the  United  States." 
VRKB  TRADE,  WHY  BNOIiAXD  IS  FOB  IT, 

Engfland  is  a  free- trade  country,  and  why?  Simply  because  she  con- 
sumes only  37  per  cent,  of  what  she  produces  or  manufactures,  and  is 
compelled  to  find  a  market  for  the  remaining:  63  per  cent,  of  all  her  pro- 
ducttfuus.  In  other  words,  when  a  British  manufacturer  makes  three 
articles  ht  can  sell  only  one  of  them  at  home,  and  is  compelled  to  find  a 
fortiin^  market  for  the  other  two ;  otherwise  his  factory  must  close.  ■ 

America  consumes  93  per  cent,  of  what  she  produces,  and  sends  only  7 
per  cent,  abroad.  Therefore,  if  America  should  sell  nothing  abroad,  only 
one  man  out  of  every  twelve  would  be  thrown  out  of  employment. 

FB££  TRADE  IS  TAXING  NON-COMPETING  ITEMS. 

AJl  free-trade  nations,  so  called,  lay  tariff  duties  on  imports,  free-trade 
England  raising  almost  $100,000,000  annually,  and  free-trade  Norway  and 
Sweden  each  about  one- third  of  their  revenues  from  that  source.  The  dis- 
tinguishing feature  of  the  free-trade  or  revenue-tarifi'  policy  is  to  lay 
duties  on  foreign  goods  without  any  reference  whatever  to  the  protection 
of  domestic  industries,  but  solely  for  revenue,  and  this,  in  contradis- 
tinction from  a  protective  tariff,  which,  while  it  raises  revenue,  protects 
domestic  products,  is  called  free-trade.  Hence  a  tariff  for  revenue  only, 
a  revenue  tariff,  and  free-trade  are  equivalent  terms. 


4 


^,^i    ^i^*'  «-^- 


The  «l«Tatlon  and  dignity  of  labor  ihonld  b» 
the  principal  cardinal  doctrine  of  ©very  patriotic 
Aiu«rian.       —Senator  Geo.  C.  Perkins,  California. 


G 


GEORGH. 

Area  58,980  square  miles.  Included  in  the  Carolina  charter  of 
1663— chartersurrendered  to  the  Crown  in  1729— charter  granted  by  George 
II,  June  9,  175X— charter  surrendered  to  the  Crown,  June  20, 1761— first 
State  Constitution  formed,  February  6, 1777— ratified  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  January  2, 1788. 

Legislature  composed  of  44  Senators,  175  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
niaUy,  (Oct.  23, 1894.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  1st  Wednesday  in  Oct.,  1894. 

Senator  Patrick  Walsh,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  John  B.  Gordon,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  168,809.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,447;  Rep.,  3,602. 
2nd.  Population,  180,300.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,517;  Pop.,  6,060. 
3rd.  Population,  159,658.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,574  ;  Pop.,  4,982. 
4th.  Population,  166,121.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,779;  Pop.,  7,145. 
5th.  Population,  165,638.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  9,732;  Pop.,  6,447. 
6th.  Population,  165,942.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,628;  Pop.,  6,387. 
7th.  Population,  179,259.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  13,572 ;  Pop.,  7,037. 
8th.  Population,  170,801.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,133;  Pop.,  5,550. 
9th.  Population,  172,061.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,952;  Pop.,  9,481. 
10th.  Population,  160,759.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,772 ;  Pop.,  12,333. 
11th.  Population,  155,948.   Vote  1892:  Dem.,  U^l;  Pop.,  6,882. 

GERMANY. 

In  Germany  the  standard  is  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  mark ;  the 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.23.8 ;  the  coins  are  gold ;  5,  10  and  20 
marks.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  13.93  of  limited  tender 
silver. 

GLASS,  1890. 

Establishments. 294 

Capital $40,  966,  850 

Employes 45,987 

Wages 122, 118,  522 

Materials 12, 140,  985 

Products 41,  051,  004 

Average  annual  wages,  $482.73 ;  Imported  in  1893,  $7,943,961 ;  Duty  col- 
lected, $5,067,306. 

Duty  reduced  by  new  law  from  average  ad  valorem  of  61.20  to  35.21. 

163 


.  Nation  Is  trrlna:  how  It  can  get  thm 
greatest  proteotlon  for  its  own  indnstrles. 

— Hon.  J.  T.  MoOlearjr,  Minnesota. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER.    (See  .  s.  Coinage.) 

Coinage  of  nations  of  the  world  from  1799  to  189$. 


'Oountries. 


TTnited  States 

Great  Britain 

France , 

Mexico  

Belgium 

Switzerland , 

Italy 

Germany 

Netherlands 

Scandinavian  Union 

BuBsia 

Japan 

Chile 

Australasia 

India 

^ustx-ia-Hungary. , 


l*brtujb*i  ...„.., 

Greeot  ^ 

Servia  .'3..« 

Roum.^*^ 

Bulgaria  ..^ , 

Argentine  Republic 

Brazil 

Egypt .... 

Turkey 

Central  American  States 

Colombia 

Venezuela , 


Total 


Years. 


1793-1892 
1816-1891 
1795-1891 
1792-1891 
1832-1891 
1866-1891 
1851-1891 
1857-1891 
1847-1891 
1873-1891 
1800-1891 
1871-1891 
1872-1888 
1855-1891 
1835-1891 
1857-1891 
1876-1891 
1854-1891 
1867-1885 
1882-1885 
1879-1884 
1883-1885 
1882-1888 
1849-1891 
1830-1891 
1844-1891 
1829-1877 
1868-1891 
1874-1891 


Gold. 


$1,585, 

1, 160, 

1,689, 

79, 

115, 

3, 

92, 

623, 

31, 

29, 

965, 

63, 

65, 

550, 

11, 

94, 

192, 

8, 

2, 

1, 


302,060 
960,  074 
785,528 
725,:t08 
53S,  049 
201,484 
965,850 
291,883 
488,365 
613,  967 
411, 163 
429,  611 
927,408 
418,328 
710,  832 
439,  473 
677,344 
185,138 
316,000 
930,000 
734,365 


26,  438,  817 

6,  488,  301 

13,  539, 113 

143,  756,  546 

2,  318,  381 

3,053,464 

660,500 


$7,  664, 307,  452 


Silver. 


$611, 

151, 

1,025, 

1,733, 

103, 

6, 

113, 

277, 

189, 

11, 

234, 

111. 

38, 

1, 

1,  575, 

278, 

154, 

20. 

6, 

16, 
2, 
2, 

11. 
9, 

42, 

6, 


358,811 
925,944 
314,  200 
298,368 
128,149 
910,  027 
250,  035 
769,  824 
719,  348 
673,564 
098,981 
671,  255 
306,  775 
479,  416 
343,309 
687,921 
580,160 
813,  755 
068,732 
868,500 
092,600 
160, 120 
710,  639 
412,565 
219,  605 
333,102 
373,  919 
719, 179 
495,  991 


$6,  736,  784,  794 


Treasury  Department, 

Bureau  of  the  Mint^  August  18, 189S. 

164 


tlie  firiilgr  oh  fort  Sumter  ttniied  the  if  orthcrti 

States  in  defense  of  the  Union.    The  passagre  of  this 

bill  in  anything  like  its  present  form  will  again 

unite  them  in  the  protection  of  their  industries. 

—Senator  W.  D.  Washburn,  Minnesota. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER,  bars  furnished  for  use  in  manufac- 
tures AND  THE  ARTS,  IN  1893. 


Material. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Total. 

Domestic  bullion 

$10,  588,  703 

787,  334 

771,  686 

4,  468,  685 

$7,  204,  210 

5,  152 

1,  249,  801 

647,  377 

§17,  792,  913 

United  States  coin 

792,  486 

Foreign  bullion  and  coin.. 

2,  021,  487 

Old  material 

5, 116,  062 

Total 

$16,  616,  408 

$9,  106,  540 

$25,  722,  948 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

In  Great  Britain  the  standard  is  gold  ;  the  monetary- 
unit  is  the  pound  sterling  ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $4.86.6i ;  the 
coins  are  gold :  sovereign  (pound  sterling)  and  J  sovereign.  The  ratio  of 
gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  14.28  of  limited  silver. 

GREECE. 

In  Greece  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is 
the  drachma ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3 ;  the  coins  are 
gold :  5,  10,  20,  50,  and  100  drachmas ;  silver :  5  drachmas.  The  ratio  of 
gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold,  15i  of  silver,  or  1  of  gold  to  14.38  of  limited 
silver. 

166 


You  cannot  reduce  the  laborer  to  a  state  of 
starvation  and  degrradation  without  also  destroy- 
ing national  prosperity. 

—Senator  J.  N.  Dolph,   Oreffon. 


H 


HAITI. 

In  Haiti  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
gourde ;  the  value  in  United  States  money  is  $0.96.5 ;  the  coins  are  silver : 
gourde.    The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

HAY. 

In  1870  the  hay  acreage  in  the  United  States  was  but  19,861,805  acres, 
yielding  24,525,000  tons  of  hay  of  the  home  value  of  $338,969,680;  while  in 
1880  the  acreage  had  increased  to  25,863,955  acres,  producing  31,925,23,3 
tons  of  the  home  value  of  $371,811,084;  while  in  1893  the  acreage  had 
reached  the  enormous  figure  of  49,619,469  acres.  The  product  was  65,766,- 
158  tons  of  the  home  value  of  $570,882,872,  or  more  than  double  the  value 
of  the  cotton  crop,  which  in  1888  was  $292,139,209 ;  $144,540,110  more  than 
twice  the  value  of  the  wheat  crop  in  1893,  the  latter  being  but  $213,171,381 ; 
nearly  fifteen  times  greater  than  the  tobacco  crop,  which  was  but  $39,155,- 
442  in  1893,  and  moi-e  than  five  times  the  value  of  the  potato  crop,  which 
in  1893  was  $108,661,801,  and  within  a  fraction  of  as  much  in  value  as  the 
corn  crop  of  1893,  which  was  $591,625,627. 

The  tariff  on  foreign  hay  under  the  McKinley  act  was  $4  per  to  n,  and 
notwithstanding  this  rate  of  duty,  we  imported  from  Canada  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30, 1893, 104,181  tons  of  the  value  of  $962,221.51,  on  which 
we  collected  a  duty  of  $416,724.86.  The  year  ending  June  30, 1890,  prior  to 
the  passage  of  the  McKinley  act,  we  imported  124,544  tons  of  hay  of  the 
value  of  $1,143,445.    The  duty  in  the  new  law  is  $2  per  ton. 

HAY.    FARMERS'  I.OSS  FROM  THE  NEW  TARIFF. 

If,  as  argued  by  Democrats,  the  whole  amount  of  the  tariflf  rates  on 
foreign  products  is  added  to  the  domestic  products  of  like  kind ;  then 
whatever  reduction  the  new  tariff  makes  on  foreign  hay  will  be  taken 
from  the  farmers'  price  of  home  products.  The  following  table  shows 
the  loss  to  our  farmers  on  hay  alone  on  this  hypothesis,  namely  $131,- 
532,316. 


The  only  liberty  worth  havlns  in  this  country 
is  the  equal  liberty  of  all  men  alike. 

—Senator  C  K.  Davis,   Minnesota. 


HAY,  1893. 

Table  showing  the  production  of  hay  in  189S,  the  value  thereof y  and  the 
constructive  loss  by  reaso^i  of  reduction  of  duty  under  the  new  tariff 
law. 


States  and  Territories. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts .... 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Deleware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North  Carolina.... 
South  Carolina.... 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia  .... 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

South  Dakota 

North  Dakota 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New  Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington , 

lOregon , 

California , 


Total . 


Tons. 


129,486 
672,  550 
028,591 
724,  555 

71,  831 
512,  522 
298,208 
526,840 
178,  426 

43,124 
422,830 
853,975 
310,  769 
255,075 
214,  117 

15,  626 
114,  084 
135,486 

59,  780 
470,  794 
234,082 
766,  276 
682,825 
882,  543 
306,  772 
869,  245 
875,  572 
273,  874 
308,  859 
791,  702 
622,  58J) 
651,246 
374,  459 
589,663 
379,  992 
553,  771 
440,570 
297,  483 
945,755 

82,880 

63,383 
305,  811 
361,  576 
518,  324 
566,607 
139, 178 
842,446 


66,  766, 158 


w 


Value. 


$13,  700,  665 
10,  491,  874 
10,  933,  922 
12,  556,  538 

1,  407,  888 
8,  909,  135 

82,  688,  097 
9, 182,  821 

45,  769,.334 

733,  108 

6,  025,  328 

11, 178,  533 

3,  452,  644 

2,  466,  575 
2,  582,  251 

308,  614 
1,  282,  304 

1,  302,  020 
538,020 

4,  519,  622 

2,  193,  348 
8,  245,  130 
8,  706,  019 

8,  966,  637 
33,  233,  059 
17,  122,  284 
26,  340,  240 
29,  000,  524 
16,  023,  785 
12,  758,  078 
53,  115,  148. 
25,  704,  772 
20,  516,  213 
12,  611,  659 

5,  064,  571 

2,  060,  028 

3,  476,  097 

2,  379,  864 

6,  601,  370 
704,  480 
522,  910 

1,  581,-043 

3,  015,  760 

2,  850,  782 
5,  195,  786 

9,  227,  342 
22,  370,  050 


Loss. 


$2,  258,  972 

1,  345, 112 

2,  057,  182 
1,  449, 110 

143,  662 

1,025,044 

14,  596,  416 

1,  053,  680 

6,  356,  852 

86,248 

845,660 

1,  707,  950 

621,538 

610, 150 

428,234 

31,252 

228,168 

270,  972 

119,560 

941,598 

469,  164 

1,  532,  652 

1,  365,  650 

1,  765,  086 
6,  613,  544 

3,  738,  490 

5,  751,  144 

6,  647,  748 

4,  617,  718 

6,  583,  404 
17,  2-15,  178 

7,  3()-J,  492 

8,  748.  918 
6,  ITi),  326 

2,  759,  y84 
1, 107,  541 

aSl,  140 
694,966 
1,  891,  510 
165,760 
126,766 
611,  611 
723,  152 

1,  036,  648 
1, 133,  214 

2,  278,  356 

5,  684,  892 


670,  882,  872  131,  6S2,  316 


L4Jt.l.».lJII|J 


Whatever  the  future  industrial  system  of  this 
\  country  may  be,  the  past  system  is  a  splendid  mon- 
ument to  that  series  of   successful  statesmen  wlio 
found  the   country  bankrupt  and  distracted,  and 
left  it  first  on  the  list  ui   nations. 

—Hon.  Thos.  B.  Beed,   Maine. 


HAWAII. 

HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

The  natives  of  Hawaii  are  of  the  brown  Poly- 
nesian race,  and  at  the  time  they  first  became  known  to  the  whites, 
numbered  about  400,000.  But  like  all  the  weaker  races  in  contact  with 
the  stronger  they  have  been  unable  to  resist  the  new  diseases,  vices  and 
habits,  and  have  now  diminished  to  about  40,000. 

Few  stories  are  more  deeply  interesting  to  the  student  than  the  history  of 
this  far-oflf  diminutive  island  people  and  kingdom.  Discovered  by  Capt. 
Cook  in  1779,  and  visited  three  times  by  Vancouver  before  1796,  they  were 
neglected  by  white  men  until  the  arrival  of  the  first  company  of  American 
missionaries  in  1820,  to  be  followed  by  another  in  1823  and  a  third  in  1828. 
Up  to  1848  twelve  companies  of  missionaries  went  from  the  United  States. 
They  found  a  people  in  the  bonds  of  idolatry  of  a  pagan  priesthood  and 
superstition  enforced  by  the  dreadful  penalty  of  the  "tabu,"  and  yet  sin- 
gularly ,open-minded  and  amenable  to  the  influences  of  civilization.  The 
chieftain  class  were  distinctively  superior  to  the  common  people  as  much 
in  physique,  courage,  mental,  and  moral  force  as  they  were  in  rank. 
Their  government  and  land  tenures  approximated  to  the  feudal  system. 
In  the  Kamehameha  dynasty  they  were  fortunate  in  a  line  of  kings  who 
possessed  lofty  qualities  of  both  head  and  heart.  Under  their  benign  in- 
fluence and  sway,  Christianity  was  welcomed  and  adopted ;  churches  and 
schools  took  the  place  of  idols  and  superstition ;  the  language  was  re- 
duced to  writing,  and  the  Bible  translated.  Before  the  end  of  1824,  2,000 
people  had  learned  to  read,  and  a  popular  system  of  schools  spread  rap- 
idly over  the  islands.  The  eagerness  of  the  people  to  acquire  the  new 
and  wonderful  art  of  reading  and  writing  was  intense,  and  at  length 
almost  the  whole  population  attended  school. 

Not  only  did  the  natives  accept  Christianity  and  education,  but  the 
American  influence  upon  their  Government,  upon  its  framework  and 
conduct,  from  the  outset  was  profound.  As  early  as  1839  the  King  pro- 
mulgated a  Declaration  of  Rights,  which  may  be  considered  as  the  Mag- 
na Charta  of  Hawaiian  freedom.  When  the  commanders  of  French  or 
British  ships  sought  to  get  possession  of  the  islands  they  found  that  th  ey 
had  to  deal  not  merely  with  native  rulers,  but  with  skillful  and  accom- 
plished American  or  European  diplomatists,  backed  by  important  ves- 
ted commercial  interests.  In  1839,  when  Capt.  La  Place,  in  command  of 
a  French  frigate,  exacted  an  idemnity  of  $20,000  as  a  guaranty  of  harsh 
and  unreasonable  demands  with  the  hope  that  because  of  the  inability 
of  the  King  to  procure  the  money  he  could  seize  the  islands,  the  white 
juerohants  promptly  subscribed  and  deposited  the  sum.    When  in  1842, 


I  am  aware  of  tlie  difficnltles^tliat  will  arise  in 
this  counti-y  in  reduciug  wages  to  the  level  of  Asi- 
atic wages  and  the  wages  of  some  of  the  countries 
of  lilurope.  —Senator  W.  M.  Stewart^  ;^^eva^a. 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

at  the  instigation  of  the  British  consul,  Lord  George  Paulet,  in  command 
of  a  British  frigate,  compelled  from  Kamehameha  III  a  deed  of  cession 
of  the  islands,  his  action  was  anticipated  by  the  King,  who  had  already 
sent  a  commissioner  to  tiie  United  States  and  to  England,  on  whose  rep- 
resentation and  request,  with  the  added  interposition  of  the  American 
Government,  the  British  Government  promptly  repudiated  the  transac- 
tion, and  with  the  French  Government  reciprocally  agreed  never  to  take 
possession  of  the  islands.  Notwithstanding  this  treaty,  however,  in  1849 
Admiral  de  Tromelin,  in  command  of  a  French  frigate  took  military  pos- 
^  session  of  the  fort,  Government  offices,  custom-house,  and  other  royal 
property ;  their  demands  continuing  to  be  harshly  pressed,  Kamehame- 
ha in  1851  made  to  the  American  consul  in  escrow  a  conditional  procla- 
mation of  the  cession  of  the  islands  to  the  United  States  ;  and  thereafter 
and  upon  the  urgency  of  the  American  Government,  the  French  aban- 
doned their  pressure.  With  this  incident  all  active  efforts  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  France  to  dominate  the  islands  ceased. 

Under  American  influence  constitutional  government  was  established 
in  the  islands  by  the  adoption  of  a  written  constitution  after  the  English 
analogy,  containing  the  safeguards  of  Anglo-American  liberty.  In  1851 
Mr.  Severance,  the  American  consul  writes : 

"  The  popular  representative  body  is  for  the  most  part  composed  of  na- 
tives of  the  United  States,  and  so  is  the  executive  part  of  the  Government 
as  well  as  the  judiciary,  at  least  in  the  high  courts." 

In  addition  to  all  this,  American  commercial  and  property  interests 
predominated  from  the  outset.  As  early  as  1842,  the  Hawaiian  Commis- 
sion to  obtain  from  the  United  States  the  recognitionof  their  sovereignty, 
stated  to  Mr.  Webster,  that  annually  not  less  than  from  five  to  seven  mil- 
lions of  American  property,  in  from  90  to  100  American  whalers  and  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  merchant  vessels,  lay  in  Hawaiian  harbors  and  road- 
steads receiving  protection  from  the  Hawaiian  Government.  Mr.  Sever- 
ance in  his  dispatch  of  1851  adds : 

"The  American  interest— missionai-y,  mercantile,  and  otherwise— is 
altogether  paramount.  Three-fourths  at  least  of  the  business  done  here 
is  by  Americans,  and  they  already  own  much  of  the  real  estate." 

The  earlier  intimacy  between  the  islands  and  the  United  States  was  of 
course  greatly  augmented  by  the  annexation  and  development  of  Cali- 
fornia, Oregon,  and  our  Pacific  coast;  until  finally  these  growing  influ- 
ences led  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1875— stUl  subsisting— under  which 
the  Hawaiian  Government  became  a  part  of  the  American  commercial 
system  and  shared  in  the  unlimited  resources  of  the  American  market. 
In  its  o^vn  comprehensive  terms  the  treaty  was  made  "  to  consolidate  the 
commercial  intercourse  "  of  the  two  countries.  And  it  had  consolidated 
them,  at  the  very  hour  when  the  infatuated  Queen  Liliuokalani  was  pro- 
posing to  put  her  heel  on  the  neck  of  every  American  on  the  islands, 
^yeiy  material  interes.t  of  the  islands  was  part  and  parcel  of  their  idfig^ 

ifi9 


1  do  not  know  of  any  crime  that  the  fanner 
has  committed  that  he  should  foe  deprived  of 
protection  and  his  liome  market  turned  over 
to  Canada  and  the  other  people  of  the  earth. 

•—Senator  B.  F.  Pettig^rew,    South  Dakota. 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

tification  with  the  United  States  and  of  the  influences — moral,  social,  and 

political — for  which  her  American  subjects  stood. 

HAWAII,    A  NEW  DYNASTY,  NOT  HEREDITARY. 

The  high  chiefs,  the  Kamehamehas.  were  especially  superior  in  quality 
and^character.  Bom  to  rule,  they  were  fit  to  rule.  They  were  as  ready 
to  accept  the  aid  of  the  white  men  in  the  conduct  of  their  Government  as 
they  were  to  accept  parliamentary  Government  and  constitutional  limi- 
tation upon  their  theretofore  arbitrary  power.  No  friction  ensued  be- 
tween them  and  their  advisers ;  while  adventurers  and  hoodlums,  bribery 
and  corruption,  had  no  place  in  their  councils.  But  they  became  extinct, 
as  did  also  the  entire  class  of  chiefs  throughout  the  islands.  With  them, 
as  the  event  has  shown,  expired  the  last  possibility  of  successful  native 
rule.  Kalakaua  and  Liliuokalani  not  only  were  governed  by  but  sym- 
pathized with  whatever  was  base  in  the  influences  that  surrounded  them. 
Both  abandoned  the  traditions  of  the  Kamehamehas.  Both  sought  arbi- 
trary power  to  escape  wholesome  restraints,  and  to  enable  them  by  the 
abuse  of  Government  to  secure  revenues  to  which  they  were  not  entitled, 
and  thus  minister  to  the  passions  which  dominated  them.  Neither  prop- 
erty nor  any  other  vital  interest  was  safe  at  their  hands.  Force  compelled 
Kalakaua  to  accept  the  restraints  of  the  Constitution  of  1887.  He  was 
called  to  the  throne  in  1874  by  election  and  not  by  hereditary  right,  and 
both  he  and  his  sister  proved  to  be  totally  different  people  from  the  royal 
dynasty  whom  they  succeeded.  On  the  29th  of  January,  1891,  Liluokalani 
was  proclaimed  Queen  on  the  death  of  Kalakaua.  She  was  neither  an 
hereditary  nor  an  absolute  monarch,  but  chosen  under  and  bound  by  the 
terms  of  a  written  Constitution,  which  slie  was  sworn  to  obey  and  main- 
tain. She  had  no  more  right  to  set  it  aside  than  has  President  Cleveland 
to  set  aside  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

HAWAII,    THE  QUEEN'S  ATTEMPTED  RETOI^UTION. 

The  first  year  and  a  half  of  her  reign  was  uneventful,  but  the  last  six 
months  were  pregnant  with  events  that  affected  the  future.  The  Queen 
and  her  supporters  were  struggling  to  have  ministers  of  her  own  choos- 
ing, rather  than  those  acceptable  to  the  majority  of  the  Legislature,  as 
required  by  the  Constitution,  so  that  during  those  six  months  there  were 
five  different  cabinets.  Three  cabinets  were  voted  out  in  the  course  of  a 
few  weeks.  In  two  of  them  were  Sam  Parker  and  Paul  Neumann.  In 
the  third  was  Comwell.  These  men,  and  their  like,  were  those  who  were 
promoting  the  opium  and  lottery  bills— the  one  to  permit  the  opium  traf- 
fic at  the  cost  of  the  further  demoralization  of  the  native  population ;  the 
other  to  transfer  to  these  islands  the  Louisiana  octopus,  which  had  been 
driven  out  of  the  United  States,  that  from  that  coigne  of  vantage  it  might 
eat  up  the  substance  [of  the  islands  and  prey  upon  our  people.    From 

m 


The  dogma  that  cupidity  is  a  synonym  for  vir- 
tue will  never  fail  to  find  ready  converts  auioug  the 
beneficiaries.        ,  —Senator  Jno.  P.  Jones,  Nevada. 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

both,  the  Queen  could  gain  a  peiinanent  revenue  which  would  make  her 
independent  of  the  purse  of  the  State  controlled  by  the  Legislature  and 
enable  her  the  more  readily  and  easily  to  forge  the  fetters  of  absolutism 
upon  the  country.  From  both,  the  harpies,  sharpers,  and  adventurers 
around  her,  who  were  guiding  the  movement,  would  fatten  on  the  profits 
and  corruption  that  would  ensue. 

The  Queen,  with  the  aid  of  the  unscrupulous  supporters  of  the  opium 
and  lottery  bills,  had,  by  bribery,  forced  both  measures  through  the  Leg- 
islature, had  voted  out  the  conservative  cabinet,  and  had  appointed  in 
their  stead  a  new  cabinet,  made  up  of  Parker,  Comwell,  Colbum,  and 
Peterson.  At  noon  on  the  14th  of  January,  1893,  the  Queen  prorogued  the 
Legislature,  thereby  leaving  this  cabinet  in  power  until  the  Legislature 
should  again  assemble  at  the  end  of  nearly  two  years.  At  the  same  time 
she  announced  to  her  ministers  her  purpose  to  proclaim  a  new  Constitu- 
tion. This  proposed  Constitution  would  overthrow  constitutional  and 
responsible  government,  and  practically  place  the  entire  powers  of  the 
government,  all  power  over  the  people  and  property  of  the  islands,  at 
the  mercy  of  the  Queen.  It  gave  to  the  Crown  the  power  to  appoint  the 
ministers  without  regard  to  any-^vote  of  the  Legislature,  to  appoint  the 
nobles,  twenty-four  in  number,  and  one-half  of  the  Legislature.  It  re- 
duced the  qualification  of  voters  and  confined  the  right  of  sufirage  to 
"subjects"  only,  thereby  taking  it  away  from  those  of  American  or 
European  birth  or  descent  who  had  it  under  the  existing  Constitution ; 
thus  giving  to  the  native  Hawaiians  control  over  the  election  of  the  rep- 
resentatives, and,  with  her  power  to  appoint  the  nobles,  making  the  Leg- 
islature the  creature  of  her  will. 

The  Constitution  could  be  changed  by  the  majority  vote  of  one  Legis- 
lature and  the  two-thirds  vote  of  the  succeeding  one,  but  sh#fettempted 
to  change  it  by  her  own  arbitrary  edict  in  violation  of  her  solemn  oath. 
The  only  further  authority  she  invoked  was  the  acquiescence  of  her 
ministers.  She  demanded  of  them  that  they  should  sign  the  instrument 
and  join  with  her  in  promulgating  it.  Small  wonder  that  they  refused, 
and,  when  with  savage  fury  she  insisted,  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  hood- 
lums of  hor  own  race,  that  they  fled  from  her  presence  for  their  lives  and 
unfolded  the  tale  to  the  leaders  of  the  reform  party 'they  had  opposed, 
asking  them  to  summon  the  people  to  their  rescu.e. 

The  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  of  the  Senate  have  well  found  in 
their  report  that  Liliuokalani  then  and  there  ceased  to  reign.  And  it  will 
remain  a  standing  marvel  to  the  people  of  this  Republic  as  long  as  it  en- 
dures, and  the  pitiful  story  of  the  subsequent  course  of  President  Cleve- 
land and  Secretary  Gresham  lives  to  stain  our  records,  how  they  could 
•ver  have  thought  otherwise. 

171 


Can   anyone  now   living  tell  wtien    there   has 
been  snch  want  and  suffering,  even  for  the  necessi- 
ties of  life,  as  within  the  last  nine  months  (1894)? 
—  Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,   New   Hampshire. 


HAWAII,    THE    QUEEN    DEPOSED    AND    A    PROVISIONAL    GOVERN 
MENT  FORMED. 

When  the  Queen's  ministers  made  known  her 
revolutionary  attempt,  the  greatest  excitement  prevailed,  as  the  new* 
rapidly  spread.  There  was  no  hesitation  in  the  minds  of  the  responsible 
citizens  of  Honolulu.  A  crisis  had  come,  a  final  decision  was  to  be  made) 
between  freedom  and  despotism,  and  the  universal  feeling  Avas  that  the 
monarchy  must  go.  The  positive  refusal  of  her  ministers  to  join  in  pro- 
claiming her  new  constitution,  their  prompt  appeal  to  the  people  to  sus- 
tain them,  and  the  universal  and  bitter  denunciation  of  her  course,  alarmed 
the  Queen,  and  she  reluctantly  receded  from  her  course,  but  with  positive 
assurance  to  her  followers  that  she  would  carry  out  her  purpose  at  the 
first  opportunity.  With  this  standing  threat,  with  her  broLcen  oath,  with 
her  known  cruel  and  obstinate  nature,  and  with  her  profligate  surround- 
ings, there  was  nothing  for  the  people  to  do  but  to  put  her  aside,  and  in 
the  language  of  the  Great  Declaration  "to  institute  a  new  Government, 
%ying  its  foundations  on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in 
such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and 
happiness."  A  meeting  of  leading  citizens  was  held,  a  Committee  of  Pub- 
lic Safety  appointed,  and  for  forty-eight  hours  the  matter  was  agitated. 
At  2  o'clock  on  Monday,  the  16th,  a  public  meeting  was  held,  and  the  fate 
of  the  Queen  decided.  A  Provisional  Government  was  formed,  which  tlio 
next  day  took  possession  of  the  Government  building,  publicly  pro- 
(daimed  the  deposition  of  the  Queen,  and  thenceforth  all  the  powers  of 
the  Government  were  in  their  hands.  This  Provisional  Government  was 
promptly  recognized  by  all  the  foreign  diplomatic  representatives,  except 
tlie  English  minister,  which  came  later. 

HAWAII,  THE  PROPOSED  ANNEXATION. 

The  Provisional  Government 
immediately  appointed  a  Commission  authorized  to  come  to  Washington 
and  negotiate  a  Treaty  for  the  annexation  of  the  Islands  to  the  United 
States.  They  came ;  a  treaty  was  agreed  upon ;  was  sent  to  the  Senate 
by  President  Harrison  on  February  15, 1893,  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations,  and  promptly  returned  with  a  favorable  report. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  inaugurated  on  the  4th  of  March,  and  by  the  7th  of 
March  he  had  withdrawn  the  Treaty  and  appointed  James  H.  Blount  as 
Commissioner  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  to  investigate  and  report  the  facts 
as  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Islands,  created  by  the  recent  deposi- 
tion of  the  Queen,  and  the  erection  of  a  Provisional  Government,  the 
causes  of  the  revolution,  and  the  sentiment  of  the  people  toward  existing 
authority. 

Mr.  Blount  reached  the  Islands  on  the  29th  of  March,  and  his  last  dis- 
patch, to  the  Secretary  of  State,  being  the  final  report  of  his  mission,  was 
dated  at  Honolulu,  Julj,  17, 1893.    This  report,  with  tbe  aooompftnyisg 

3178 


There  is  no  permanent  place  In  American  pol- 
itics for  a  party  that  bases  its  claims  for  popular 
support  on  the  failures  and  disappointments  of  the 
people.— Senator  Nelson  W.  Aldrieh,  Rhode  IsUuid. 


fiAWAII.    (Continued.) 

testimony  and  documents,  was  the  basis  of  Secretary  Gresham's  letter  to 
the  President  of  October  18,  which  first  announced  to  the  country  the 
startling  change  of  policy  meditated  by  the  Administration. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  from  the  time  Kamehamaha  offered  to  cede 
the  Islands  to  us  in  1851,  it  has  been  well  understood  that  upon  failure  of 
the  Native  Government,  they  would  fall  to  us.  Even  before  that  he  had 
pushed  aside  France  and  England  when  they  had  attempted  to  take  pos- 
session of  them,  and  refused  to  join  with  them  in  any  agreement  that  we 
would  not  assent  to.  Not  a  word  of  protest  or  objection  to  this  proposed 
annexation  came  from  any  quarter — England,  France,  Germany,  or 
Japan— all  of  whom  look  with  longing  eyes  to  this  "  Paradise  of  the  Pa- 
cific." Nor  did  it  involve  any  possibility  of  war  as  did  the  annexation 
of  Texas. 

HAWAII,  MK.  BI^OUNT'S  MISSION. 

The  President  has  power  to  send  messengers  to  collect  information  in 
any  emergency ;  but  he  has  no  right  to  clothe  them  with  diplomatic 
functions  not  provided  for  by  law,  and  no  right  to  give  them  authority 
over  the  Army  or  Navy  in  which  they  bear  no  commissions.  His  appoint- 
ment of  Mr.  Blount  with  such  powers,  while  the  Senate  was  in  session, 
without  its  knowledge  and  consent,  was  a  clear  act  of  usurpation.  As 
the  obje9t  of  this  mission  was  to  find  evidence  to  discredit  the  administra- 
tion of  President  Harrison  and  the  Hawaiian  Provisional  Government, 
it  was  sought  for  principally  among  the  disreputable  supporters  of  the 
Queen.  Nevertheless  facts  of  the  utmost  consequence  were  too  patent  to 
be  omitted.  In  his  dispatch  of  April  26,  he  sent  the  President  two  docu- 
ments which  fully  disclose  the  kind  of  Government  wanted  by  the  Queen 
and  her  followers,  and  of  which  he  says : 

•*  I  had  supposed  up  to  the  appearance  of  this  memorial  that  the  real 
demand  of  the  native  was  for  a  just  proportion  of  power  in  the  election  of 
nobles  by  the  reduction  of  the  money  qualification  of  an  elector.  This  I 
had  derived  from  interviews  with  some  of  the  intelligent  half-castes. 
This  memorial  indicates  an  opposition  to  the  new  Constitution,  because 
it  takes  away  from  the  Crown  the  right  to  appoint  nobles  and  the  right 
to  appoint  and  remove  cabinets  at  will.  There  is  no  aspiration  in  it  for 
the  advancement  of  the  right  of  the  masses  to  participate  in  the  control 
of  public  affairs,  but  an  eager,  trustful  devotion  to  the  Crown  as  an  abso- 
lute monarchy.  I  had  wondered  whether  or  not  this  race  of  people,  which 
up  to  1843  had  no  rights  of  property,  and  over  whom  the  king  and  chiefs 
had  absolute  power  of  life  and  death,  had  fully  cast  off  the  old  system 
and  conceived  the  modem  ideas  in  the  United  States  of  the  control  of  the 
Qoyemment  by  equal  participation  by  every  citizen  in  the  selection  of 
its  rulers.  *  *  -  *  Taken  in  connection  with  the  foregoing  memorial 
0/  U^9  {Hawaiian  Political  Association]  it  is  etrongly  suggeptiTe  of  blind 


Does  any  menxber  of  tbis  House  reineiub«r 
any  time  wben  the  auction  bell  and  the  sheriff's 
Tolce  have  been  heard  no  xuuoh  as  within  the  last 
twelve  Daonths(1894)? 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,    New  Hampshire, 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

devotioii  to  arbitrary  power  vested  in  the  crown  worn  by  a  person  of 
native  blood.  I  have  forwarded  these  two  documents  because  they  pre- 
sent a  phase  of  thought  which  had  not  been  so  well  defined  in  anything  I 
had  seen  in  publications  relating  to  these  islands.  They  seem  to  go  very 
far  in  the  matter  of  the  capacity  of  these  people  for  self-government." 

The  objections  to  the  Constitution  of  1887,  are  thus  stated  in  the  memo- 
rial: 

"  First.  This  Constitution  deprived  the  Crown  of  Hawaiian  Islands  of 
ts  ancient  prerogatives, 

"  Second.  This  Constitution  based  the  principles  of  Government  on  the 
forms  and  spirit  of  republican  governments. 

"  Third.  This  constitution  opens  the  way  to  a  Republican  Govemment. 

"  Fourth.  This  Constitution  has  taken  the  sovereign  power  and  vested 
it  outside  of  the  King  sitting  on  the  throne  of  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom. 

"  Fifth.  This  Constitution  has  limited  the  franchise  of  the  native  Ha- 
waiians." 

It  is  not  possible  here  to  exhibit  the  testimony  taken  by  Mr.  Blount, 
but  the  above  discloses  the  kind  of  ruler  and  government  Mr.  Cleveland 
proposed  to  restore.  Mr.  Blount,  however,  fully  admits  that  the  mass 
of  the  intelligence,  moral  virtue,  and -wealth  of  the  country  was  with  the 
Provisional  Government ;  that  it  was  fully  and  firmly  established,  and 
not  to  be  peaceably  dislodged  ;  and  that  the  men  who  composed  it  were  of 
the  highest  character  and  worth.  All  this  Mr.  Cleveland  knew  when  he 
appointed  Mr.  Willis  as  Minister  to  this  Government. 

HAWAII,  MR.  CliEVEIAND  ATTEMPTS  TO  RESTORE  THE  QUEEN. 

On  receiving  Blount's  report,  Mr.  Stevens  was  recalled  and  Mr.  Willis 
was  appointed  American  Minister.  He  was  accredited  to  the  Provisional 
Government,  and  bore  a  communication  from  President  Cleveland  to 
President  Dole,  who  was  addressed  as  "  My  great  and  good  friend." 
Neither  Congress  nor  the  people  had  the  slightest  suspicions  of  the  secret 
instructions  he  bore. 

On  the  18th  of  December  the  President  sent  a  message  to  Congress.  In 
this  he  announced  his  intention  to  repair  the  wrong  done  to  Queen  Lili- 
uokalani  by  restoring  her  to  the  throne.  The  grounds  upon  which  he 
adopted  this  policy  and  announced  this  purpose  were  that  the  force  to 
which  the  Queen's  Government  yielded  was  that  of  the  United  States,  and 
not  any  force  possessed  by  the  Committee  of  Safety  and  the  revolution- 
ists. That  the  United  States  troops  were  landed  not  to  protect  American 
life  and  property,  but  to  promote  and  secure  the  overthrow  of  the  Queen's 
Government  and  the  substitution  of  another,  that  would  offer  to  the 
United  States  a  treaty  of  annexation.  That  Minister  Stevens,  in  having 
the  troops  landed  and  in  his  recognition  of  the  Provisional  Government, 
noted  m  b»d  faith  to  tba  Queen,  as  well  as  in  groM  violation  of  hi»  duty 

m 


8en»tors  of  the  Democratlo  party,  pull  down 
tbe  American   Rystem,  which   has  stood  so  lone  • 

Sillar  of  national  pride  and  prosperity,  the  crea- 
on  of  a  lonsr  line  of  American  statesmen,  includ- 
ing those  of  your  own  party,  as  the  Parisian  con^- 
mnnists  did  th«  Yendome  column— openly,  boi^^T* 

T.  Dabo<«>  Idaho. 


and  all  at|onc««  ^Senator  V. 


HAWAO.    (Continued.) 

to  his  own  Government.  And  that  good  faith,  the  highest  duty  of  a 
Republic,  and  a  due  regard  for  our  national  character  required  that  we 
should  endeavor  to  repair  the  wrong.  But  the  President  did  not  stop 
here.  He  had  instructed  Mr.  Willis,  his  minister  to  the  islands,  to  aid  in 
overthrowing  the  Provisional  Government  and  in  restoring  the  Queen, 
upon  the  condition  of  pardon  and  clemency  by  her  to  her  former  sub- 
jects who  had  overthro\%Ti  her  power.    But  he  naively  admits : 

"  The  check  which  my  plans  have  thus  encountered  has  prevented  their 
presentation  to  the  members  of  the  Provisional  Government,  while  un- 
fortunate public  misrepresentations  of  the  situation  and  exaggerated 
statements  of  our  people  have  obviously  injured  the  prospects  of  succesa- 
fol  Executive  mediation.?' 

A  month  before  this  message,  Secretary  Gresham's  letter  to  the  Presi- 
dent had  been  made  public,  in  which  this  purpose  of  restoring  the  Queen 
was  foreshadowed.  The  amazement,  indignation  and  chagrin  of  the 
country  were  unbounded.  Men  of  all  parties,  and  the  Press  almost  with- 
out exception,  denounced  the  policy.  But  the  message  disclosed  more. 
It  showed  that  while  accredited  to  the  Provisional  Government,  Mr. 
Willis  was  instructed  to  enter  into  secret  negociations  with  the  Queen, 
and  to  promise  her  the  intervention  of  the  United  States ;  and  this  he  was 
to  conceal  from  the  Government  to  which  he  was  accredited.  To  an  hon- 
orable gentleman  like  Mr.  Willis,  to  be  thus  compelled  to  act  the  part  of 
a  secret  conspirator  against  a  Republic  in  favor  of  a  monarchy,  against 
the  men  of  his  own  blood  in  favor  of  the  native  race,  must  have  been 
most  humiliating ;  and  all  the  more  so  for  the  reason  that  it  was  in  open 
violation  of  established  International  Law. 

Vattel's  Law  of  Nations  says ; 

"  As  to  what  concerns  the  prince  to  whom  he  is  sent,  the  ambassador 
should  remember  that  his  ministry  is  a  ministry  of  peace,  and  that  it  is 
on  that  footing  only  he  is  received.  This  reason  forbids  him  engaging  in 
ny  machinations ;  let  him  serve  his  master  withou  t  injuring  the  prince 
who  receives  him.  It  is  a  base  treachery  to  take  advantage  of  the  invio- 
lability of  the  ambassadorial  character,  for  the  purpose  of  plotting  in  se- 
curity the  ruin  of  those  who  respect  that  character,  of  laying  snares  for 
them,  of  clandestinely  injuring  them,  of  embroiling  and  ruining  their 
affairs.  What  would  be  infamous  and  abominable  in  a  private  guest, 
shall  not  be  allowable  and  becoming  in  the  representative  of  a  sovereign." 

But  the  reason  for  the  failure  of  the  President's  Scheme  must  have  been 
the  keenest  sting  of  all.  When  it  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Willis  the  woman 
replied  '*  I  must  abide  by  the  laws  of  my  Government.  They  require 
that  traitors  shall  be  beheaded  and  their  property  confiscated."  Amazed 
Ht  th^  stupidity  an4  cruelty  of  this  answer^  Mr.  Willi»  says  h»  slowly 

17(^ 


Should  you  succeed  In  enacting:  this  legisla- 
tion, we  must  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  country, 
a  higrher  tribunal  than  the  Senate  or  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  and  from,  which  there  is  no  ap- 
peal. —Senator  W.  D.  Washburn,  Minnesota. 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

and  deliberately  repeated  her  words,  and  •'  I  then  said  to  her,  it  is  youf 
feeling  that  these  people  should  be  beheaded  and  their  property  confis- 
cated?" She  replied,  "It  is."  No  wonder  that  he  stopped  right  there 
and  telegraphed,  "  Views  of  the  first  party  so  extreme  as  to  require  fur- 
ther instructions."  Such  an  admonition  might  be  presumed  to  have  given 
pause  even  to  our  national  Don  Quixote  and  Sancho  Panza,  but  they 
were  indeed  made  of  sterner  stuflf.  Promptly  back  goes  the  telegram  in 
reply : 

"  Should  the  Queen  accept  conditions  and  the  Provisional  Government 
refuse  to  surrender,  you  will  be  governed  by  previous  instructions." 

What  the  Queen  really  intended  is  fully  disclosed  in  a  document  after- 
wards placed  in  Mr.  Willis'  hands,  by  her  ex-marshal,  and  paramour, 
Wilson,  on  Dec.  5, 1893. 

This  instrument  was  a  proposed  plan  of  procedure  "in  the  event  of  the 
United  States  Government  through  its  officials  causing  and  compelling 
the  Provisional  Government  to  surrender  unconditionally  and  proceed- 
ing to  the  restoration  of  Her  Majesty's  Government  as  it  was  on  the  17th 
day  of  January,  1893,  possibly  coupled  with  a  request  or  a  recommenda- 
tion to  mercy  and  leniency  on  behalf  of  those  who  took  part  as  principals 
in  the  overthrow  of  the  Queen's  Government  on  that  date."  It  provided 
that  the  commander  of  the  United  States  forces  should  bring  them  on 
shore,  compel  the  surrender  to  him  by  the  Provisional  Government  of  all 
their  officers  and  men  as  prisoners,  to  be  subsequently  turned  over  to  Her 
Majesty's  Government,  to  be  dealt  with  by  a  court  specially  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  which  was  to  proceed  under  martial  law.  Martial  law  was 
to  be  proclaimed,  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  suspended ;  all  arms  and  am- 
munition in  private  hands  were  to  be  surrendered,  and  their  sale  prohib- 
ited ;  all  officials  were  to  be  reappointed ;  all  persons  implicated  or  con- 
cerned in  the  late  overthrow  were  to  be  arrested ;  custody  and  care  was 
to  be  had  of  all  such  prisoners,  as  well  as  of  those  handed  over  by  the 
United  States  forces ;  all  arms  were  to  be  received  and  surrendered  to  the 
United  States  by  the  Provisional  Government,  and  vessels  were  to  be 
dispatched  to  the  other  islands  to  make  all  necessary  changes  and  arrests. 
All  this  was  to  be  carried  out  by  the  Queen's  late  cabinet,  and  a  council 
of  persons  whose  names  were  appended  to  the  document. 

In  transmitting  this  precious  instrument  Mr.  Willis  felt  compelled  to 
say: 

"  It  will  be  seen  that,  although  claiming  to  be  the  author  of  the  docu- 
ment, a  claim  which  is  doubtful,  he  (Wilson)  finally  admitted  that  it  had 
been  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  Queen,  by  her  attorney,  and  by 
all  the  members  of  her  former  ministry,  all  of  whom  had  received  copies. 
An  analysis  of  the  list  of  special  advisers,  whether  native  or  foreign,  is 
»ot  pnpQuraging  to  the  friends  of  good  government  or  of  American  inter- 

m 


Tilis  tariff  absolutely  abandons  now  and  foi* 
all  time  tlie  claim  that  protection  is  imconstil^i- 
tional.  After  the  spectacle  which  has  been  wit- 
nessed in  this  contest  that  issue  ought  not  to  be 
raised  agrain.  —Senator  J.J.  Patton,  Michigran. 


HAWAII.     (Continued.) 

ests.  The  Americans  who,  for  over  half  a  century,  held  a  commanding 
place  in  the  councils  of  state  are  ignored,  and  other  nationalities,  English 
especially,  are  placed  in  charge.  This  is  true  both  of  the  special  list  of 
advisers  and  of  the  supplementary  list.  If  these  lists  had  been  selected 
by  Wilson  himself  no  special  importance  would  attach  to  them,  but  it 
would  seem  from  the  facts  that  it  is  a  list  which  has  been  approved  after 
consultation  with  leading  royalists  and,  most  probably,  with  the  approval 
of  the  Queen." 

HAWAII,  THE  PROVISIONAIi  GOVERNMENT  WON'T  GO  I 

On  receiving  the  President's  answer,  Mr.  Willis  had  another  interview 
with  the  Queen,  and  finally  persuaded  her  to  sign  the  required  agreement 
as  to  the  amnesty  of  political  offenders,  and  assuming  the  obligations  of 
the  Provisional  Government,  and  then  proceeded  to  carry  out  the  second 
part  of  his  instructions.  Calling  on  President  Dole  and  the  Provisional 
Government,  he  delivered  an  address  containing  a  string  of  false  state- 
ments, notified  them  that  he  had  secured  the  Queen's  promise  of  amnesty, 
and  stated  that  they  would  be  expected  to  relinquish  the  Government  to 
her,  and  closed  thus : 

"  And  now,  Mr.  President,  and  gentlemen  of  the  Provisional  Govern- 
ment, with  a  deep  and  solemn  sense  of  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  and 
with  the  earnest  hope  that  your  answer  will  be  inspired  by  that  high 
patriotism  which  forgets  all  self-interest,  in  the  name  and  by  the  author- 
ity of  the  United  States  of  America  I  submit  to  you  the  question,  *  Are 
you  willing  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  President? '  " 

And  so  the  solemn  farce,  which  would  have  been  a  tragedy  had  it  other- 
wise ended,  was  played  out.  Gresham's  letter,  the  American  newspapers, 
and  Minister  Thurston,  had  all  arrived  at  Honolulu,  and  made  known 
the  true  situation.  President  Dole  was  fully  informed  and  promptly 
furnished  his  answer. 

The  annals  of  diplomacy  do  not  furnish  a  more  crushing  rejoind  er.  H 
is  hard  to  refrain  from  quoting  the  whole  of  this  long  paper,  every  word 
of  which  goes  to  the  mark.  It  opens  with  a  dignity  worthy  of  the  theme 
and  the  occasion : 

"  While  it  is  with  deep  disappointment  that  we  learn  that  the  important 
proposition  which  we  have  submitted  to  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  and  which  was  at  first  favorably  considered  by  it,  has  at  length 
been  rejected,  we  have  experienced  a  sense  of  relief  that  we  are  now 
favored  with  the  first  oflacial  information  upon  the  subject  that  has  been 
received  through  a  period  of  over  nine  months. 

"  While  we  accept  the  decision  of  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
declining  further  to  consider  the  annexation  proposition,  as  the  final  con- 
clusion of  the  present  Administration,  we  do  not  feel  inclined  to  regard 
it  as  the  last  word  of  the  American  Government  upon  this  subject,  for 

177 


tt  was  not  the  farmers  that  pat  Grover  Cleve- 
land in  the  White  House  ;  it  was  the  laborers  in  the 
factories  of  New  York,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey. 
Delaware  and  Indiana.  Why  then,  should  the 
market  for  farm  products  he  turned  over  to  peo- 
ple who  live  in  other  countries. 

—Senator  B.  F.  Pettisr«w«  South  D»k«ta. 


HAWAII.    (Continued.) 

the  history  of  the  mutual  relations  of  the  two  countries,  of  American 
effort  and  influence  in  building  up  the  Christian  civilization  which  has  so 
conspicuously  aided  in  giving  this  country  an  honorable  place  among 
independent  nations,  the  geographical  position  of  these  islands,  and  the 
important  and,  to  both  countries,  profitable  reciprocal  commercial  inter- 
ests which  have  long  existed,  together  with  our  weakness  as  a  sovereign 
nation,  all  point  with  convincing  force  to  political  union  between  the 
two  countries  as  the  necessary  logical  result  from  the  circumstances  men- 
tioned. This  conviction  is  emphasized  by  the  favorable  expression  of 
American  statesmen  over  a  long  period  in  favor  of  annexation,  conspic- 
uous among  whom  are  the  names  of  W.  L.  Marcy,  William  H.  Seward, 
Hamilton  Fish,  and  James  G.  Blaine,  all  former  Secretaries  of  State,  and 
especially  so  by  the  action  of  your  last  Administration  in  negotiating  a 
treaty  of  annexation  with  this  Government  and  sending  it  to  the  Senate 
with  a  view  to  its  ratification. 

"We  shall  therefore  continue  the  project  of  political  union  with"  the 
United  States  as  a  conspicuous  feature  of  our  foreign  policy,  confidently 
hoping  that  sooner  or  later  it  will  be  crowned  with  success,  to  the  lasting 
benefit  of  both  countries. 

"  The  additional  portion  of  your  communication  referring  to  our  domes- 
tic afiairs  with  a  view  of  interfering  therein,  is  a  new  departure  in  the  re- 
lations of  the  two  governments.  Your  information  that  the  President 
of  the  United  States  expects  this  Government '  to  promptly  relinquish  to 
her  (meaning  the  ex-Queen)  her  constitutional  authority,'  with  the  ques- 
tion *  are  you  willing  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  President  ?  '  might 
well  be  dismissed  in  a  single  word,  but  for  the  circumstance  that  your 
communication  contains,  as  it  appears  to  me,  misstatements  and  erron- 
eous conclusions  based  thereon,  that  are  so  prejudicial  to  this  Govern- 
ment that  I  can  not  permit  them  to  pass  unchallenged ;  moreover,  the 
importance  and  menacing  character  of  this  proposition  make  it  app  ro- 
priate  for  me  to  discuss  somewhat  fully  the  questions  raised  by  it. 

"  We  do  not  recognize  the  right  of  the  President  of  the  United  S  tates 
to  interfere  in  our  domestic  affairs.  Such  right  could  be  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  act  of  this  Government,  and  by  that  alone,  or  it  could  be  ac- 
quired by  conquest.  This  I  undertand  to  be  the  American  doctrine,  con- 
spicuously announced  from  time  to  time  by  the  authorities  of  your  Govern- 
ment. 

HAWAII,  ANSWER  TO  THE  WHOUE  CASE. 

"  My  position  is  briefly  this :  If  the  American  forces  illegally  assisted 
the  revolutionists  in  the  establishment  of  the  Provisional  Government 
that  Government  is  not  responsible  for  their  wrong-doing.  It  was  purely 
«  private  matter  for  discipline  between  the  United  States  Government 

X7« 


starving:  families  clutching  for  the  last  morsel 
of  food,  cannot  be  Inlletl  into  forgetf nines s^f  pres- 
ent misery  by  the  announcement  of  lower  adva- 
lorems  on  the  necessities  of  life. 

—Hon.  Julius  C.  Burrows,  Alichigan. 


HATVAII.    (Continued.) 

and  its  own  officers.  There  is,  I  submit,  no  precedent  in  international 
law  for  the  theory  thai  such  action  of  the  American  troops  has  conferred 
upon  the  United  States  authority  over  the  internal  affairs  of  this  Govern- 
ment. Should  it  be  true,  as  you  have  suggested,  that  the  American  Gov- 
emraent  made  itself  responsible  to  the  Queen,  who,  it  is  alleged,  lost  her 
throne  through  such  action,  that  is  not  a  matter  for  me  to  discuss,  except 
to  summit  that  if  such  be  the  case,  it  is  a  matter  for  the  American  Gov- 
ernment and  her  to  settle  between  them.  This  Government,  a  recognized 
sovereign  power,  equal  in  authority  with  the  United  States  Government, 
and  enjoying  diplomatic  relations  with  it,  can  not  be  destroyed  by  it  for  the 
sake  of  discharging  its  obligations  to  the  ex-Queen." 

So  let  the  curtain  drop  on  the  most  humiliating  and  disgraceful  page  of 
American  history  in  its  foreign  relations. 

HAWAII,  BIRTH  OF  A  NEW  GOVERNMENT. 

A  NEW  FOURTH  OF  JULY. 

AN  ENJOYABLE  OCCASION. 

Special  Correspondence  of  The  Evening  Star. 

"  Honolulu,  July  10, 1894. 
"  A  real  and  happy  change  has  passed  over  this  community  since  a 
week  ago.  The  Republic  of  Hawaii  has  been  inaugurated  ;  the  Govern- 
ment has  passed  from  its  provisional  and  unsettled  stage  into  a  perma- 
nent and  stable  form.  The  transition  has  been  effected  with  almost  un- 
hoped for  speed  and  security.  There  was  unlooked-for  unanimity  and 
enthusiasm  in  support  of  the  procedure.  We  find  ourselves  at  once  trans- 
ferred from  a  tossing  sea  of  uncertainties  and  threatening  contingencies 
to  what  seems  to  be  a  quiet  anchorage  in  harbor.  There  is  in  consequence 
a  prevailing  feeling  of  gratulation  and  returning  confidence. 

HAWAII,  PRESIDENT  DOIiE  PROCIiAIMS  THE  REPUBLIC. 

"  And,  now,  in  behalf  of  the  men  who  have  carried  this  cause  along  and 
who  have  stood  ready  to  defend  it  with  their  lives,  in  behalf  of  the  women 
who  have  given  it  their  prayers  and  their  husbands  and  sons,  for  the 
benefit  and  protection  of  all  the  people  of  this  country,  of  whatever  race 
or  name,  and  in  gratitude  to  God,  whose  hand  has  led  us, 

"I,  Sanford  B.  Dole,  President  of  the  Provisional  Government  of  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  by  virtue  of  the  cha  rge  to  me  given  by  the  executive 
and  advisory  councils  of  the  Provisional  Government,  and  by  act  dated 
July  3, 1894,  proclaim  the  Republic  of  Hawaii  as  the  sovereign  authority 
over  and  throughout  the  Hawaiian  Islands  from  this  time  forth.  And  I 
declare  the  Constitution  framed  and  adopted  by  the  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1894  to  be  the  Constitution  and  the  supreme  law  of  the  Repub- 
lic of  Hawaii,  and  by  virtue  of  this  Constitution  I  now  assume  the  oflSce 
and  authority  of  President  thereof. 

179 


The  llf tlni:  np  of  silver  to  its  rigrhttnl  plane  Of 
the  side  of  gold  will  set  in  motion  all  the  latent 
enerifies  of  the  people. 

—Senator  Jno.  P*  Jones*  NevMUfe 


HAWAII.    (Contlnaed.) 

"  God  save  the  Republic ! 

"  With  the  last  words  the  audience  gave  three  rousing  cheers,  the  Ha- 
waiian flags  flew  out  over  the  executive  and  judicial  buildings,  and  a  bat- 
tery near  by  thundered  a  salute. 

HAWAII^  THE  DELEGATES  AND  WHAT  THEY  THINK. 

"  Councilor  Brown  (British)  '  believed  that  the  future  would  look  back 
on  the  work  of  the  convention  and  regard  it  as  one  of  the  grandest  ever 
accomplished  in  Hawaii,  and  the  fact  would  be  recognized  that  the  con- 
vention had  nothing  at  heart  but  the  good  of  all  Hawaii.' 

"Delegate  Kauhane  (Hawaiian)  said:  'The  conduct  of  this  body  has 
been  with  great  freedom  from  temper.  Threats  of  violence  had  been 
made  from  outside,  but  nothing  came  of  it.  They  had  not  their  own 
strength  to  thank.  The  guiding  of  the  Divine  hand  had  been  most  evi- 
dent.' 

"  Minister  Smith  ( Americo-Hawaiian)  drew  attention  to  the  fact  that 
supporters  of  the  Government  and  its  leaders  had  been  called  'aliens, 
adventurers  and  filibusters.'  There  were  in  the  convention  six  native 
Hawaiians,  fourteen  Hawaiians  born  of  foreign  parents,  nine  Americans, 
three  British,  three  Portuguese,  and  two  Germans,  and  all  had  resided 
here  a  long  time  and  were  fully  identifl  ed  with  the  country.  There  had 
been  problems  of  great  difficulty — the  franchise  was  one.  The  prophecy 
had  been  made  that  the  convention  would  go  to  pieces  on  this  rock  ;  that 
the  problem  could  not  be  solved.  In  point  of  fact  it  had  been  solved, 
with  no  injustice  to  any  man  having  rights  in  the  country.  That  was  a 
grand  thing,  a  thing  to  be  proud  of.  So  of  the  question  of  the  exec  utive 
and  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution.  It  was  a  marvelous  thing  that 
under  all  these  difficulties  and  wide  differences  of  opinion  a  result  had 
been  reached  which  was  unanimously  ratified  with  not  one  dissenting 
voice. 

"Delegate  Vivas  (Portuguese)  said:  'The  mass  meeting  of  the 'other 
night  had  shown  that  the  people  were  satisfied  with  the  work  of  the  build- 
ers. All  had  confidence  in  the  leader  who  had  been  continued  at  the 
head  of  affairs.' 

"Delegate  Baldwin  (Americo-Hawaiian)  said:  'The  change  from  a 
monarchy  to  a  republic  \jras  a  great  one,  especially  to  the  native  Hawaiian , 
accustomed  to  the  feudal  ideas.  But  the  conciliatory  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment would  soon  reconcile  them  to  a  Government  which  gave  them 
more  rights  than  they  had  ever  had  before.  Personal  preferences  had 
been  set  aside  in  order  to  forward  the  one  aim  to  establish  a  republic  for 
the  benefit  of  all.' 

HAWAIIy  sunisteb  wuxis  presides  oyjer  thb  vkstiyities. 

**I^o  military  were  in  sight  on  the  oooa&don.    Th«|;GoTenim0xit>«]id 


TTiIs  18  the  recora  ot  tne  new  tanil  jor  tae far- 
mer. This  is  what  it  offers  to  the  fanner,  and  I 
say  that  it  smites  the  farmer  hip  and  thigh  upon 
every  article  that  he  produces. 

—Hon.  John  A.  Pickler,  South  Dakota. 


HATTAH.    (Continued.) 

played  Hawaiia  Ponoi.  A  number  of  consuls  were  present  without 
special  invitation,  as  well  as  oflacers  of  the  United  States  flagship.  Ad- 
miral Walker  and  staflf  were  present  unofficially. 

"  In  honor  of  the  double  importance  of  the  day  the  American  com- 
munity had  made  unusual  preparations  for  its  celebration.  The  largest 
outlay  was  $2,500  for  a  spacious  wooden  pavilion  near  the  turn  into 
Waekiki  road,  where  a  large  audience  gathered  to  hear  the  time-honored 
declaration  read  and  listen  to  a  variety  of  addresses.  The  American 
minister,  Willis,  presided  most  felicitously.  Admiral  Walker  sat  on  the 
platform,  which  President  Dole  also  ascended  amid  the  loud  cheers  of  the 
audience.  There  was  none  of  the  usual  spread-eagle  oratory.  Capt. 
Cochrane  of  the  marines  gave  a  most  happy  and  entertaining  talk,  ming- 
ling humor  and  mirth  with  patriotism  and  cordial  salutations  to  the  new 
republic.  In  the  afternoon  all  hands  paid  their  respects  to  the  United 
States  minister  at  his  levee  in  the  Hawaiian  Hotel,  making  bygones  oi 
,the  doings  of  last  December. 

"  Mr.  Willis  makes  no  secret  of  his  wish  not  to  have  those  days  remem- 
bered. He  evidently  was  then  laboring  under  misleading  information 
and  total  misconception  of  the  situation,  brought  with  him  from  Wash- 
ington. There  was,  perhaps,  never  a  man  more  preplexed  how  to  recon- 
cile his  strange  orders  with  the  actual  condition  of  things  which  he  began 
to  see  into.  His  present  attitude  toward  the  Government  is  exceedingly 
friendly ;  he  has  hastened  to  extend  recognition  to  the  new  republic,  so 
ar  as  in  his  power,  pending  instructions  from  his  Government." 

HATS  AND  CAPS,  not  inci-uding  wooi.  hats,  isoo. 

Establishments 705 

Capital $13,  724,  002 

Employes 27, 193 

Wages $14,  111,  747 

Materials 16, 160,  802 

Products «. 37,  311,  599 

Wages  per  capita,  $518.94. 

HOME  MARKET,  a  home  ok  a  foreign  partner. 

Let  us  give  this  great  truth  of  Bastiat's  another  application.  Nature 
produces  all.  That  is  the  origin  of  the  much-abused  phrase,  "  The  farmer 
pays  all."  Whenever  the  farmer  goes  beyond  his  farm  for  the  gratifica- 
tion of  his  desires,  Bastiat,  the  free-trader,  shows  that  he  must  then  share 
his  riches.  Now,  whom  shall  we  share  with,  the  mechanic  at  home  or  the 
mechanic  abroad ;  his  fellow-citizens  or  an  alien  ?  Which  is  for  his  in- 
terest? 

Let  us  put  it  in  another  phrase.  Which  is  it  better  for  a  farmer  to  do. 
send  his  surplus  wheat  a  thousand  miles  to  the  seaooast,  three  thoTUsana 

181 


Wliat  H  fhe  laborer'*  estate  ?  It  is  Oie  ed- 
ucation be  lias  iratberedin  oar  public  sokools 
and  elscTrbere.  It  is  bis  ability  to  couTcrt  one 
of  tbescTcraltbings  into  anotber  tbinfp,  and 
tbus  add  to  tbe  couTenience  of  tbe  oitiseii  and 
fhe -wealth  aftbe  countrTv 

'«W.  !!•  JKeU7»  Peuu^lvaala. 


HOME  MAIUCBT.    (Com«iaae«.) 

milM  aoross  the  water,  pay  thei  £r«lght»  Bell  it  to  the  meohanlo  who  gots 
ess  wages,  or  sell  U  right  here  at  home  to  the  meohanio  who  gets  more 
wages?    The  answer  seems  obvious. 

HOSIERY  AND  KNIT  GOODS,  1890. 

Estahlishments  ^, ...^ 796 

Capital .,» .«^^..........« ^,  607, 738 

Bmploy^s...... ....^.......t 61,209 

Wages « $18, 263, 272 

Materials .............m......................    35, 661, 585 

Products «^....    67»  241,  CIS 

Wages  per  capita,  $298.37. 

U8 


Think  better  of  It  I  America  buying  cot- 
ton in  Ej^ypt?  It  is  lllie  carrying  coals  to  New- 
castle.—Hon.  Tliad.  M.  Mabon,    Pennsylvania. 


IDAHO. 

Area,  84,800  square  miles. 
Admitted  as  a  State  July  3, 1890. 

Legislature  composed  of  18  Senators,  36  Representatives.    Jiieets  bien- 
nially, (Jan.,  1895.) 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 
Senator  Geo.  L.  Shrup,  (bep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Senator  Fred.  T.  Dubois,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

CONGKESSIONAI,  DISTKICT. 

At  large.    Population,  84,385.    Vote,  1892:  Dem.,  4,567;  Rep.,  8,649. 

ILLINOIS. 

Area,  55,414  square  miles. 
Enabling  act  approved  Apr.  18, 1818.    First  State  constitution  formed 
Aug.  26, 1818.    By  joint  resolution  of  Congress  admitted  as  a  State  Dec.  3, 
1818. 

Legislature  composed  of  51  Senatoi*s,  153  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  4, 1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 
Senator  ShbiiBY  M.  Cullom,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Senator  John  M.  PAiiMER,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 
CONGRESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,982;  Rep.,  2^,425. 

2d.    Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  23,059;  Rep.,  15,869. 

3d.    Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,933;  Rep.,  12,525. 

4th.  Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,615;  Rep.,  13,018. 

5th.  Population,  (not  given.)    Vote;  1892:  Dem,,  20,908;  Rep.,  14,857. 

6th.  Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,396;  Rep.,  12,593. 

7th.  Population,  (not  given.)    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,676;  Rep.,  19,799 

8th.  Population,  173,922.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,910;  Rep.,  21,299. 

9th.  Population,  181,797.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,090;  Rep.,  24,010. 
10th.  Population,  154,843.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,355;  Rep.,  22,646. 
11th.  Population,  175,696.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,481;  Rep.,  17,599. 
12th.  Population,  195,811.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,Oi6;  Rep.,  21,125. 
13th.  Population,  173,972.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,326;  Rep.,  21,405. 
14th.  Population,  177,494.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,003;  Rep.,  18,448. 
15th.  Population,  180,383.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,777;  Rep.,  19,312. 
16th.  Population,  176,536.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,033;  Rep.,  10,473. 
17th.  Population,  168,418.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,521;  Rep.,  17,422. 
18th.  Population,  165,127.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,341;  Rep.,  15,520. 
19th.  Population,  178,763.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,754;  Rep.,  18,345. 
20th.  Population,  166,590.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,585 ;  Rep.,  15,757. 
21st.  Population,  183,111.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,470;  Rep.,  17,335. 
22d.    Population,  159,186.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,507;  Rep.,  21,879. 

183 


'Tnieii  the  grent  Bon«part«  found  himself 
^aw-maker  not  only  for  France,  bat  for  a  large 
i>art  of  Continental  Enrope  he  told  the  savans 
(and  legislators  that  a  new  form  of  property  had 
^ome  into  existence,  and  that  they  must  care 
^or  it  as  they  had  oared  for  capital  invested  in 
^•nd  or  pther  possessions. 

«>*W.  P.  Kelly,  PeimsylTanla. 


IMMIGRATION  FOLLOWS  HIGH  WAGES,  high  wages  roixow 

HIGH  TARIFF. 

In  1856  the  rate  of  duty  on  the  aggregate  of  our  imports  was  20.3,  and 
the  number  of  immigrants  were  200,436 ;  in  1859  the  rate  of  duties  had 
been  reduced  to  14.6,  and  the  number  of  immigrants  fell  to  121,282.  In 
1861,  by  the  acts  of  March  2,  August  5,  and  December  24,  the  rate  of  duties 
was  farther  reduced  to  11.2  This  broke  the  camel's  back.  So  many  men 
were  thrown  out  of  employment  and  wages  sunk  so  low  that  none  but 
agriculturists  could  come  to  us  with  any  prospect  of  improving  their  con- 
dition and  immigration  sank  to  a  point  lower  than  it  had  been  since  the 
iever-to-be-remembered  free- trade  crisis  of  1837-40.  In  that  year  but  91,920 
immigrants  arrived,  and  the  depression  continued  through  the  next  year, 
and  the  number  of  immigrants  was  but  91,987.  By  the  act  of  July  14, 1862, 
^e  duties  were  raised,  so  that  in  1863  tliey  were  up  to  23.7,  and  the  im- 
jnigration  nearly  equaled  that  of  the  two  preceding  years,  having  gone 
,Tip  to  176,282.  By  the  several  acts  of  1864, 1865,  and  1866  the  duties  were 
increased,  so  that  the  duties  on  importations  of  1866  averaged  40.2  per 
4sent.  and  immigration  went  up  to  318,554. 

IMPORTS.  (See  Balance  of  Trade.) 

IMPORTS,  EFFECT  OF  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

President  Fillmore  tells  us  that  the  eflects  of  the  law  of  1846  were  two- 
fold :  (1)  The  large  importation  of  foreign  goods  drained  us  of  our  cur- 
xency ;  (2)  home  competition  with  cheap  foreign  labor  bankrupted  our 
manufacturers,  and  turned  loose  our  laborers  to  tramp  the  highways  and 
fill  our  almshouses  and  prisons. 

Iiike  causes  produce  like  effects.  This  law  must  inevitably  work  the 
same  result. 

The  general  average  of  duties  under  this  bill,  the  committee  says,  is 
about  30  per  cent.  According  to  the  statement  of  the  committee,  the 
duties  realized  in  1892  would  have  been  565,407,900  less  than  those  realized, 
had  the  proposed  law  then  been  in  effect.  In  1893  the  duties  realized 
would  have  been  $75,707,784  less. 

To  realize  the  same  amount  of  duties  then,  if  this  bill  be  enacted  into 
law,  as  was  realized  in  1892,  under  existing  law,  our  imports  must  be 
increased  to  the  extent  of  ^18,026,333 ;  to  realize  the  same  amount  as  was 
realized  in  1893,  they  must  be  increased  to  the  extent  of  $252,359,280. 

What  would  be  the  effect  of  thus  increasing  our  imports?  It  will,  in 
the  first  place,  take  just  that  amount  of  gold  out  of  the  country  to  pay 
|fop  these  imports.  It  will,  in  the  second  place,  substitute  Just  that  amount 
pf  foreign  manufactures  for  American  manufactures.  It  will  close  as 
IDmiiy  Amerioan  mines,  fomaces,  mills,  factories,  and  workshops  as  con- 


If  the  Constitution  doea  forbid  raoh  l«si»- 
Imtlon,  then,  S^,  the  time  has  come  to  mjik« 
»  new  one. 

—Hon.  Thad.  M«  Mahen,   FennsylTanla. 


IMPORTS.    (Goatinaed.) 

tribnted  that  amount  to  the  home  market,  and  doom  to  idleness  Just  aa 
many  American  laborers  as  kept  those  mines,  furnaces,  mills,  factories, 
and  workshops  in  operation.  This  is  not  a  matter  of  rhetoric  or  specula- 
tion or  guessing ;  it  is  a  plain  matter  of  figures,  open  to  the  comprehen- 
sion of  the  plainest  intellect  outside  of  a  tariff  reformer's. 

INDIA. 

In  India  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  rupee ;  the 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.29.2 ;  the  coins  are  gold :  mohur  ($7.10.5). 
Silver :  rupee  and  divisions.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  22 
of  silver. 

INDIANA. 

Area  33,809  square  miles. 

Enabling  act  passed,  April  19, 1816— first  State  Constitution  formed  June 
29, 1816— by  joint  resolution  of  Congress  admitted  as  a  State,  December 
11, 1816. 

Legislature  composed  of  50  Senators,  100  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, (Jan.  10, 1895.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  first  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber, 1894. 

Senator  Daniel  W.  Voorhees  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Davtd  Turpie  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.     Population,  186,263.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,720;  Rep.,  19,266. 

2nd.  Population,  161,387.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,700 ;  Rep.,  15,732. 

3d.     Population,  170,209.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,930;  Rep.,  17,957. 

4th.    Population,  142,314.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,000;  Rep.,  15,928. 

5th.    Population,  148,925.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,693 ;  Rep.,  16,610. 

6th.    Population,  139,359.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,845;  Rep.,  20,444. 

7th.    Population,  195,472.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  28,233 ;  Rep.,  26,951. 

8th.    Population,  183,641.  Vote  1892 ;  Dem.,  22,949;  Rep.,  21,327. 

9th.    Population,  182,344.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,291 ;  Rep.,  23,416. 

10th.  Population,  156,749.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,298 ;  Rep.,  18,256. 

11th.  Population,  187,720.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,899 ;  Rep.,  21,141. 

12th.  Population,  162,216.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,991 ;  Rep.,  16,926. 

13th.  Population,  175,905.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,675 ;  Rep.,  19,735. 

INTERNAL  REVENUE. 

DIRECT  TAXATION. 

In  1791  direct  taxation  was  resorted  to  in  order  to 
replenish  an  empty  Treasury  of  the  new  Government,  and  in  1813,  in  our 
second  conflict  with  Great  Britain,  we  again  resorted  to  direct  taxation 
to  raise  the  necessary  means  to  carry  on  that  war.    The  act  of  1791  was 

1» 


If  yon  pay  CIiineBe  wages  for  your  work- 
men, you  will  have  Obinese  civilization  for  your 
countoy.  Tke  brain  does  not  invent  when  tho 
blood  is  thin  or  the  belly  ig  starved. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar» 


ISfTEB3HAJL  KETENUX:.    (Continued.) 

repealed  nine  years  after  its  passage ;  and  the  act  of  1813  was  repealed  in 
the  year  1817,  during  the  Administration  of  President  Monroe.  From  the 
organization  of  the  present  National  Government,  in  1789,  to  1862*,  a  period 
of  seventy-two  years,  not  more  than  $22,000,000  of  all  our  revenues  were 
derived  from  direct  taxation. 

This  system  again  (1861-62)  had  to  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  meet  the 
enormous  expenses  of  the  civil  war,  and  the  dehts,  interest,  and  pensions 
growing  out  of  it.  Its  comparative  productiveness  is  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing : 


Year. 

Customs. 

Internal  rev- 
enue. 

Direct  tax. 

1861 

$39,  582, 125.  64 
49,  056,  397.  62 
69,  059,  642.  40 

102,  316, 152.  99 
84,  928,  260.  00 

179,  046,  651.  58 
176,  417,  810.  88 
164,  464,  599.  56 

180,  048,  426.  63 

194,  538,  374.  44 
206,  270,  408.  05 

216,  370,  286.  77 
188,  089,  522.  70 
163, 103,  833.  69 
157,  167,  722.  35 
148,  071,  984.  61 
130,  956,  493.  07 
130, 170,  680.  20 
137,  250,  047.  70 
186,  522,  004.  60 
198, 159,  676.  02 
220,  410,  730.  25 
214,  706,  496.  93 

195,  067,  489.  76 

181,  471,  939.  34 
192,  905,  023.  44 

217,  286,  893.  13 
219,  091, 173.  63 
223,  &32,  741.  69 
229,  668,  584.  57 
219,  522,  205.  23 
217,  452,  964.  15 
203,  355,  016.  73 

1862 

$1,  795,  331.  73 
1.  485. 103  61 

1863 

^7,  640,  787.  95 
139,  741, 134.  10 
209,  464,  215.  25 
309,  226,  813.  42 
266,  027,  537.  43 
191,  087,  589.  41 
158,  356,  460.  86 
184,  899,  756.  49 

143,  098,  153.  63 
130,  642, 177.  72 
113,  729,  314.  14 
102,  409,  784.  90 
110,  007,  493.  58 
116,  700,  732.  03 
118,  630,  407.  83 
110,  581,  624.  74 
113,  561,  610.  58 
124,  009,  373.  92 
135,  264,  385.  51 
146,  497,  595.  45 

144,  720,  368.  98 
121,  586,  072.  51 
112,  498,  725.  54 
116,  805,  936.  48 
118,  823,  391.  22 
124,  296,  871.  98 
130,  881,  513.  92 
142,  606,  705.  81 

145,  686,  249.  44 
153,  971,  072.  57 
161,  027,  623.  93 

1864. 

475.  648  96 

1865 

1.  200  573  03 

1866 

1  974  754  12 

1867 

4,  200,  233.  70 

1868 

1,  788, 145.  85 

1879 ., 

1870 

765,  685.  61 
229.  102.  88 

1871 

580,  355.  37 

1872 

1873 

315,  254.  51 

1874. 

1875 

1876 

93,  798.  80 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

30.  85 

iR.m,.;„.,^„ 

1,  616.  89 

!««?! ^^ 

160,  141.  96 

1883.....^ 

108,  156.  60 

1884 

70,  720.  75 

1886 

1886 

108,  239.  94 

1887. 

32,  892.  05 

1888 

1,566.82 

1889 

1890. 

- 

1891 

1892 

1893 

REPORT  1893. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  the  year  ending 
June  30, 1893,  shows  an  expenditure  for  all  the  purposes  of  the  Govem- 
i^ent  of  ^9,374,887.76.    The  income  to  meet  these  expenditures  was  de- 


Th«  laboring  people  of  this  oonntry  ask 
not  lower  ad  valorems,  bat  work.  Tbey  prefer 
blgh  ad  valorems,  constant  employment,  and 
abundant  wages. 

—Hon.  Julias  O.  Burrows,  Michigan. 


INTKRNAIi  REVBMUB.    (Continued.) 

rived,  from  oostoms  or  tariff  duties,  $203,355,016.73 ;  from  internal  revenue, 
1161,027,623.93 ;  and  from  postal  and  other  sources,  $97,333,921.28.  It  is 
quite  evident,  therefore,  that  for  the  present  we  can  not  dispense  with 
either  the  tariff  or  the  iaternal-revenue  duties.  But  there  is  evidently 
growing  up  between  the  Republican  and  Democratic  parties  a  difference 
of  sentiment,  which  must  precipitate  a  distinct  controversy  as  to  the  treat- 
ment of  these  two  sources  of  revenue.  It  seems  desirable,  therefore,  to 
ftimish  the  facts  concerning  them,  that  the  American  people  may  be  able 
to  make  up  an  intelligent  judgment. 

The  last  annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  shows 
the  sources  and  amount  of  revenue:  Spirits,  $94,720,260.55;  tobacco,  $31,- 
889,711.74;  fermented  liquors  (beer,  etc.),  832,548,983.07;  oleomargarine, 
$1,670,643.50;  penalties,  etc.,  $175,390.81;  total,  $161,004,989.67.  The  total 
cost  of  the  bureau  for  the  fiscal  year  was  $4,358,325.63.  There  are  about 
4,200  persons  employed.  There  were  4,989  registered  distilleries,  with  a 
capacity  for  producing  spirits  daily  of  101,592  gallons.  There  were  806 
illicit  stills  seized,  and  three  employes  kUled  in  the  execution  of  the  law. 
In  the  past  thirteen  years  there  have  been  killed  14,  and  wounded  21. 
During  the  year  29,030,293  bushels  of  grain  were  used  in  producing  129,646,- 
017  gallons  of  spirits. 

The  yield  of  spirits  is  4.35  gallons  to  the  bushel  of  grain.  The  total  pro- 
duct from  aU  material  was  128,661,782.  Had  this  paid  the  tax  of  90  cents 
per  gallon  when  made  it  would  have  afforded  $116,784,603  of  revenue. 
Deduct  the  amount  collected  as  above  and  there  is  shown  a  loss  of  $21,- 
064,343  to  the  Government  for  the  privilege  of  warehousing.  The  bonded 
period  is  three  years,  but  extended  in  the  new  revenue  law  to  eight  years, 
which  will  involve  a  still  greater  loss.  The  loss  for  "  leakage "  in  1880 
was  less  that  1  per  cent;  but  it  grows  year  by  year,  and  for  1893  was  4.681. 
This  will  no  doubt  be  doubled  by  the  eight-year  period. 

KEPUBUOAJSr  POSITION. 

JReductions  made  in  schedules  of  direct  and  internal-revenue  taxes 
since  the  conclusion  of  the  civil  war. 

By  the  acts  of  July  13, 1866,  and  March  2, 1867 $103,  381, 199. 00 

By  the  acts  of  March  31, 1868,  and  February  3, 18C3 54, 802,  578.  00 

By  the  act  of  July  14, 1870 55,  315,  351.  00 

By  the  act  of  December  21, 1871 14,  436, 862.  00 

By  the  act  of  June  6, 1872 15,  807,  618.  00 

By  the  act  of  March  3, 1883 40,  677,  682.  00 

By  the  act  of  October  1, 1890 10,  442, 187.  lli 

Total 294,  863,  447.  lli 

Of  this  last  act,  the  so-called  McKinley  bUl,  the  Democratic  campaign 
Book  of  1890,  issued  by  the  Democratic  Congressional  committee,  on  page 
188,  charges  the  Republicans  with  bad  faith  in  farther  reducing  the  iji- 
temal-reyenne  schedule,  and  gives  the  following  analysis; 


Protection  secures  to  the  American  fvork* 
man  at  least  one  market— tlie  market  of  the 
greatest  consuming  nation  on  earth.  Protec- 
tion secures  to  the  American  farmer  at  least 
one  market — the  market  of  the  greatest  manu- 
facturing nation  on  earth.  Free  trade  secures 
no  market  either  to  manufacture  or  agriculture. 
—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar.  Mass. 


XNTBKNAIi  REVENUE.    (Continued.) 

The  bill  made  changes  in  the  internal  revenue  as  follows : 

First.    Abolishing  the  tax  on  dealers  in  leaf  tobacco ?48,  570.  88 

Second.    Abolishing  the  tax  on  dealers  in  manufactured 

tobacco 1,  280,  015.  98 

Third.    Abolishing  the  tax  on  the   manufacturers  of  to- 
bacco   5,128.25 

Fourth.    Abolishing  the  tax  on  manufacturers  of  cigars  120, 195.  53 

Fifth.    Abolishing  the  tax  on  peddlers  of  tobacco 127,010.88 

Sixth.    A  reduction  of  the  tax  on  smoking  and  manufac- 
tured tobacco  from  8  cents  to  4  cents  per  pound 8,  538,  449.  97 

Seventh.    A  reduction  of  the  tax  on  snuff  from  8  cents  to 

4cents  per  pound 322,  544.  78i 

Eighth.    The  abolition  of  the  tax   on  retail  dealers  in 
leaf  tobacco 270.  84 

But  this  charge  of  bad  faith  is  unwarranted,  as  the  Republicans  have 
always  treated  the  internal-revenue  system  as  a  war  tax,  to  be  resorted 
to  only  in  an  extraordinary  emergency,  and  to  be  abandoned  as  soon  as 
the  exigencies  of  the  Treasury  would  permit.  They  have  always  con- 
tended that  the  tariff  must  be  the  regular  source  of  revenue  for  ordinary 
expenses,  as  it  has  been  from  the  foundation  of  the  Government.  Hence 
the  above  frequent  reductions  whenever  they  have  had  power.  And 
hence,  also,  their  declared  principles  in  national  platforms. 

INTER  STATE  COMMERCE,    (See  Transportation.) 

INCOME  TAX. 

IN  THIS  COUNTRY  AN  INCOME  TAX  OF  ANY  SORT  IS  ODIOUS  AND 
Wllili  BRING  ODIUM  UPON  ANY  PARTY  BUND  ENOUGH  TOIMIOSE 
IT. 

—New  York  Herald,  Deo,  29, 1893. 

INCOME  TAX  A  DEATH  KNELL. 

PREPARE   FOR  THE   FUNERAL  OF  THE  POLITICAL  PARTY 
WHICH  inPOSES  SUCH  A  BURDEN. 

A  LANDSLIDE  OF  DISAPPROVAL. 

EVERYWHERE     THE   MEASURE    IS    VEHEMENTLY    CONDEMNED, 
IRRESPECTIVE  OF  PARTISANSHIP. 

If  the  leaders  of  the  Democrats  have  any  regard  for  the  success  of  the 
national  party  they  would  better  drop  the  proposed  income  tax  as  speedily 
as  possible. 

If  they  would  like  to  learn  with  ease  and  accuracy  just  what  the  masses 
of  the  voters  all  over  the  land  think  of  that  un-American  form  of  raising 
a  revenue  let  them  read  the  heaped  up  expressions  of  opinion  which  th« 
HBRAiiD  has  published  on  the  subject. 

VSA 


If  the  people  of  the  Northeastern  States 
have  been  purchasing  flour  from  Minneapolis 
millers,  under  this  law  they  may  buy  in  Toronto 
or  Montreal. 

—Senator  H.  C.  Hansbroagh,  North  Dakota. 


INCOME  TAX.     (Continued.) 

lu  these  columns  merchants,  bankers,  railroad  men,  journalists,  law- 
yers, doctors,  millionaires  and  wage  earners  from  North,  South,  East  and 
West  have  emphatically  condemned  the  measure  and  givea  shrewd,  logi- 
cal, unanswerable  reasons  for  the  faith  that  is  in  them. 

The  Herald  to-day  presents  another  convincing  array  of  similar  tes- 
timony.—^ew  York  Herald,  Dec.  6,  1S93, 

INCOME  TAX. 

MANNING  REPUES  TO  CAKI.ISI.E. 

The  Cleveland  scheme  of  taxing  incomes  from  corporate  investments 
is  defended  by  Secretary  Carlisle : 

"  There  ayipears  to  be  no  good  reason  why  the  contributions  for  the 
support  of  the  public  service  generally  should  not  be  equalized  as  nearly 
as  possible  by  including  tliis  kind  of  property  in  the  Federal  revenue 
system." 

Turning  to  the  annual  report  for  1886  by  Mr.  Cleveland's  first  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  during  his  previous  administration,  we  find  a  very  posi- 
tive expression  on  the  subject  of  Federal  taxes  on  incomes : 

"  Direct  taxes  must  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States  according 
to  their  population.  Our  experience  of  the  difficulties  and  inequalities  of 
the  direct  tax,  when  applied  to  land,  of  which  a  scpiare  foot  in  one  place 
is  costlier  than  one  hundred  square  miles  in  another  place ;  or,  when  ap- 
plied to  individual  incomes  (the  most  direct  tax  conceivable,  for  when 
paid  it  cannot  be  shifted  ;  it  has  no  repercussion,  which  is  the  only  com- 
mon feature  of  the  taxes  held  to  be  direct  before  war  had  disturbed  the 
vision  of  courts  and  legislatures)  under  the  prescribed  rule  of  apportion- 
ment to  the  States  according  to  population,  confines  their  utility  to  State 
purposes,  and  excludes  them  from  the  first  purview  of  Federal  taxation,^* 

That  is  Daniel  Manning's  comment  on  John  G.  Carlisle's  proposition. — 
New  York  Sun,  Dec.  21, 1893. 

INCOME  TAX. 

[By  telegraph  to  the  N.  Y,  Herald.^ 
To  THE  Editor  op  the  Herald  : 

Coronado,  Cal.,  Mar.  7, 1894. 

Senator  Mills,  in  a  recent  article,  states  that  five  hundred  million  dol- 
lars of  revenue  are  required  for  the  coming  financial  year. 

The  expenditures  for  1893  were,  according  to  a  Treasury  report,  $459,374,- 
887;  for  1892,  they  were  $415,953,806;  for  1891,  $421,304,470,  and  for  1890, 
$358,618,584. 

At  five  hundred  millions  for  the  first  Democratic  year,  it  is  clear  that 
the  "period  of  economy  and  reform"  of  which  Mr.  Tilden  used  to  talk 
has  not  set  in  with  great  ferocity. 

But  Mr.  Mills  says  we  need  to  raise  five  hundred  millions.  All  right. 
It  is  a  big  suiu  of  money,  but  if  the  Democrats  cannot  carry  %u  the 

189 


I^ilent  factories,  vacant  worksJioi^s,  capital 
without  rottirn,  workmen  out  of  enrploy,  chil- 
dren and  women  seeking  tlie  necessaries'  of  life, 
will  make  little  impression  upon  Democratic 
Btatesmansliip.     —Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,   Mass. 


rNCOME  TAX.     (Continued.) 

country  for  less,  the  taxpayers  will,  I  suppose,  have  to  stand  it.  Half  a 
billion  of  revenue,  however,  does  not  necessitate  the  enacting  of  a  new, 
very  odious  and  inquisitorial  income  tax,  with  a  brand  new  set  of  office- 
holders, or  taxeaters,  to  take  their  large  share  out  of  the  taxpayers'  pockets. 
There  is  no  necessity  for  that,  and  the  Democrats,  even  with  a  Populist 
alliance,  are  not  so  strong  in  the  country  that  they  can  venture  on  an  ex- 
periment of  this  kind. 
HATEFDTL  TAXATION. 

It  is  a  doubly  hateful  form  of  taxation,  because, 
as  the  highest  authorities  have  stated,  it  cannot  be  fully  and  honestly 
collected,  and  leads  to  fraud,  false  swearing  and  blackmail. 

The  income  tax  is  the  most  odious  of  taxes,  and  it  is,  besides  that,  un- 
just, for  it  levies  the  same  percentage  from  the  hard  working  salaried 
man,  whose  family  depends  entirely  on  what,  by  his  slcill,  he  can  gain,  as 
upon  the  man  who  lives  on  an  invested  fortune.  It  tlius  puts  a  penalty 
on  skill  and  thrift. 

Mr.  Mills  and  his  fellow  Democrats  propose  to  lay  this  income  tax, 
hateful  and  unjust  and  impossible  of  full  collection,  inquisitorial  and 
leading  to  fraud  and  blackmail — they  propose  to  lay  this  new  tax  with- 
out the  least  necessity. 

Suppose  they  do  it?  Suppose  they  make  the  Democratic  party  as 
odious  as  the  income  tax?    Is  that  worth  while  for  them? 

Oharles  Nordhopp. 

INCOME  TAX,  COMMUNISM  puke  and  simple. 

The  income  tax  appendance  to  the  Wilson  bill  was  not  devised  primarily 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  revenue,  though  the  deficiency  of  revenue  cre- 
ated by  that  bill  was  increased  by  amendments  passed  for  the  purpose 
of  affording  a  pretext  for  the  socialistic  imposition. 

It  is  not  expected  to  yield  more  than  a  small  revenue,  insufficient,  even 
with  the  other  internal  taxation  of  the  Populist  scheme,  to  make  up  for 
the  deficiency  created  by  the  preposterous  Wilson  bill. 

It  was  devised,  primarily,  to  establish  in  Demgcratic  legislation  the  un- 
Democratic,  un-American,  communistic,  and  unconstitutional  principle 
of  class  legislation.  It  is,  to  use  the  words  of  Tom  Johnson  in  Tuesday's 
debate  on  the  measure,  *'  a  proposition  for  the  poor  to  tax  the  rich,  and 
for  the  majority  to  tax  the  minority,"  made  on  the  theory  that  "  the  bill 
will  be  popular  because  it  exempts  the  great  mass  of  the  voters."  It  is 
advocated  on  the  base  and  communistic  ground  that  as  it  discriminates 
against  only  80,000  or  100,000  of  the  people,  the  loss  of  votes  by  reason  of 
it  will  be  trifling. 

Rejoicing  in  the  establishment  of  this  communistic  principle  of  plun- 
der by  the  Democratic  party,  the  Populist  Pence  expressed  the  gratitude 
his  harum-scarum  party  "owe  to  the  Democrats:  our  sincere  thanks  and 

190 


The  passage  of  tkis  malformed  measure 
simply  postpones  tlie  day  when  -wisdom  Trill 
supplant  theory.  _^   ,     ^ 

-Senator  H.  C.  Hansbrough,    North  Dakota. 


INCOME  TAX.    (Continued.) 

congratulations  for  their  courage  "  in  adopting  it.  This  particular  meas. 
ure  does  not  go  so  far  as  he  wishes,  for  the  Populists  want  a  graduated 
income  tax ;  but  it  establishes  a  principle  which  may  be  carried  to  any- 
extreme. 

If  the  rich  are  to  be  plundered  to  the  extent  provided  for  by  this  meas- 
ure simply  because  they  are  in  the  minority,  they  can  afterward  be 
plundered  to  any  farther  extent.  They  will  hold  their  property  at  the 
mercy  of  the  rapacious  majority.  If  they  can  be  singled  out  and  robbed  of 
2  per  cent  of  their  incomes,  while  the  incomes  of  the  rest  of  the  people 
are  left  untaxed,  they  can  be  robbed  of  50  per  cent.  "Sooner  or  later," 
said  the  Populist  Jerry  Simpson,  addressing  the  Democrats,  "you  will  all 
have  to  stand  up  here  and  advocate  the  principles  that  we  advocate  now;" 
and  he  spoke  truly.  If  the  Democrats  start  on  that  road,  they  must  go  to 
the  end. 

As  Mr.  Franklin  Bartlett,  the  Democratic  Representative  from  the 
Seventh  New  York  district,  said  in  opposing  the  iniquitous  measure,  "the 
bill  was  really  framed  upon  the  income-tax  plank  of  the  late  Socialist 
Convention  that  met  in  New  York."  "  If  you  can  bind  us  for  the  income 
tax,"  proceeded  Mr.  Bartlett,  "you can  bind  us  for  any  fraud  or  forgery 
that  some  one  may  set  up  as  true  Democratic  doctrine."  If  the  Democratic 
party  is  perverted  to  the  support  of  any  form  of  plunder,  it  adopts  plun- 
dering as  a  principle  which  may  be  carried  to  any  length.  It  becomes 
a  public  enemy  whose  overthrow  will  be  required  by  justice,  constitu- 
tional law,  and  the  inseparable  interests  of  both  poor  and  rich. 

All  honor  to  the  consistent  Democratic  members  of  Congress  from  New 
York  who  are  standing  up  in  resistance  to  the  foul  communistic  current 
which  threatens  to  sweep  away  the  Democratic  party.— i^ew;  York  Sun^ 
Feb.  1, 1894. 
INCOME  TAX  AND  POPULISTS. 

"  When  this  House  was  seeking  to  secure  a  quorum  to  bring  this  ques- 
tion up  for  consideration,  we,  ten  of  us  who  are  here  as  Populists,  doubted, 
regretfully  but  sorrowfully  doubted,  the  disposition  and  purpose  of  169 
Democrats  in  this  House  to  bring  in  this  measure.  We  feel  now  that  we 
owe  to  them  our  sincerest  congratulations  for  the  courage  which  they 
have  displayed. 

"  It  is  true  that  the  proposition  to  levy  a  tax  upon  incomes  is  a  Popu- 
list proposition.  No  national  platform,  except  that  of  the  People's  party, 
endorses  it. 

"Every  Populist  paper,  wherever  published,  advocates  this  most 
righteous  tax.  Their  columns  are  filled  with  pointed  and  able  editorials 
in  its  support  drawn  from  the  practical  condition  of  the  people. 

"  All  Populists  favor  it,  and  in  the  contest  now  being  waged  and  to  be 
continued  until  this  or  some  similar  law  is  enacted,  the  most  valiant  and 
enthusiastic  of  its  supporters  are  found  among  the  active  and  leading 
members  of  the  People's  party." 

191 


Now,  to  say  that  protectiou  does  not  in- 
crease wages  is  to  say  that  busy  factories  do  not 
increase  wages  ;  that  lighted  furnaces  do  not 
increase  wages ;  that  open  mines  do  not  in- 
crease wages ;  that  manufacturing  cities  do  not 
increase  wages ;  tliat  having  the  market  close 
to  the  farm  and  the  farm  close  to  the  -work- 
shop does  not  increase  wages. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass. 


INCOME  TAX.    (Continued.) 

There  you  have  the  income  tax  wrapped  in  the  original  communistic 
cok)rs.  They  are  unchangeable.  No  matter  how  frantically  the  Cleve- 
landites  attempt  to  cover  them  with  the  Hag  ot'the  Democratic  party,  de- 
ception as  to  the  communistic  source  and  nature  of  the  income  tax  is  im- 
possible. 

The  Democracy  never  witnessed  a  more  offensive  spectacle  than^that 
of  some  of  its  own  representatives  shamelessly  pleading  for  its  surrender 
to  its  socialistic  enemies,  and  for  the  adoption,  in  its  own  honored  name, 
of  their  central  principle  of  class  legislation. — New  York  Sun,  April 
20,  1894. 

INCOME  TAX,  DFvNOUNCED  BY  DEMOCRATS. 

When  it  was  necessary  to  save  the  life  of  this  Nation,  when  the  knife 
of  treason  was  at  the  throat  of  this  Government  of  ours,  we  found  it  nec- 
essary to  resort  to  measures  which  were  called  war  measures ;  and  among 
others  we  had  the  income  tax. 

The  Democratic  party  then  denounced  it,  and  so  long  as  we  continued 
it  upon  the  statute  boolis  the  Democratic  party  in  Congi*ess  and  out  con- 
tinued to  oppose  it  and  denounce  it,  in  the  following  language :  "  The 
most  odious  and  universally  condemned  mode  of  taxation  resorted  to 
by  any  Nation." 

*' As  a  bill  to  tax  incomes  over  ^,000  it  is  a  fraud.  *  *  *  A  law  that 
can  shoot  in  as  many  directions  as  this  one  and  hit  something  every  time 
is  too  dangerous  to  let  loose  in  hard  times  on  a  suffering  country.  *  *  * 
If  a  page  here  owns  one  share  of  Western  Union  Telegraph  stock  which 
pays  him  $5  a  year  he  must  lose  2  per  cent,  on  that  §5.  If  I  own  a  million 
doUarsof  Government  bonds  I  do  not  have  to  lose  one  cent.  ^  *  *  The 
bill  should  be  entitled,  "An  act  to  encourage  idle  capital."  *  *  *  if  a 
widow  receives  an  insurance  of  $10,000  on  her  dead  husband's  policy,  and 
invests  it  in  some  corporate  stock  from  which  she  receives  $600  a  year, 
she  must  lose  2  per  cent,  of  that  by  this  bill.  A  rich  man's  widow  puts 
$100,000  into  Brooklyn  city  4's  and  doesn't  pay  a  cent.  *  *  *  This 
proposition  cuts  the  throat  of  the  National  Democracy  as  a  vital  force 
against  centralization  and  the  invasion  of  private  rights.  It  is  the  stab 
of  the  assassin  at  the  heart  of  that  great  Democracy  of  the  North.  »  •*  * 
It  slaps  the  face  of  public  opinion,  insults  every  Democratic  tradition, 
disrespects  the  sacred  sentiment  of  personal  liberty,  and  commits  the 
party  to  one  of  the  most  vicious  of  political  tendencies — the  division  of 
the  community  into  classes." 

—Hon.  Joseph  C.  Hendrix,  New  York. 

"  The  provisions  of  this  bill  are  dangerous  in  the  extreme.  *  *  * 
The  bill  seriously  affects  the  rights  and  interests     *     *     *     of  Building 

192 


Tramping  the  streets,  out  of  employment, 
receiving  alms,  lower  ad  valorems  will  not  heal 
the  wounded  pride  of  the  brave  men  who  never 
before  were  dependent  on  public  charity. 

—Hon.  Julius  C.  Burrows,  Michigan. 


INCOME  TAX.    (Continued.) 

and  Loan  Associations  *  *  *  incorporated  under  State  laws  *  *  * 
Neither  the  Republican  nor  Democratic  platform  proposed  any  such 
method  of  raising  revenues.  *  *  *  Its  approval  was  limited  to  the 
platform  of  the  newly  formed  Populist  party.    *    *    * 

"  I  protest  against  the  Democratic  party  being  made  a  tail  to  the  Popu- 
list kite.  *  *  *  The  authors  of  this  bill  in  the  House  deliberately  set 
themselves  at  work  to  make  extreme  reductions,  unnecessary  changes, 
and  violent  alterations  in  existin;^  tariff  rates  *  *  *  for  the  very  pur- 
pose of  creating  a  necessity  for  the  imposition  of  a  tax  on  incomes.  *  »  « 
This  bill  proposes  a  suicidal  policy  when  it  seeks  by  its  extreme  provis- 
ions to  discard  numerous  reasonable  tariff  duties  and  thereby  imperil 
many  industries  and  create  a  deficiency  in  necessary  revenues,  simply 
for  the  purpose  of  affording  an  opportunity  or  excuse  for  the  substitution 
of  an  income  tax.  *  *  *  The  substitution  of  internal  or  direct  taxes 
for  custom-house  taxation,  means  the  reduction  of  the  wages  of  Ameri- 
can workmen  to  the  European  standard.  It  means  the  degradation  of 
American  labor,  it  means  the  deprivation  to  our  workmen  of  the  com- 
forts and  luxuries  of  life  to  which  they  have  been  accustomed.  *  *  * 
I  have  no  patience  with  the  demagogic  clamor  which  is  constantly  de- 
manding that  the  rich  shall  pay  all  the  taxes.  *  *  *  I  am  opposed  to 
any  income  tax  which  wholly  or  in  part  proposes  to  supersede  this  wise 
and  useful  [tariff]  method  of  taxation." 

—Senator  David  B.  Hill,  New  York. 

INCOME  TAX.      BY  WHOM  PAID. 

The  income  tax  of  twenty-five  years  ago  was  paid  by  250,000  persons. 
The  income  tax  with  a  limit  of  untaxed  income  of  f4,000  would  not  to-day 
be  paid  by  over  200,000  persons  at  the  outside,  and  this  is  a  large  and  lav- 
ish estimate. 

IOWA. 

Area,  55,045  square  miles. 

Constitution  formed,  November  1, 1844 — Act  for  admission,  with  certain 
specified  boundaries  passed  Congress  March  3, 1845— rejected  by  the  peo- 
ple of  the  proposed  State — memorials  presented  to  Congress  regarding 
boundaries,  February  17,  1846— first  State  Constitution  formed.  May  18, 
1846 — Acts  of  Congress  to  define  boundaries  and  to  repeal  parts  of  Act  of 
March  3, 1845,  relating  thereto,  approved  August  4, 1846— by  Act  of  Con- 
gress, admitted  as  a  State,  December  28, 1846. 

Legislature  composed  of  60  Senators  and  100  Representatives.  Meets 
biennially,  (Jan.  8, 1894.) 

Elections  annual,  Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in  Oct.,  1895. 

Senator  Wm.  B.  AxiiisoN  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Jas.  F.  WUiSON  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

m 


Denjocrats  by  theoretical  Bpeculations  abotit 
pei:  cents  and  ad  valorems  make  believe  that  the 
poor  have  to  bear  the  burden  of  tai'if  f  taxation.  In 
truth  and  practical  fact  it  is  not  so. 

—Hon.  M.  N.  Jolinson,  North  Dakota. 


IOWA.    (Continued.) 
CONGKESSIONAJL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  153,712.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,787;  Rep.,  18,416. 

2d.     Population,  172,990.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  28,129;  Rep.,  15,357. 

3d.     Population,  184,437.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,585;  Rep.,  22,043. 

4th.    Population,  169,344.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,090;  Rep.,  19,680. 

5th.    Population,  168,175.  Vote  1892  :  Dem.,  18,935:  Rep'.,  20,133. 

6th.    Population.,  155,354.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,572;  Rep.,  17,747. 

7th.    Population,  161,320.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,883;  Rep.,  19,963. 

8th.    Population,  173,484.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,968;  Rep.,  20,219. 

9th.    Population,  180,764.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,809;  Rep.,  20,287. 

10th.  Population,  188,346.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,458;  Rep.,  23,482. 

11th.  Population,  203,470.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,707;  Rep.,  21,984. 

IRISHMEN.  HOW  CAN  they  support  free  trade.. 

What  I  say  here  to-day  may  be  as  sounding  brass  and  tinkling  cym- 
bals ;  but  as  an  humble  member  of  this  illustrious  body  I  am  prompted 
by  a  stout  sense  of  duty  to  submit  this  solemn  question  to  the  American 
people  for  their  solemn  answer.  Is  the  speakership  of  the  American 
House  of  Representatives,  chairmanship  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means,  membership  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  Cobden 
Club,  that,  in  the  Language  of  the  JLondon  Times,  can  never  rest  while 
the  United  States  are  unsubdued,  consistent  and  compatible  positions. 
[Applause  on  Republican  side.] 

I  am  anxious  to  know  if  the  adopted  citizens  of  Irish  birth  and  their 
descendants  will  continue  to  perpetuate  tlie  political  power  of  a  party, 
the  leading  members  of  which  adorn  the  roll  of  an  organization  that  bodes 
death  not  only  to  American  but  to  Irish  industries.  Cobden  free  trade 
means  that  parliamentary  independence  in  Ireland  is  utterly  valueless. 
It  has  scattered  them  like  the  Israelites  over  every  portion  of  God's  foot- 
stool, robed  them  in  rags,  and  made  them  "  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers 
of  water."  Can  they  knowingly  support  at  the  ballot-box  for  the  high 
office  of  President  of  the  United  States  a  leader  of  that  party,  when  they 
are  informed  by  the  London  cable  dispatches  of  the  18tii  day  of  January 
last  that  the  surplus  funds  of  the  Cobden  Club  are  intended  as  re-enforce- 
ments for  Cleveland  in  his  ettbrts  to  hand  over  the  control  of  American 
markets  to  British  traders  'i— Irish  Rcpuhlican. 

IRON. 

THE    RESUL,T   OF    PROTECTION    ON   PIG   IRON,  AS   SHOWN  BY  THE 
OPERATION  OF  A  SINGLE  FURNACE. 

From  a  statement  made  by  the  Hon.  J.  1*:.  Washington,  of  Tennessee, 
Democrat,  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  Feb.  9,  1894.  After  insisting 
on  the  correctness  of  the  statement,  which  is  appended,  he  is  recorded  as 
voting  against  the  continuance  of  the  McKinley  Law  and  for  the  adoption 
of  the  Wilson  bill. 

194 


TVTiatever  the  future  industrial  system  of  this 
country  may  be,  the  past  system  is  a  splendid  mon- 
ument to  that  series  of  successful  statesmen  who 
found  the  country  bankrupt  and  distracted,  and 
left  it  first  on  the  list  of   nations. 

—Hon.  Thos.  B.  Beed,   Maine. 


IRON.     (Continued.) 

Before  reading  the  following  paragraph  of  Mr.  Washington,  notice  that 
he  fails  to  include  in  his  statement  the  damage  resulting  from  idleness, 
the  loss  on  investment,  the  maintaining  of  the  plant,  watch  force,  pump- 
ing, etc.,  all  of  which  adds  to  the  sum  stated  by  Mr.  Washington. 

"  The  value  of  a  furnace  to  a  community  is  a  matter  of  mathematical 
demonstration. 

"  The  consequences  of  stopping  a  furnace  of  900  to  1,000  tons  capacity 
per  week  would  be  somewhat  as  follows :  The  freight  receipts  inward  and 
outward  amount  to  not  less  than  f  15,000  to  f 20,000  per  month,  which  is 
about  equal  to  the  average  revenue  to  a  railroad  derived  from  a  city  of 
20,000  people.  This  gives  one  some  idea  of  the  enormous  amount  of  busi- 
ness set  in  motion  by  a  large  furnace  in  operation.  In  addition  to  the 
direct  loss  to  the  railroad  in  the  falling  off  of  its  business,  the  employes 
of  the  railroad  and  those  dependant  upon  them  would  suffer  correspond- 
ing hardships  and  losses.  There  would  also  be  cut  off  in  wages  to  furnace 
employes  $15,000  to  $16,000  per  month.  The  farmers  in  the  vicinity  who 
sell  their  farm  products— flour,  bacon,  corn,  hay,  potatoes,  butter,  eggs, 
chickens,  fruits,  and  live  stock— Avould  lose  a  ready,  profitable  home 
market,  a  nd  would  soon  be  made  to  feel  the  hard  times  incidental  to 
stopping  the  furnace. 

*'  The  coal  miner  would  also  have  to  stand  his  share  of  the  burden,  as  it 
requires  from  300  to  350  tons  of  coal  per  day  to  produce  coke  for  such  a 
furnace.  This  would  cut  off  about  $10,000  monthly  at  the  coal  mines  and 
result  in  preventing  150  to  200  miners  from  earning  their  daily  bread. 

*'  Following  in  the  track  of  depression  and  losses,  our  wholesale  mer- 
chants at  home  would  suffer  a  monthly  loss  of  thousands  of  dollars  of 
trade. 

"  To  present  these  results  with  more  practical  force  we  will  work  out  the 
problem  of  one  furnace  and  apply  to  the  entire  iron  interest  of  Tennessee 
and  give  the  figures  in  gross  covering  a  year : 

The  loss  to  railroad  in  freight,  passenger  fares,  and  indirect  serv- 
ices, $20,000  per  month ^MO,  000 

The  loss  to  those  dependent  on  railroad,  $1,000  per  month 12,  000 

Employes  of  furnace,  $15,000  to  $16,000  per  month 186,  000 

To  farmers  in  vicinity,  $8,000  per  month ; 30,  0(X) 

Coal  miners,  $10,000  per  month 120,  0(X) 

Wholesale  merchants,  say  $6,000  per  month 72,  000 

Doctor  lees,  monthly,  $300 3,  600 

Total  loss  estimated  to  the  people  of  Tennessee  by  stopping 
furnace  for  one  year $«M',  000 

195 


If  the  laboring:  class  are   to  perish,   perish,  I 
say,  the  whole  Nation. 

—Senator  J.  N.  Dolph,  Oregon 


IRON  AND  STEEL. 

The  amount  of  iron  and  nianufactures  of  iron  im- 
ported into  the  United  States  in  1893,  was  :^9G,0l»2,l4<>,  paying  a  total  duty 
of  $38,506,950,  average  ad  valorem,  48.01  i)er  cent. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  IN  GENERAL,  1890. 

Establishments 645 

Capital ^S73,  478,  018 

Employes 152,535 

Wages $84,  665,  506 

Materials 295,  777,  843 

Products 430,  954,  348 

Wages  per  capita,  |555.05. 

IRON  AND  STEEL,  naii.s  and  spikes,  cut  and  wrought,  in- 
cluding WIRE  NAII.S,  1890. 

Establishments 138 

Capital $24,  334,  549 

Employes 17,  116 

Wages $7,  816,  994 

Materials 22,  960,  737 

Products 34,  227,  517 

Wages  per  capita,  $456.76. 

IRON  AND  STEEL,  PIPE,  WROUGHT,  1890. 

Establishments 22 

Capital $22,  622,  367 

Employes 12,  064 

Wages $.'>r845,  462 

Materials 25,  988,  798 

Products 37,  906,  801 

Wages  per  capita,  $484.53. 

IRON  AND  STEEL,     bessemer  steel. 

In  1865  the  first  Bessemer  steel  rail  was  made  in  this  country.  There 
was  a  duy  of  45  per  cent,  on  the  foreign  product  at  that  time.  This  con- 
tinued until  January  1,  1871,  when  tlie  act  of  Congress  which  imposed  a 
specific  duty  of  $28  a  ton  M^ent  into  eflect.  Steel  rails  in  1867  were  selling 
in  our  market  for  $166  a  ton  in  currencj^  or  $138  in  gold.  The  price  had 
fallen  to  $106.75  in  1870,  when  the  duty  was  imposed.  Now,  if  the  Presi- 
dent is  correct  in  his  theory,  the  imposition  of  the  duty  of  $28  per  ton 
would  have  had  the  effect  of  advancing  the  i)rice  from  $106.75  a  ton  to 
$134.75  a  ton. 

But  what  has  been  the  result?  In  1867  our  steel-rail  mills  produced 
2,278  tons.  In  1887  they  produced  2,101,904  tons.  How  ji bout  the  price? 
A  ton,  in  1867,  was  sold  in  our  market  at  $16(5;  a  ton  in  March,  1888,  sells 
for  $31.50.  What  becomes  of  the  Presid(!nt's  theory  that  the  duty  en- 
hances the  cost  of  the  article  and  becomes  a  tax  to  the  consumer?  But 
in  this  connection  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  millions  of  cap- 
ital have  been  invested  in  this  industry  by  reason  of  the  encouragement 
extended  by  the  act  of  1870,  and  that  thousands  of  laborers  have  been 
employed  in  this  great  industry. 

196 


The  Rame  force  which  has  created  great  na- 
tions has  created  civilization,  and  great  nations 
are  the  denial  of  the  let-alone  theory. 

—Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,    Massachusetts. 


IRONWORK,  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  ORNAMENTAL,  1890. 

Establishments 724 

Capital 18;21,  INxS,  172 

Employes 18,672 

Wages $11,  951,  457 

Material 18,  620,  510 

Products 37,  745,  294 

Wages  per  capita  ?640.07. 

ITALY. 

In  Italy  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
Lira ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3:  the  coins  are  gold :  5, 10, 
20,  50  and  100  lire ;  silver :  6  lire.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold 
to  15i  of  silver,  or  1  of  gold  to  14.38  of  limited  silver. 


I  have  seen  the  straw  shed  of  free-trade  times 
give  place  to  the  splendidly-constructed  barns  that 
are  an  ornament  to  the  farms  all  through  Illinois. 
—Hon.  A.  J.  Hopkins,  Illinois. 


J 


JAPAN. 

In  Japan  gold  is  the  nominal  and  silver  the  practical  standards  ; 
the  monetary  unit  is  the  yen;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is,  gold 
}^.99.7,  silver  $0.66.1 ;  the  coins  are  gold:  1,  2,  5,  10,  and  20  yen;  silver; 
yen.    The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  or'  gold  to  16.18  of  silver. 

JEWELRY,  1890. 

Establishments ; 783 

Capital $22,  246,  508 

Employes 15,  761 

Wages ^10,  270,  393 

Materials IG,  110,  219 

Products 34,  761,  458 

Wages  per  capita  $651.63. 

Goods  were  imported  to  the  value  of  $15,776,009  on  which  duty  wan  col- 
lected $1,646,476.  The  duty  under  the  McKinley  law  was  21  per  cent., 
while  the  new  law  increased  it  to  23.55  per  cent. 

JUTE,  ITS  ENORMOUS  VALUE. 

"  Under  circumstances  which  seemingly 
assure  the  prosperity  of  the  new  culture,  is  it  wise  for  Congress  to  make 
the  proposed  change ?  The  abolition  of  duties  on  rival  imports  would 
benefit  only  a  comparatively  small  number  of  people,  but  the  successful 
jfrowth  of  jute  and  ramie  in  the  South  would  add  large  and  richly  pro- 
ductive resources  to  the  wealth  of  the  Nation.  In  their  crude  and  manu- 
factured forms  jute  and  ramie  are  yielding  India  and  China  an  annual 
revenue  of  not  less  than  $150,000,000;  but  Texas  alone  can  raise  more  jute 
and  ramie  than  India  or  China  have  ever  yet  produced.  Under  the 
patronage  of  wise  laws,  with  the  greater  productiveness  of  intelligent 
agriculture,  and  with  the  economies  of  efficient  machinery,  the  South 
ought  at  an  early  cTay  to  derive  from  the  tillage  of  these  staples  as  large 
an  income  as  India  and  China  now  do." 

These  statements,  coming  from  as  careful  an  investigator  and  conser- 
vative thinker  as  Professor  Wateriiouse,  convince  us  that  the  cultivation 
and  manufacture  of  jute  and  ramie  would  increase  the  price  of  land 
throughout  the  Gulf  States,  and  bring  to  the  people  thereof  more  than  one 
hundred  millions  of  dollars  annually. 

198 


The  great  trusts  are  guarded  by  the  provisions 

of  this  law,  but  there   is  nothing   to  show  that  the 

farmer,     the   w^orkingman    or  the    manufacturer 

have   been   heard   or   regarded   in    its   schedules. 

—Senator   Henry  Cabot  Lodge,    Massachusetts. 


K 


KANSAS. 

Area,  70,891  square  miles. 

Convention  met  at  Topeka  to  consider  formation  of  State  Government, 
September  19, 1855— Convention  adjourned  and  met  at  the  same  place, 
October  23, 1855 — Constitution  formed  by  Topeka  Convention,  November 
12, 1855— Topeka  Constitution  adopted  by  the  people,  December  15, 1855 — 
Convention  met  at  Lecompton,  September  5, 1857— Lecompton  Conven- 
tion adjourned  and  met  at  same  place,  October,  1857— Constitution  formed 
by  Lecompton  Convention,  November  7,  1857 — bill  passed  Congress  to 
admit,  conditionally,  under  the  Lecompton  Constitution,  May  4, 1858— 
A-ct  for  admission  rejected  by  the  people,  January  4, 1859— Convention 
met  at  Wyandotte,  July  5, 1859— Constitution  formed  by  Wyandotte  Con- 
vention, July  29, 1859— by  Act  of  Congress  admitted  as  a  State,  under  the 
Wyandotte  Constitution,  January  29, 1861. 

Legislature  composed  of  40  Senators,  125  Representatives. 

Meets  biennially,  Jan.  8, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  U'94. 

Senator  Wm.  A.  Peffer  (Pop.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  John  Martin  (Dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

X)NGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

At  large.  Vote,  1892:  Fusion,  163,634 ;  Rep.,  156,761. 
1st.  Population,  167,314.  Vote,  1892 :  Pop.,  15,782 ;  Rep.,  19,401. 
2d.  Population,  209,148.  Vote,  1892 :  Fusion,  22,817 ;  Rep.,  22,900. 
3d.  Population,  201,584.  Vote,  1892 ;  Fusion,  23,098 ;  Rep.,  21,594. 
4th.  Population,  214,544.  Vote,  1892 :  Fusion,  22,603 ;  Rep.,  25,307. 
5th.  Population,  177,151.  Vote,  1892 :  Fusion,  20,162 ;  Rep.,  18,842. 
6th.  Population,  179,147.  Vote,  1892 :  l^usion,  19,398 ;  Rep.,  17,887. 
7th.  Population,  178,208.    Vote,  1892:  F.  A.,  33,822;  Rep.,  32,059. 

KENTUCKY. 

Area,  37,680  square  miles. 

Application  made  to  Congress  for  admission  as  a  State  Dec.  9, 1790. 
Act  of  Congress  approved  Feb.  4, 1791.    Admitted  as  a  State  June  1, 1792. 

Legislature  composed  of  38  Senators,  100  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  1, 1894. 

State  election,  biennially,  first  Monday  in  Aug.,  1895. 

Senator  Joseph  C.  S.  Blackburn,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  WiiiiiiAM  Lindsay,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

199 


"Free  trade  and  State  rights,"  was  the  motto 
of  disunion,  the  excuse  for  secession,  and  although 
crushed  out  by  Jackson  in  183S,  it  sprang  anew  in- 
to disgraceful  life  in  1860,  to  be  driven  to  the  wall 
at  untold  cost   of  blood  and  treasure. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


KENTUCKY.    (Continued.) 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  170,500.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,295;  Rep.,  8,438. 

2d.  Population,  178,808.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,053;  Rep.,  9,781. 

3d.  Population,  176,471.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,     ;  Rep.,     . 

4th.  Population,  192,055.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,043;  Rep.,  11,485. 

5th.  Population,  188,598.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,445;  Rep.,  13,767. 

6th.  Population,  160,649.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,564;  Rep.,  10,729. 

7th.  Population,  141,461.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,588;  Rep.,  9,433. 

8th.  Population,  142,671.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,092;  Rep., . 

9th.  Population,  176,212.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,295;  Rep.,  15,339. 

10th.  Population,  149,058.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,515;  Rep.,  11,743. 

11th.  Population,  187,481.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,483;  Rep.,  17,087. 

aoo 


The  new  tariff  is  bad  in  construction,  bad  in 
purpose,  and  bad  in  its  assaults  upon  the  onward 
march  of  the  industrial  energry  and  prosperity  of 
tliis  miglity  Bepublic. 

—Senator  Jacob  Gallinser,  New  Hampshire. 


LABOR. 

LABOR  BILLS,  who  passes  them? 


Mr.  McMillin,  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  has 
been  pleased  to  claim  that  because  a  Democratic  House  not  long  ago 
passed  two  measures  in  the  interest  of  labor  (one  of  them  known  as  the 
contract  bill),  which  were  signed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
therefore  his  party  alone  is  entitled  to  be  considered  to  be  the  friend  of 
the  laboring  men  of  this  country.  If  there  be  no  other  basis  for  this  claim, 
we  feel  that  the  title  of  his  party  to  that  distinguished  honor  is  unassail- 
able. If  there  be  any  other  foundation  for  this  claim  except  the  shallow 
pretense  that  a  low  tariff  makes  high  wages,  we  would  like  to  know  it. 
Every  Republican  in  the  House  voted  for  both  those  measures,  and  they 
never  could  have  gone  to  the  hand  of  a  Democratic  President  for  signature 
except  through  the  intervention  of  a  Republican  Senate.  It  will  be  a  very 
difllcult  matter  for  the  Democrats  to  convince  the  people  that  the  legisla- 
tive department  of  this  Government  consists  solely  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

There  was  another  labor  bill  passed  in  a  Democratic  House.  It  was 
known  as  the  "  arbitration  or  O'Neill  bill ;"  and  the  Democrats  are  en- 
titled to  a  monopoly  of  all  the  glory  of  the  achievement.  When  that 
measure  came  up  for  debate  upon  its  merits  a  distinguished  Democratic 
member  of  the  Labor  Committee  rose  in  his  place  and  denounced  it  as  a 
piece  of  unblushing  demagogery,  and  characterized  its  author  as  "  a  good 
constitutional  lawyer  among  baseball  players  and  a  good  baseball  player 
among  constitutional  lawyers." 

LABOR  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WHO  ENACTED  THEM  ?— THE  CONSTITUTION— THIRTEENTH  AMEND- 
MENT. —  SliAVERY,  ETC.,  PROHIBITED. 

This  great  revolution  by  which  labor  was  exalted  and  the  country  freed 
from  the  curse  of  slavery,  was  accomplished  by  the  Republican  party 
against  the  fiercest  opposition  possible  by  the  combined  forces  of  the 
Democrats  and  their  allies. 

THE  COOLY  TRADE  PROHIBITED. 

This  law  was  passed  February  19, 1862 ;  amended  February  9, 1869 ;  and 
further  amended  March  3, 1875.  President  Grant,  in  his  message  of  De- 
cember 7, 1874,  laid  before  Congress  a  recommendation  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law.  The  legislation  on  these  several  acts  was  accomplished 
by  the  Republicans  in  1862,  in  the  Thirty-seventh  Congress,  and  in  1869^ 
in  the  Fortieth  Congress. 

201 


V/lioii  the  Canadian  farmers  and  millers 
have  thus  secured  free  access  to  our  markets 
for  all  they  can  produce,  our  own  farmers  and 
millers  must  look  for  a  market  for  those  of  their 
products  that  have  heen  displaced  by  Canadian 
products. 

— Senator  H.  C  Hansbroug^h,  North  Dakota. 


PEONAGE  ABOLISHED. 

This  act  was  passed  in  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  when  both  Houses 
were  Republican  by  a  large  majority,  March  2, 1867. 

INSPECTION  OF  STEAM  VESSELS. 

Passed  during  the  Fortieth  Congress  when  the  Republicans  were  ^in 
power  in  both  Houses. 

SEAMEN,  PROTECTION  of. 

Passed  during  the  42nd  Congress  when  both 
Houses  were  under  the  control  of  the  Republicans.  It  was  amended  dur- 
ing the  43rd  Congress  when  the  Republicans  were  in  control  of  both  Houses. 

INVOLUNTARY  SERVITUDE  of  foreigners,  abrogated. 

Passed  during  the  43d  Congress  when  both  Houses  were  under  the 
control  of  the  Repulicans. 

ALIEN  CONTRACT  LABOR. 

Contract  Labor  Law  passed  the  House 
March  9,  1886.    All  the  votes  against  the  bill  were  Democratic. 

INCORPORATION  or  national  trades  unions. 

Passed  the  Senate  June  9,  1886,  without  division.     Passed  the  House 
June  11, 1888,  without  division. 

PAYMENT  OF  PER  DIEM  employes  for  holidays. 

Passed  without  division  in  the  49th  Congress,  2nd  Session. 

LABOR  OF  UNITED  STATES  CONVICTS,      contract  system 
prohibited. 

Passed  the  House  March  9, 1886.    Passed  the  Senate 
Feb.  28, 1887.    All  the  votes  against  the  bill  were  Democratic. 

BOARDS  OF  ARBITRATION. 

Passed  the  House  on  April  3,  1886,  with 
thirty  votes  against  the  bill,  all  being  Democratic. 

HOURS  OF  LABOR,  letter  carriers. 

Law  limiting  letter-carriers 
to  eight  hours  a  day.    Passed  in  the  Senate  without  division. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Passed  the  House  April  19,  1888.  Passed 
the  Senate  May  23, 1888.    All  votes  cast  against  the  bill  were  Democratic. 

ALIEN  CONTRACT  LABOR. 

Fifty-first  Congress.  Passed  the  House 
without  division,  Aug.  30, 1890.  Passed  the  Senate  with  verbal  amend- 
ments Sept.  27,  1890. 


When  the  Government,  in  the  first  year  of  its 
life,  by  the  patriotic  hands  of  Washington,  Madi- 
son, and  the  other  representatives  of  the  people, 
declared  and  enacted  a  law  establishing  a  system 
of  protective  duties,  it  did  no  more  than  was  its 
bounden  duty  to  do. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


LABOR,  I'Oss  TO. 

Bradstreet,  in  a  recent  publication  after  a  careful  enu- 
meration of  the  unemployed  throughout  the  country,  states  that  there  are 
"  in  New  England  65,200  unemployed  and  154,000  dependent ;  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  223,250  unemployed  and  563,750  dependent;  Penn- 
sylvania, 151,500  unemployed  and  449,200  dependent ;  Central  Western 
States,  227,340  unemployed  and  443,310  dependent ;  Northwestern  States, 
64,900  unemployed  and  175,800  dependent;  f^aciflc  Coast,  25,800  unem- 
ployed and  47,300  dependent;  Southern  States,  43,065  unemployed  and 
122,650  dependent;  making  a  frightful  aggregate  of  801,885  people  unem- 
ployed and  1,956,710  dependent." 

LABOR,  THE  LABORER  AND  HIS  HIRE. 

The  following  figures,  compiled  by  a  Democratic  free  trader,  the  Hon- 
orable CaroU  D.  Wright,  United  States  Commissioner  of  Labor,  are 
taken  from  his  article  in  the  Forum  of  October,  1893,  entitled  "  Cheaper 
Living  and  the  Rise  of  Wages."  It  is  thought  that  they  speak  for  them- 
selves and  for  protection,  and  against  free  trade. 

"  The  pay  of  laborers  is  quite  indicative  of  general  conditions.  In  1840 
a  laborer  in  a  large  brewery  in  the  city  of  New  York  received  62.5  cents 
a  day;  in  1860,  84  cents  a  day ;  in  1866,  $1.30  a  day ;  in  1891,  from  $1.90  to 
$2  a  day.  Compositors  who  worked  by  the  day  received,  in  1840,  $1.50  ; 
in  1860,  $2 ;  in  1866,  from  $2.50  to  $3,  and  the  same  in  1891.  These  quota- 
tions are  for  a  well-known  establishment  in  the  State  of  Connecticut. 
A  building  firm  in  Connecticut  paid  journeymen  carpenters,  in  1840,  from 
$1.25  to  $1.62  a  day;  in  1860,  from  1.25  to  $1.75  a  day;  in  1891,  from  $3  to  $3.25 
a  day.  A  firm  of  builders  in  New  York  paid,  in  1840,  $1.50  a  day ;  in 
1860,  $2 ;  in  1866,  $3.50 ;  in  1891,  $3.50.  Painters  received  the  same.  Siinilar 
quotations  could  be  made  for  carpenters  and  painters  in  different  parts  of 
the  Eastern  States.  The  rates  of  wages  paid  to  wheelwrights  were  in  1840, 
$1.25 ;  in  1860, 1.25 ;  in  1866,  $2 ;  in  1891,  $2.50.  Cotton  weavers  (women)  in 
Massachusetts  earned,  in  1840,  on  the  average,  about  62  cents  a  day ;  in 
1860,  54.5  cents ;  in  1866,  from  85  to  90  cents  ;  in  1891,  $1.05.  Women  frame 
spinners  were  paid  about  the  same,  earning  a  little  more  in  the  latei 
years.  Wool  spinners,  both  jack  and  mule,  earned  less  than  $1.00  a  day 
in  1840,  while  in  1860  they  earned  $1.05  a  day ;  in  1866,  from  $1.80  to  $1.90  a 
day ;  in  1891,  from  $1.38  to  $1.75  a  day. 

*' The  average  earnings  of  puddlers  have  been  subject  to  great  varia- 
tions. An  average  must  be  used  here  because  puddlers  are  paid  largely 
by  the  ton.  In  1840,  at  ^tna,  Pennsylvania,  puddlers  earned  $3.69  a  day ; 
in  1860,  $2.67  a  day;  in  1866,  from  $5.37  to  $6.04  a  day;  in  1891,  $3.67.  In  an- 
other iron  works  at  Duncannon,  Pennsylvania,  the  rates  were  $2.30,  $2.01, 
$4.83,  and  $2.91  for  the  years  named.  The  rates  of  wages  a  day,  succes- 
sively for  the  years  named,  for  blasters  and  drillers  in  the  New  Jersey 
ore  district,  were  75  cents,  $1,  $1.65,  and  $1.50 ;  and  for  unskilled  laborers  in 
mining  ore  at  Cornwall,  Pennsylvania,  50  cents,  75  cents,  §1.45,  and  $1.55." 


Cnder  tliese  higher  duties  American  labor 

employed  in  these  mills  has  earned  more  money 

and  had  more  constant  occupation    than  it  had 

before  the  higher    duties    Avent  into  operation. 

— Senator  Matthew  S.  Quay,    Pennsylvania. 


LABORING  MEN,  do  you  own  a  house  ? 

Go  to  Leeds,  England,  and  see  the  condition  of  the  working  people 
there,  and  then  tell  us  if  you  want  the  laboring  men  of  the  United  States 
reduced  to  their  level.  A  few  years  ago  the  inspector  of  police  in  Leeds  was 
asked  if  he  knew  a  single  instance  in  that  great  industrial  city  of  320,(K)0 
souls  where  a  workingrnan— a  skilled  artisan,  mechanic,  engineer,  car- 
penter, or  mason— owned  tjje  house  in  which  he  lived  and  the  ground  on 
which  it  stood,  and  the  reply  was :  "  If  I  was  on  my  oath  in  court  I  should 
be  obliged  to  answer  no." 

Now  go  to  any  New  England  town  or  city  and  see  the  homes  of  the  me- 
chanics and  laboring  men,  homes  of  thrift  and  comfort  and  neatness,  and 
then  insist,  if  you  will,  that  the  laboring  men  in  Europe  are  as  well  paid 
and  as  prosperous  as  they  are  in  this  country ;  but  you  must  not  expfM^t 
to  deceive  intelligent  workingmen  by  such  false  and  misleading  state- 
ments. 

LEATHER,  TANNED  AND  CURRIED,  1890. 

Establishments 1,  596 

Capital f81,  261,  696 

Employes 34,348 

Wages $17,  825,  605 

Materials 100, 114,806 

Products 138,  282,  004 

Wages  per  capita  $518.97 

Imported  during  1893,  |15,303,243,  on  which  duty  was  collected  $5,228,264; 
average  rate  of  duty  ad  valorem  34.16  per  cent.  Rate  of  duty  under  the 
new  law  17  per  cent. 

* 

Legal  Tender  Money  of  the  U.  S. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  goi.d  coins. 

The  gold  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  a  legal  tender  in  all  pay- 
ments at  their  nominal  value,  when  not  below  the  standard  weight  and 
limit  of  tolerance  provided  by  law  for  the  single  piece,  and,  when  reduced 
in  weight  below  such  standard  and  tolerance,  shall  ]>o  a  legal  tender  at  a 
valuation  in  proportion  to  their  actual  weight.— R.  S.  Sec.  3585 ;  Stat.  vol. 
17,  p.  426. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  siilver  coin. 

Act  Feb.  28, 1878.— Silver  dollars  of  the  weight  of  412^  grains  Troy,  of 
standard  silver  *  *  *  which  coins  togetlier  with  all  silver  dollars 
heretofore  coined  by  the  United  States,  of  like  weight  and  fineness,  shall 
be  a  legal  tender,  at  their  nominal  value,  for  all  debts  and  dues,  public 
and  private,  excei)t  wliere  otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the  contract. 
— R.  S.  Sees.  3009,  3473, 3474,  3513,  3586;  Stat.  vol.  20,  p.  25. 

204 


The  first  necessary  cliaracteristic  of  any  na- 
tion is,  that  it  must  possess  the  power  to  main- 
tain and  protect  itself  as  against  tlie  world.  And 
the  first  law  of  any  Kepublican  nation  is,  that  it 
must  have  the  power  to  protect  its  people  in  their 
rights  to  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 
—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,   llliuois. 


LEGAL-TENDER  iyiONEY,  subsidiary  shaver  coin. 

That  the  present  silver  coins  of  the  United  States  of  smaller  denomina- 
tions than  one  dollar  shall  hereafter  be  a  legal  tender  in  all  sums  not 
exceeding  ten  dollars  in  full  payment  of  all  dues,  public  and  private.— 
Stat.  vol.  21,  p.  8. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  minor  coins,  copper  and  nickei.. 

The  minor  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  a  legal  tender,  at  their 
nominal  value  for  any  amount  not  exceeding  twenty-five  cents  in  any 
one  payment.— R.  S.  Sec.  3587;  Stat.  vol.  17,  p.  427. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  treasury  notes. 

Act  March  3, 1863.— Treasury  notes  issued  under  the  authority  of  the 
acts  of  March  3, 1863,  chapter  73,  and  June  30,  1864,  chapter  172,  shall  be 
legal  tender  to  the  same  extent  as  United  States  notes  for  their  face 
value,  excluding  interest :  Provided,  That  treasury  notes  issued  under 
the  act  last  named  shall  not  be  a  legal  tender  in  payment  or  redemption 
of  any  notes  issued  by  any  bank,  banking  association  or  banker,  calcu- 
lated and  intended  to  circulate  as  money.— R.  S.  Sec.  3590 ;  Stat.  vol.  12, 
p.  710 ;  Stat.  vol.  13,  p.  218. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  united  states  notes. 

United  States  notes  shall  be  lawful  money,  and  a  legal  tender  in  pay- 
ment of  all  debts,  public  and  private,  within  the  United  States,  except 
for  duties  on  imports  and  interest  on  the  public  debt.— R.  S.  Sec.  3588  ; 
Stat.  vol.  12,  p.  711. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  demand  treasury  notes. 

Demand  treasury  notes  authorized  by  the  act  of  July  17, 1861,  chapter 
5,  and  the  act  of  February  12, 1862,  chapter  20,  shall  be  lawful  money  and 
a  legal  tender,  in  like  manner  as  United  States  notes.— R.  S.  Sec.  3589 ; 
Stat.  vol.  12,  p.  370. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  gold  certificates. 

That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  and  directed  to  receive 
deposits  of  gold  coin  with  the  treasurer  or  assistant  treasurers  of  the 
United  States,  in  sums  not  less  than  twenty  dollars,  and  to  issue  certifi- 
cates therefor  in  denominations  of  not  less  than  twenty  dollars  each, 
corresponding  with  the  denominations  of  United  States  notes.  The  coin 
deposited  for  or  representing  the  certificates  of  deposit  shall  be  retained 
in  the  treasury  for  the  payment  of  the  same  on  demand.  Said  certificates 
shall  be  receivable  for  customs,  taxes  and  all  public  dues,  and  when  so 
received  may  be  reissued.— Act  of  July  12, 1892 ;  Stat.  22,  p.  162. 

205 


What  is  tlie  laborer's  estate  ?  It  is  the  skill 
he  has  acquired  in  an  art,  trade  or  mystery. 

-W.  I>.  Kellyi 


LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  treasury  notes. 

Act  of  July  14, 1890.— That  the  treasury  notes  issued  in  accordanoa 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  redeemable  on  demand,  in  coin, 
at  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  or  at  the  office  of  any  assistant 
treasurer  of  the  United  States,  and  when  so  redeemed  may  be  reissued ; 
but  no  greater  or  less  amount  of  such  notes  shall  be  outstanding  at  any 
time  than  the  cost  of  the  silver  bullion  and  the  standard  silver  dollars 
coined  therefrom,  then  held  in  the  treasury,  purchased  by  such  notes ; 
and  such  treasury  notes  shall  be  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  debts, 
public  and  private,  except  where  otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the 
contract,  and  shall  be  receivable  for  customs,  taxes  and  all  public  dues, 
and  when  so  received  may  be  reissued ;  and  such  notes,  when  held  by 
any  national  banking  association,  may  be  counted  as  a  part  of  its  lawful 
reserve.  That  upon  demand  of  the  holder  of  any  of  the  treasury  notes 
herein  provided  for,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall,  under  such  regu- 
lations as  he  may  prescribe,  redeem  such  notes  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  at 
his  discretion. — Stat.  vol.  26,  p.  289. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  nationai.  bank  notes. 

That  after  any  such  association  shall  have  caused  its  promise  to  pay 
such  notes  on  demand  to  be  signed  by  the  president  or  vice-president 
and  cashier  thereof,  in  such  manner  as  to  make  them  obligatory  promis- 
sory notes,  payable  on  demand,  at  its  place  of  business,  such  association 
is  hereby  authorized  to  issue  and  circulate  the  same  as  money ;  and  the 
same  shall  be  received  at  par  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  in  pay- 
ment of  taxes,  excises,  public  lands,  and  all  other  dues  to  the  United 
States,  except  lor  duties  on  imports  ;  and  also  for  all  salaries  and  other 
debts  and  demands  owing  by  the  United  States  to  individuals,  corpora- 
tions, and  associations  within  the  United  States,  except  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  and  in  redemption  of  the  national  currency.— R.  S.  Sees. 
3473,3475,  and  5182. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  WHAT  IS  IT? 

LiNDKRMAN,  H.  R. 

There  is  not  a  line  nor  word  in  the  Constitution  which  in  terms  gives 
Congress  the  right  or  power  to  make  anything  but  coined  money  a  legal 
tender  in  payment  of  debts.  There  is  no  provision  in  that  instrument 
under  which  the  right  is  even  implied,  unless  it  be  from  the  power  "  to 
raise  and  support  armies." 

Under  this  war  power,  the  right  to  issue  legal  tender  paper  money  has 
been  asserted  and  once  exercised  by  the  Government.  The  right  so  exerci- 
sed, has  been  sustained  by  the  Supreme  Court  under  the  plea  of  necessity, 
of  which  necessity  Congress  is  the  judge.  And  the  Government  will  exer- 
cise the  power  whenever  the  taxing  and  borrowing  power  are  found  in- 
sufficient to  yield  the  means  of  suppressing  an  extensive  rebellion,  or 
repelling  a  formidable  invasion. 

206 


The  Kepubilcan  iJoKcy  is  anil  always  V.-^.'i 
been  to  digrulfy  aud-  benefit  American  labor,  aoo 
that  can  best  be  done  by  generous  protecH  va  loyrls- 
lation.  —Senators.  M.  Cullom,  Illiii<>i<9. 


LEGAI.-TENDER  MONEY.     (Continued.) 

Under  the  power  granted  to  borrow  money,  Congress  ryny  authorize 
the  issue  of  credit  or  demand  notes,  or  other  evidence  of  debt,  and  make 
the  same  receivable  by  the  United  States  Treasury,  and  thereby  aid  in 
giving  such  notes  currency  as  money,  but  it  has  no  power  to  compel 
their  acceptance  in  payment  of  private  debts,  except  in  the  emergency  of 
"  necessity."  This  mode  of  borrowing  money  has  been  exercised  at  diff- 
erent times  in  our  history. 

Clothing  with  legal  tender  power  any  money  but  coin  is  one  of  tlie  most 
responsible  acts  of  Government.  As  a  matter  of  equity  to  the  people, 
the  legal  tender  attribute  in  respect  to  all  issues  outstanding  should  con- 
tinue until  such  money  be  either  funded  or  made  redeemable  in  the 
standard  metalic  money. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  republican  position  defined. 

BUYING  AND  SEI.I.ING  ARE  VOI.UNTARY. 

Curry,  W.  W. 

Doctor  Linderman's  statements  here  are  apt  to  be  misleading:— In 
making  any  given  coin  or  paper  "  a  legal  tender"  the  Government  does 
not  mean  that  the  farmer  mast  accept  it  for  his  produce  or  the  merchant 
for  his  goods.  Buying  and  selling  are  voluntary,  and  the  parties  them- 
selves agree  as  to  what  shall  be  given  and  taken.  No  one  is  compelled 
to  take  coin  any  more  than  paper  for  his  pr  operty  if  he  does  not  so  choose. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  debt-paying  qualities  of. 

All  that  it  means  is  that  if  one  person  owes  another  a  debt  on  any  ac- 
count, and  the  Government  is  called  on  to  collect  it  by  law,  it  will  collect 
it  in  any  legal  tender  money  which  the  creditor  may  offer.  So,  when  a 
debt  is  due  and  the  debtor  tenders  payment  in  legal-tender  money,  if 
the  creditor  refase  it,  he  cannot  by  law  collect  it  in  anything  else,  or  col- 
lect any  further  interest  or  damages. 

LEGAL-TENDER  MONEY,  implied  powers  of  congress,  con- 
cerning. 

The  Constitution  does  not  "in  terms"  confer  on  Congress  the  power  to 
make  anything  a  legal  tender,  either  coin  or  paper;  but  it  does  "in  terms" 
deprive  the  States  of  tlie  power  to  "make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver 
coin  a  tender  in  the  payment  of  debts."  This  necessarily  implies  that 
tlie  power  to  make  paper  money  a  tender  for  debts  is  inherent  in  Govern- 
ment, and  as  it  is  expressly  withheld  from  the  States,  it  must  remain  in 
the  General  Government, — or  else  it  has  been  annihilated,  which  is  ab- 
surd. 

But  the  power  to  declare  what  money  shall  be  a  legal  tender  in  the 
payment  of  debts  is  inherent  in  the  power  to  enforce  the  payment  of 
debts.  It  is  inevitable,  if  the  Government  has  the  power  to  collect  debts, 
it  must  have  the  power  to  say  when  the  debt  is  to  be  paid,  and  in  what  it 
shall  be  paid.  The  power  to  make  greenbacks  a  legal  tender,  therefore, 
does  not  rest  exclusively  on  the  "war-power"  of  the  Government,  but 
also  on  its  inherent  power  to  collect  debts,  and  its  implied  retention  of 
a  power  withheld  from  the  States. 

9{n 


Wbat  is  the  laborer's  estate  ?  It  is  the  force 
of  his  will  and  the  power  of  his  thews  and  sin- 
ew*. — W.  D.  Kelly. 


LIQUORS,  mSTILLED,  1890.  (See  also,  Internal  Revenue.) 

Establishments 440 

Capital $31,  006, 176 

Employes..... 5,343 

Wages $2,  814,  889 

Materials 14,  909, 173 

Products. 104,  197,  869 

Wages  per  capita  $526.83. 

LIQUORS,  MALT,  1890.  (See  also,  Internal  Revenue.) 

Establishments 1,248 

Capital $232,471,290 

Employes.... 34,800 

W^ages $28,  382,  544 

Matertals 64,  003,  347 

Products 182,  731,  622 

Wages  per  c  apita  $815.59 

LIVE  STOCK,   EFFECTS  OF  DEMOCRATIC  I^EGISLATION   ON   THE 


The  present  law  is  in  the  interest  of  the  stock  raiser  of  Canada,  Central 
America,  Mexico  and  other  foreign  countries  and  against  that  of  the 
American  stock  raiser.  Under  the  McKinley  act  there  was  a  specific 
duty  of  $30  per  head  on  horses  valued  at  less  than  $150,  and  30  per  cent. 
ad  valorem  on  all  valued  at  $150  or  over.  The  pending  measure  fixes  the 
duty  on  all  horses  imported  at  the  low  rate  of  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 
(The  rate  on  cattle  was  $10  per  head,  under  the  old  law.)  Now,  what  must 
be  the  inevitable  effect  of  this  change  on  the  American  horse  raiser? 
During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1893,  we  imported  into  this  country, 
12,248  horses  valued  at  less  than  $150  each,  and  382  valued  at  $150  and  over, 
in  all  12,630  head  of  the  total  value  of  $1,164,483.50,  and  on  which  we  col- 
lected a  duty  to  the  amount  of  $367,440.  Under  the  new  tariff  the  revenue 
would  be  $232,886,  a  loss  of  $134,554  which  will  remain  principally  in  the 
pockets  of  Canadian  and  Mexican  stock  raisers. 

THE  liAW  OIOLY  IN  EFFECT  FOUR  DATS  WHEN  THE  FOI.I.OWING  IS 
REPORTED : 

TEXAS  CATTLEMEN  COMPLAIN. 

They  Say  That  The  New  Tariff  Wiiiii  Injure  Their  Interests. 

San  Antonio,  Tex.,  August  30, 1894. 

It  is  claimed  by  the  cattlemen  of  Southwest  Texas  that  the  new  tariff 
will  result  in  serious  injury  to  their  interests  in  this  section.  The  du  ty  is 
reduced  from  $10  per  head  to  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  and  now  that  grass 
is  $^>odon  this  side  it  is  expected  that  at  least  100,000  cattle  will  be  brought 
into  Texas  from  Mexico  within  the  next  sixty  days,  and,  after  being  fat- 
tened, marketed  in  this  country,  thus  forcing  down  the  prices.  Thou- 
sands of  head  of  cows  and  stock  cattle  will  also  be  brought  into  Texas 
'from  Mexico.  There  will  also  be  large  exportations  of  cheap  horses  from 
Mexico  into  this  country.— Associated  Press  Dispatch. 


I  cannot  let  the  opportunity  go  by  without 
saying:  that  in  this  Republic  we  can  not  afford,  if 
w^e  mean  that  this  republic  shall  endure,  to  adopt  a 
policy  which  will  result  in  pauperizing  and  de- 
grading the  great  laboring  population  of  our  coun- 
try. —Senator  S.  M.  Cnllom,  Illinois. 


LOUISIANA. 

Area,  41,346  square  miles. 

Enabling  act  approved  Feb.  20, 1811.  First  State  Constitution  formed 
Jan,  22, 1812.  By  act  of  Congress,  approved  April  8, 1812,  admitted  as  a 
State  April  30, 1812. 

Legislature  composed  of  36  Senators,  120  Kepresentatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  April. 

Senator  Newton  C.  Blanchard,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Donelson  Capfery  (dem.)  term  expires . 

CONGRESSIONAI.  DISTKICTS. 

1st.    Population,  154,913.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,878;  Rep.,  4,789. 

2nd.  Population,  152,025.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,288;  Rep.,  6,102. 

3rd.  Population,  214,785.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,033;  Rep.,  3,123. 

4th.  Population,  193,760.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  16,442 ;  Rep.,  5,167. 

5tli.  Population,  194,302.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,571;  Rep.,  4,301. 

6th.  Population,  208,802.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,258;  Rep.,  2,043. 

LUMBER,  TKOM  CENSUS  REPORT  OF  1890. 

Number  of  establishments  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing lumber,  and  other  mill  products, 

from  logs,  bolts,  etc ^ 21,  Oil 

Capital  invested « ^96,  339,  968 

Planing  mills,  etc 3,  670 

Capital  invested $120,  2/1,  440 

Cost  of  material  used 336,  482,  452 

Value  of  product 588,  349,  127 

Number  of  employes  in  both  branches. mm  373,  085 

Total  wages  paid $136,  754,  513 

Average  wages  per  capita,  $366.00. 

The  reports  of  Treasury  exj^erts  in  connection  with  the  tariff  schedules 
show  that  the  value  of  all  imported  wood  and  manufactures  of  wood, 
which  may  be  classified  as  lumber,  for  the  year  1893,  amounted  to  $2,247,- 
205 ;  upon  which  the  amount  of  duty  collected  was  $714,518. 

The  average  ad  valorem  duty  under  the  McKinley  law  was  31.79  per 
cent.,  while  the  present  laV  fixes  the  average  rate  at  23.62  per  cent.,  the 
per  cent,  of  reduction  being  25.70. 

From  the  foregoing  statements,  which  are  all  taken  from  oflftcial  reports, 
it  will  be  easy  to  ascertain  what  the  result  of  the  future  may  be  as  to  the 
lumber  industry.  A  reduction  of  25  per  cent,  in  the  duties  charged  will 
enable  Canada  to  compete  in  all  of  the  branches  of  the  lumber  business, 
and  especially  in  the  larger  class  of  rough  lumber.  If  Canada  and  other 
countries  could  send  us  two  and  one-fourth  millions  of  dollars  worth  un- 
der the  tariff  tax  of  31  per  cent.,  we  can  reasonably  suppose  that  they  can 
double  or  treble  that  amount  under  tlie  great  reduction  made.  The  im- 
portant thought  for  consideration  in  this  matter  is — what  is  to  become  of 
the  373,085  people  employed  in  the  lumber  industry  ? 

209 


No  believer  in  ihe  principle  of  protection 
conW  logically  join  in  the  rebellion  of  1861,  be- 
cause tliat  trouble  was  founded  almost  wholly 
upon  opposition  to  protection.  If  any  person  hold- 
ing: decided  views  in  favor  of  protection  to  Ameri- 
can industry  ever  parttcipated  in  that  act  of  seces- 
sion or  engraffed  under  its  banner,  he  was  enlisted 
under  false  pretenses  or  misunderstood  the  issue. 
-Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,   Illinois. 


M 


MAINE. 

Area,  35,000  square  miles. 

First  State  Constitution  adopted  Oct.  29,  1819.  Application  made  to 
Congress  for  an  enabling  act  Dec.  8, 1819.  By  act  of  Congress,  approved 
Mar.  3, 1820,  admitted  as  a  State  Mar.  15,  1820. 

Legislature  composed  of  31  Senators,  151  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  2,  1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  second  Monday  in  Sept.,  1894. 

Senator  Eugene  Hale,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Wm.  P.  Frye,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  153,778.  Vote  1892:  Dera.,  14,635;  Rep.,  16,312. 
2nd.  Population,  169,528.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,566;  Rep.,  17,194. 
3rd.  Population,  154,710.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,700;  Rep.,  15,582. 
4th.    Population,  183,070.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,261 ;  Rep.,  16,549. 

MANUFACTURES.    (See  also,  Employment  and  Wages.) 

COMPARATIVE  SU3IMARY  OF  TOTAIiS   OF,  WITH   PERCENTAGE  OF 
INCREASE,  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES :  1890  AND  1880. 


Items. 


Number  of  establishments  reporting.., 

Capital.. 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Average  No.  of  employes  (aggregate).. 

Total  wages 

Officers,  firm  members,  clerks- 
Average  number 

Total  wages 

All  other  employes- 
Average  number 

Total  wages 

Cost  of  materials  used 

Value  of  products 


1890. 


322,624 

$6,138,716,604 

615,056,643 

4,476,094 

$2,171,356,919 

42«,139 
1372,005,001 

4,049,955 

11,799,351,918 

5,018,277,603 

9,054,435,337 


1880. (*) 


253,502 

$2,780,766,895 

(t) 

2,700,732] 
$939,462,252. 

(i) 


3,395,925,123 
5,349,191,458 


J 


o  o  S 


27.27 
120.76 


65.74 
131.13 


47.77 
69.27 


*  The  ditference  between  the  totals  stsfted  in  the  table  and  those  pub- 
lished in  the  reports  of  the  Tentli  Census  is  caused  by  the  elimination  of 
data  duplicated  under  the  head  of  "  Mixed  textiles,"  such  data  having 
been  included  in  the  totals  for  the  different  branches  of  the  textile  indus- 
try, also  by  the  inclusion  of  petroleum  refining. 

tThis  item  was  not  reported  at  the  census  of  1880. 

J  Not  reported  separately  at  the  census  of  1880. 

210 


The  wages  paid  in  manufacturing  districts 
in  England  from  wliicli  we  import  quantities  of 
knit  underwear  will  average  not  more  than 
»165  to  S1Y5  a  year,  while  the  average  wages 
in  the  same  industry  in  this  country  are  from 
$400  to  S450  a  year. 

—Senator  Matthei*  S.  Quay,    Pennsylvania. 


MANITFACTURES.    (Continued.) 

The  total  value  of  products  reported  for  the  United  States  is  $9,370,107,- 
524 ;  but  the  contribution  to  the  wealth  of  the  country  is  more  nearly- 
shown  by  deducting  from  this  amount  ^,158,868,353,  the  cost  of  the  mate- 
rials used,  leaving  $4,211,239,271  as  the  increased  value  of  the  raw  mate- 
rials. 

MARBLE  AND  STONE  WORK,  1890. 

Establishments 3,373 

Capital $37, 115,  193 

Employes 35,989 

Wages $25,  363,  521 

Materials 23,  868,  904 

Products 62,  595,  762 

Wages  per  capita,  $704.75. 

Amount  imported,  1893,  $1,750,498 ;  duty  collected,  $723,349. 

MARKETS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  markets  of  the  world  are  not  vis- 
ionary markets,  but  real  places  where  the  gold  of  Ophir  and  the  money 
changers  sit  waiting  with  the  yellow  metal  to  pay  American  producers 
for  what  they  have  to  sell,  provided  they  will  sell  cheaper  than  anybody 
else. 

It  is  said  that  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston  were  greatly 
alarmed  at  the  threatening  aspect  of  affairs  in  the  incipient  days  of  the 
Wilson  bill,  as  it  was  evident  if  that  bill  reflected  public  sentiment,  that 
the  American  producer  had  taken  his  03^0  off  these  great  centers  of  home 
population  as  markets  for  his  products.  He  was  looking  beyond  the 
great  waters,  where  he  was  sure  of  ready  cash  at  bottom  pyHces— in  fact 
the  price  did  not  make  much  difference— the  thing  the  American  pro- 
ducer wanted  was  a  place  to  sell.  He  was  tired  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis, 
Cincinnati  and  Pittsburg.  He  wanted  to  be  independent  and  pass  by  all 
these  markets  of  the  past  and  send  his  produce  direct  to  Yokohama,  or 
to*  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  His  eye  was  upon  Liverpool  and  St. 
Petersburgh.  He  would  like  to  pay  toll  in  the  great  Suez  Canal  as  he 
sent  a  cargo  of  cabbage  or  turnips  or  early  rose  potatoes  to  compete  with 
the  product  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile  or  of  the  East  Indies. 

We  have  long  been  expecting  that  trouble  M^ould  occur  in  this  country 
as  a  result  of  our  people  leaving  our  own  shores  to  stand  on  foreign  soil, 
in  seeking  a  market.  Something  must  be  done  to  counteract  the  influ- 
ence of  the  new  tariff  with  its  "  free  raw  material,"  and  done  at  once.  It 
will  never  do  to  allow  New  York  to  be  snubbed  or  even  to  be  denied  the 
privilege  of  purchasing  American  turnips  or  beans,  to  say  nothing  of 
green  corn  or  other  products,  of  which  we  have  usually  a  very  large  sur- 

211 


A  revenue  tariff,  pure  and  simple,  is  a  misno- 
mer and  an  impossibility.  It  is  merely  a  half-way 
house  bet^veen  free  trade  and  protection,  a  neutral 
grround  where  cow^ards  may  meet  as  undei'  a  truce 
to  concoct  unholy  compromises  and  base  compacts 
between  sugar  trusts  and  lead  trusts  and  question- 
able "combines."  —Senators.  M.  Cullom,   Illinois. 


RIABKSTS  OF  THE  WORLD.    (Continued.) 

pluSy  and  which  the  Wilson  bill  will  send  into  "the  markets  of  the 

world." 

We  would  suggest,  in  order  that  no  great  calamity  may  befall  us  as  a 
result  of  this  new  free-trade  measure,  that  the  Wilson  bill  be  amended  at 
the  next  session  of  Congress,  so  that  it  may  bear  some  semblance  to  our 
inter-State  commerce  law,  which  prevents  the  common  carrier  from  dis- 
criminating in  the  receiving  or  carrying  of  freights.  We,  therefore,  sug- 
gest a  clause,  that  no  discrimination  shall  be  made  against  "  the  home 
market"  in  favor  of  "  the  foreign  market"  in  the  sale  of  fresh  vegetablen 
and  early  strawberries. 

The  Democratic  Purpose  in  Tariff  Reform,  as  Defined  by  the 

Report  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  April  2, 

1888,   on  the  Mills  Bill. 

1.  *'  The  principal  elements  of  cost  in  manufactured  goods  are  labor 
and  material;"  but  material  is  the  product  of  labor;  therefore  labor 
alone  is  the  principal  cost  of  manufactured  goods. 

2.  "  In  the  progressive  growth  of  our  manvifactures  we  have  reached 
the  point  where  our  capacity  to  produce  is  far  in  excess  of  the  require- 
ments of  our  home  consumption"  ;  to  employ  our  capital  and  labor  we 
must  have  "more  extended  markets";  and  these  we  must  find  in  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

3.  "  To  take  the  foreign  market  from  the  foreign  manufacturer  we  nmst 
produce  our  goods  at  a  lower  cost  than  he  can  "  ;  to  do  this  we  must  have 
"  free  raw  material"  from  foreign  countries. 

4.  But  "  we  are  the  largest  producers  of  cotton  in  the  world,  we  are  the 
second  in  the  production  of  wool,  we  put  on  the  market  annually  quan- 
tities of  flax  and  hemp,  and  our  country  is  full  of  ores  and  coal. "  These 
raw  materials  must  be  put  on  the  free-list,  so  as  to  reduce  the  cost  of  the 
domestic  product  by  foreign  competition,  in  order  to  lower  the  cost  of 
our  goods. 

5.  As  the  foreign  manufacturer  has  the  same  access  to  "  free  raw  mate- 
rial" that  we  have,  is  as  anxious  to  hold  "  the  markets  of  the  world"  as 
we  are  to  take  them  from  him,  we  can  only  succeed  in  this  keen  competi- 
tion by  reducing  the  wages  of  all  classes,  so  that  the  labor  cost  of  mate- 
rial and  goods  will  be  less  in  the  United  States  than  in  otlier  countries. 

MARYLAND. 

Area  9,356  squai-e  miles. 
Charter  granted  to  Cecilius  Calvert  (Lord  Baltimore),  June  20, 1632— 
first  State  Constitution  formed,  Novembers,  1776 — ratified  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  April  28,  1788. 

Legislature  composed  of  26  Senators,  84  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  3, 1894. 

212 


What  (let  me  ask)  is  tlie  farmers'  department 
of  this  Government  doing:  under  its  present  head  ? 
—Hon.  J.  W.  Babcock,  Wisconsin. 


AIABYI<ANI>.    (Continued.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  189& 

Senator  Arthur  P.  Gorma:n  (Dem.),  term  expires  Mar.  3,  1899. 

Senator  Chas.  H.  Gibson  (Dem.),  term  expires  Mar*  3, 1897. 
CONGRESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  158,246.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,608;  Rep.,  13,714. 

2nd.  Population,  208,165.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,772;  Rep.,  17,926. 

3rd.   Population,  166,799.    Vote  1^92  :  Dem.,  19,806;  Rep.,  13,769. 

4th.    Population,  183,005.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,455  ;  Rep.,  14,646. 

5th.   Population,  153,912.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,391 ;  Rep.,  13,505. 

6th.    Population,  172,263.    Vote  1892  :  Dem.,  18,899  ;  Rep.,  18,292. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Area,  7,800  square  miles. 

Charter  granted  by  James  I,  Apr.  10, 1606,  for  the  territory  between  the 
34°  and  45°  north  latitude,  which  was  to  be  managed  by  two  distinct 
councils;  the  London  company,  all  south  of  41°,  and  the  Plymouth  com- 
pany all  north  thereof;  patent  granted  by  the  King  in  council,  Nov.  3, 
1620,  to  the  council  established  at  Plymouth,  for  all  lands  between  40°  and 
48°  north  latitude,  from  sea  to  sea. 

Legislature  composed  of  40  Senators,  240  Representatives.  Meets  annu< 
ally,  Jan.  3, 1894. 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1^95. 

Senator  Henry  C.  Lodge,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899, 

CONGB£SSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  170,297.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,695;  Rep.,  14,198. 

2nd.  Population,  173,951.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,718;  Rep.,  15,131. 

3rd.  Population,  171,448.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,262;  Rep.,  14,139. 

4th.  Population,  170,221.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,058;  Rep.,  16,209. 

5th.  Population,  172,178.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,423;  Rep.,  12,645. 

6th.  Population,  169,418.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,228;  Rep.,  16,385. 

7th.  Population,  174,866.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,   9,733;  Rep.,  9,699. 

8th.  Population,  174,274.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,679;  Rep.,  15,671. 

9th.  Population,  170,458.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,454;  Rep.,  8,622. 

10th.  Population,  174,008.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,    9,507;  Rep.,  8,822. 

11th.  Population,  173,185.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,404;  Rep.,  16,961. 

12th.  Population,  173,068.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,673;  Rep.,  17,316. 

13th.  Population,  171,535.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,    9,006;  Rep.,  13,945. 

MERCHANT  MARINE,  it  wants  encouragement. 

We  should  encourage  and  foster  the  merchant  marine  by  granting 
bounty  Ibr  every  league  steamed  or  sailed  in  carrying  the  United  States 
mails.  We  should  make  the  bounty  sufficiently  ample  to  carry  our  mail 
i»nd  establish  our  trade  in  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  earth.  This 
(;ant  about  the  tariff  destroying  our  carrying  trade  and  thus  our  merchant 
marine  is  all  false.  Our  carrying  trade  to-day  is,  according  to  the  report 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  §1,400,000,000  annually,  whereas  it  was 
but  $500,000,000  in  1860,  an  increase  of  nearly  300  per  cent. 

213 


The  Industrial  side  of  the  tariff  controversy 
must  not  be  overlooked.  The  four  millions  of  peo- 
ple who  work  in  ovir  factory  system  ai'e  the  most 
potent  factors  outside  of  Agriculture  in  our  civili- 
zation. — Hon.  J.  TV.  Babcock,  Wisconsin. 


MEXICO. 

In  Mexico  the  standard  is  silver.  The  monetary  unit  is  the  dollar.  The 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.66.6.  The  coins  are  gold :  dollar  ($0.98.3), 
2i,  5,  10,  and  20  dollars.  Silver :  dollar  (or  peso)  and  divisions.  The  ratio 
of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  16i  of  ^Iver. 

MICHIGAN. 

Area,  56,451  square  miles. 

Constitution  formed  January  29,  1835 — Act  providing  for  admis- 
sion with  conditions  regarding  boundaries,  passed  June  15-23,  1836— 
conditions  rejected  September  30,  1836— conditions  accepted  December 
15, 1836— by  act  of  Congress,  admitted  as  a  State  January  26, 1837. 

Legislature  composed  of  32  Senators,  100  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, January  1, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday,  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  John  C.  Patton,  (rep.)  term  expires  upon  election  of  suc- 
cessor. 

Senator  James  McMillan,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

CONGKESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.     Population,  173,841.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  18,854 ;  Rep.,  17,587. 

2nd.  Population,  191,841.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,007;  Rep.,  21,443. 

3rd.    Population,  172,319.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  15,802 ;  Rep.,  21,287. 

4th.    Population,  180,179.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  20,246 ;  Rep.,  21,352. 

5th.    Population,  178,081.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  20,095 ;  Rep.,  20,085. 

6th.    Population,  190,539.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  19,669 ;  Rep.,  21,046. 

7th.    Population,  181,435.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  16,125  ;  Rep.,  15,602. 

8th.    Population,  172,242.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  15,886 ;  Rep.,  17,411. 

9th.    Population,  148,626.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  13,053 ;  Rep.,  13,969. 

10th.  Population,  154,811.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  14,858 ;  Rep.,  14,599. 

11th.  Population,  167,669.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  16,038 ;  Rep.,  18,359. 

12th.  Population,  180,658.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  16,674 ;  Rep.,  20,097. 

MILLINERY,  CUSTOM  WORK,  1890. 

Establishments 5,999 

Capital $16,  309,  220 

Employes , 23,976 

Wages. 68,  945, 139 

Materials 18,  756,  776 

Products 36,  983,  082 

\\'n.i:;c'S  per  capita  ^..j73.08. 

MINNESOTA. 

Area,  83,531  square  miles. 
Constitution  formed,  August  29, 1857— Constitution  adopted  by  the  peo- 
ple, October  13, 1857— by  act  of  Congress  admitted  as  a  State,  May  11, 1858, 

214 


I  chargre  upon  tlils  Administration  that  it 
committed  a  Avrong  and  a  crime  wlien  it  sent  its 
representative  to  a  friendly  government  to  insult- 
ingly demand  that  it  surrender  to  a  harharous 
Queen.  Hon.  Henry  U.  Johnson,  Indiana. 


MINNESOTA.    (Continued.) 

Legislature  composed  of  41  Senators,  106  Representatives.  INIeet  bien- 
nially, Jan.  8,  1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894^ 

Senator  Cushman  K.  Davis,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  William  D.  Washburn  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,  1895, 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  185,584.  Vote  1892:  Dam.,  15,000;  Rep.,  18,141. 

2nd.  Population,  188,480.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  11,299 ;  Rep.,  18,207. 

3rd.   Population,  187,215.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,890;  Rep.,  14,727. 

4th.    Population,  185,333.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  13,415 ;  Rep.,  16,624. 

5th.    Population,^  185,294.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,910;  Rep.,  18,463. 

6th.    Population,' 183,397.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,337;  Rep.,  16,940. 

7th.  Population,  185,983.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  7,096;  Rep.,  12,529;  Pop., 
12,614. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Area,  47,156  square  miles. 

Application  made  to  Congress  for  an  enabling  act,  November  13, 1811, 
bill  for  enabling  act,  passed  the  House,  defeated  in  the  Senate,  April  17, 
1812— memorials  presented  to  Congress  from  people  of  the  proposed  State, 
January  21,  1815,  December  6,  1815,  and  December  9,  1816— enabling 
act  approved  March  1, 1817 — first  State  Constitution  formed  August  15, 
1817— by  joint  resolution  of  Congress,  admitted  as  a  State  December  10, 
1817. 

Legislature  composed  of  37  Senators,  120  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  2,  1894. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1895. 

Senator  James  Z.  George  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Absalom  J.  McLauren  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

OONGRESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  143,315.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  5,605 ;  Rep., . 

2nd.  Population,  170,512.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  6,153 ;  Rep., . 

3rd.  Population,  184,297.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  2,495  ;  Rep.,  159. 

4th.  Population,  213,236.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  6,223;  Rep., '-. 

5th.  Population,  224,618.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  7,541;  Rep., . 

6th.  Population,  166,913.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  4,610;  Rep., . 

7th.  Population,  186,692.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  4,984:  Rep.,  207. 

MISSOURI. 

Area,  65,350  square  miles. 

Application  made  to  Congress  for  a  State  Government  Mar.  16, 1818, 

and  Dec.  18, 1818.    A  bill  to  admit  was  defeated  in  Congress,  which  was 

introduced  Feb.  15, 1819.    Application  made  to  Congress  for  an  enabling 

act  Dec.  29, 1819.    Enabling  act,  (known  as  the  Missouri  Compromise), 

216 


TMs  is  a  uoveriiux«iiii<  uf  law  ;  it  Is  a  free  Got- 
ernment :  but  freedom  does  not  mean  the  risht  to 
bnra»  destroy,  to  commit  crime. 

^Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


BOSSOUBI.    (Contlnaed.) 

passed  by  Congress  Mar.  6, 1820.  First  State  constitution  formed  July  19, 
1820.  Kesolution  to  admit  as  a  State  passed  Senate  Dec.  12, 1820.  Rejected 
by  the  House  Feb.  14, 1821.  Conditional  resolution  to  admit  approved 
Mar.  2, 1821.  Condition  accepted  by  the  Legislature  of  Missouri  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Governor  June  26, 1821.  By  proclamation  of  the  President 
admitted  as  a  State  Aug.  10, 1821. 

Legislature  composed  of  34  Senators,  143  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  9, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  Francis  M.  CocKREiiL,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  George  G.  Vest,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  8, 1897. 

CONGBESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.     Population,  179,344.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,263;  Rep.,  15,920. 

2nd.  Population,  179,344.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,928;  Rep.,  16,626. 

3rd.    Population,  174,726.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,749;  Rep.,  15,288. 

4th.    Population,  164,264.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,859;  Rep.,  14,600. 

6th.    Population,  190,694.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  19,407 ;  Rep.,  14,240. 

6th.    Population,  161,784.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  16,545 ;  Rep.,  13,151. 

7th.    Population,  201,708.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  21,549 ;  Rep.,  17,843. 

8th.    Population,  188,313.  Vote  ,1892:  Dem.,  18,927;  Rep.,  16,463. 

9th.    Population,  152,442.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,534;  Rep.,  14,944. 

10th.  Population,  172,447.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,465 ;  Rep.,  15,628. 

nth.  Population,  187,802.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,902;  Rep.,  14,969. 

12th.  Population,  .  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,813;  Rep.,  11,841. 

18th.  Population,  162,510.  Vote ,  1892:  Dem.,  19,993;  Rep.,  15,006. 

14th.  Population,  230,478.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,440;  Rep.,  15,732. 

15th.  Population,  183,071.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,487 ;  Rep.,  15,767. 

MONEY,  CHEAP  MONEY. 

This  phrase  is  used  in  two  entirely  different 
senses :  Money  is  "cheap"  in  commercial  phrase,  when  the  supply  in 
the  loan  market  is  large  compared  to  the  demand,  and  interest  is  low  in 
consequence.  In  this  sense  interest  is  the  price  of  money.  "Cheap 
money"  is  used  in  apolitical  sense  to  signify  money  of  less  value  than 
gold,  or  the  standard  money  of  the  commercial  world.  Silver  is  called 
cheap  money  because  the  commercial  value  of  the  bullion  is  much  less 
than  the  nominal  value  of  the  coin.  So  all  depreciated  paper  money, 
whether  of  banks  or  of  the  Government  is  cheap.  Sometimes  the  phrase 
is  used  of  money  made  of  "cheap"  material,  as  paper  instead  of  the 
precious  metals.  But  if  this  paper  promises  to  pay  coin,  and  specie  pay- 
ments are  maintained,  being  at  par  with  coin,  it  is  not  in  any  proper 
sense  cheap. 

216 


The  dogma  that  cupidity  is  a  synonym  for  rir- 
tue  will  never  fail  to  find  ready  converts  among  the 
beneficiaries.  —Senator  Jno.  P.  Jones,  Nevada. 


MONEY,SPECIE  MOVEMENT  1893,  '94. 

For  the  year  ending  June  30, 1893, 
ourexports  of  specie  were  $149,418,163,  and  our  imports  ^,367,633,  show- 
ing a  loss  of  $105,050,530.  The  net  export  of  gold  for  the  year  was  $91,699,- 
184  more  than  during  the  preceding  year.  Over  $90,000,000,  of  the  loss 
for  the  year  followed  the  presidential  election    of  November  1892. 

MONETARY  SYSTEMS. 

Monetary  systems,  population,  and  approximate  wealth,  circulation  and 
per  capita  in  the  principal  countries  of  the  world.  i 


Countries. 

Ratio  be- 
tween 
gold  and 
full  legal- 
tender 
silver. 

Ratio  be- 
tween 
gold  and 
limited- 
tender  sil- 
ver. 

Population. 

Circu- 
lation 

per 
capita. 

Gold  and  silver  countries. 
United  States 

1  to  15.  98 
ItolSi 
..do      

1  to  14.  95 
1  to  14.  38 
.do 

67,  000,  000 

39,  000,  000 

6,  100,  000 

31,  000,  000 

3,  000,  000 
2,  200,  000 

18,  000,  000 

4,  500,  000 
33,  000,  000 
40,000,000 

38,  000,  000 

49,  500,  000 

5,000,000 

40,000,000 

8,  600,  000 
4,  000,  000 
4,  500,  000 
7,000,000 
2,000,000 

113,  000,  000 
11,  600,  000 

9,  000,  000 
35,  000,  000 

255,  000,  000 
400,000,000 

$24.  34 

France 

40.  56 

Belgium 

25.  53 

Italy 

do 

do 

9.  91 

Switzerland 

...do 

...do 

14.  07 

Greece 

...do 

...do  

9.  09 

Spain  

..do  

...do 

16.  56 

Netherlands 

do 

itois 

1  to  15. 1 

28.  88 

Turkey 

2.  88 

Japan 

1  to  6. 18 

4.  90 

Gold  countries. 
United  kingdom 

1  to  14.  28 
1  to  13.  957 
1  to  14.  08 
1  to  13.  69 
1  to  14.  88 
1  to  14.  28 
1  to  14.  95 
1  to  15.  68 

18.  42 

Germany 

18.  54 

Portugal 

19.  00 

Austria-Hungary 

9.  75 

Scandinavian  Union 

8.  02 

Australia 

26.  75 

Canada 

13.  56 

Egypt 

16.  43 

Cuba,  Haiti,  etc 

ltol5 

ItolSi 
ltol6i 
ItolSi 
...do  

31.  00 

Silver  countries. 
Russia 

ltol5 

7.  16 

Mexico 

4.  91 

Central  America 

.84 

South  America 

19.  24 

India 

ItolS 

3.64 

China 

1.  75 

217 


Does  any  inejnber  of  this  House  remember 
any  time  wken  the  auction  bell  and  the  sheriff's 
voice  have  been  heard  so  much  as  within  the  last 
twelve  months  (1894)? 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,    New  Hampshire. 


MONETARY  UNIT. 

The  unit  of  currency  in  the  United  States  is  the 
gold  dollar,  having  a  standard  weight  of  25.8  grains  as  the  unit.  In  the 
British  Empire,  the  pound ;  in  France,  the  franc ;  in  Germany,  the  mark. 

MONETIZATION. 

The  act  or  process  of  giving  something  the  character  of 
money  or  of  coining  it  into  money. 

MONOMETAIJLISM. 

The  use  of  only  one  metal  as  a  standard  of  value  in  the  coinage  of  a 
country ;  the  economic  theory  that  advocates  such  a  single  standard. 

MONOPOLIES.  (See  Trusts.) 
MONTANA. 

Area  146,080  square  miles. 
Admitted  as  a  State  November  8, 1889. 

Legislature  composed  of  16  Senators,  55  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  7, 1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November. 
Senator  Thomas  C.  Power,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Vacant 
CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICT. 
At  Large.  Population,  132,159.    Vote  1892;  Dem.,  17,686;  Rep.,  17,906. 

MORTGAGES,  mortgage  statistics  of  the  united  states, 

1890. 

A  recent  census  bulletin  issued  by  Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright  gives  a  sum- 
mary of  the  data  collected  in  reference  to  the  mortgages  placed  during 
the  decennial  period  1880-1889  in  the  various  States  and  Territories.  Spe- 
cial interest  attaches  to  the  tables,  which  indicate  the  extent  to  which 
farms  and  homes  are  mortgaged  i*i  different  sections  of  the  country,  the 
decided  difference  in  the  rates  of  interest  paid,  and  the  reasons  for  mort- 
gaging. 

We  point  out,  first,  the  result  of  an  attempt  to  ascertain  the  purposes  for 
which  mortgage  indebtedness  is  incurred.  It  appears  from  personal  in- 
quiries made  in  102  selected  counties,  that  80.13  per  cent,  of  the  mortgages 
in  number,  and  82.56  per  cent,  in  value,  were  made  for  purchase  money 
and  improvements.  Not  more  than  1.73  per  cent,  of  the  sums  procured 
by  mortgages  were  disbursed  for  farm  and  family  expenses. 

We  note  next  that  the  aggregate  mortgage  indebtedness  of  the  United 
States  amounted  on  January  1, 1890,  to  ^6,019,679,985.  This  sum  was  repre- 
sented by  4,777,698  mortgages,  divided  into  two  classes,  according  as  they 
rest  on  acre  tracts  or  on  city,  town,  or  village  lots.    The  number  of 

218 


Is  it  to  be  presumed  that  the  fundamental  law 
of  a  government  will  preclude  that  Government 
from  maintaining  itself  and  leave  it  subject  in  its 
most  vital  and  important  part  to  the  possible  neg- 
lect or  unfriendly  act  of  an  individual  recalci- 
trant member  ;  in  other  words,  to  the  dictation  or 
adverse  action  of   a  single  State  ? 

-Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,   Illinois 


MORTGAGES.     (Continued.) 

covered  by  mortgages  in  force  at  the  date  mentioned  was  273,352,109 ;  the 
number  of  lots  was  4,161,138,  The  smallest  amount  of  mortgage  debt 
owed  in  any  State,  viz.,  $2,194,995,  rests  upon  Nevada.  The  heaviest  bur- 
den is  borne  by  New  York,  where  the  real  estate  mortgages  are  valued  at 
$1,607,874,301,  equivalent  to  nearly  27  per  cent,  of  the  whole  mortgage  in- 
debtment  of  the  United  States.  The  mortgage  debt  in  force  throughout 
the  Union  amounts  to  $96  per  capita  of  population,  the  three  largest  State 
averages  being  $268  in  New  York,  $206  in  Colorado,  and  $200  in  California. 
Tlie  largest  proportion  of  mortgaged  acres  is  in  Kansas,  where  60.32  per 
cent,  of  the  total  number  of  taxed  acres  are  thus  encumbered.  Next 
stands  Nebraska,  with  54.73  per  cent.,  and  then  South  Dakota,  with  51.76 
per  cent.  If  we  take  the  average  of  41  States,  we  find  that  only  28.86  per 
cent,  of  the  taxed  acres  are  covered  by  the  existing  mortgages.  In  several 
of  the  Southern  States  the  land  is  conspicuously  free  from  encumbrancfe. 
Thus,  in  Kentucky,  the  mortgaged  acres  constitute  but  13.73  per  cent,  of 
the  taxed  acres,  in  Virginia  but  13.59,  in  Tennessee  but  11.46,  and  in  Flor- 
ida but  9.76.  The  percentage  of  mortgaged  farms  to  taxed  farms  in 
Arizona  is  6.39,  the  lowest  of  all. 

It  is  surprising  to  learn  from  these  statistics  how  small  are  the  debts  for 
which  the  great  majority  of  mortgages  are  given.  It  appears  that  6.03  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  number  made  during  the  ten  years  ending  December 
31, 1889,  were  for  amounts  of  less  than  $100  each :  while  45.17  per  cent,  were 
for  sums  of  less  than  $500;  mortgages  for  debts  less  than  $1,000  consti- 
tuted 68.54  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  and  only  4.05  per  cent,  were  for  $5,000  or 
over. 

We  come  now  to  the  varying  rates  of  interest  charged  in  different  sec- 
tions of  the  country,  and  here  we  encounter  the  gratifying  fact  that,  con- 
sidering the  United  States  collectively,  the  average  rate  of  interest  de- 
clined from  7.14  per  cent,  in  1880  to  6.75  per  cent,  in  1889.  Of  the  aggregate 
mortgage  indebtedness  incurred  during  the  ten  years  throughout  the 
Union,  16.06  per  cent,  was  subject  to  rates  less  than  6  per  cent. ;  41.89  per 
cent,  to  a  rate  of  6  per  cent. ;  and  42.05  per  cent,  to  rates  higher  than  that 
last  named.  Passing  to  details,  we  observe  that  in  the  decennial  period 
of  1880-'89  the  rate  of  interest  on  mortgages  fell  in  New  York  from  5.89  to 
5.34  per  cent. ;  in  Massachusetts  from  6.06  to  5.35 ;  in  Connecticut  from 
5.91  to  5.54 ;  in  New  Jersey  from  5.98  to  5.61 ;  and  in  Pennsylvania  from 
5.87  to  5.65.  In  Kansas  the  average  rate  of  interest  dropped  from  9.47  to 
8.48 ;  in  Colorado  from  11.05  to  8.22 ;  in  Nebraska  from  8.82  to  8.04 ;  and  in 
South  Dakota  from  10.31  to  8.96.  In  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Tennes- 
see the  average  rate  has  remained  nearly  stationary,  close  to  6  per  cent. 
In  Vermont  it  has  risen  from  5,81  to  5.93,  and  in  South  Carolina  from  7.50 
to  8.36. 

219 


**.  Senators  of  the  Democratic  party,  pull  down 
the  American  system,  which  has  stood  so  long  a 
pillar  of  national  pride  and  prosperity,  the  crea- 
tion of  a  longr  line  of  American  statesmen,  includ- 
^^^n.*®®^'?^  I2"^**^i*  party,  as  the  Parisian  com- 
mumsto  did  the  Yendome  column— openly,  boldly, 
and  aU  at  once.  -Senator  F.  T.  DuboisI  Idaho. 


M;0BT0A0£S.    (Continued.) 

Those  who  have  taken  their  opinions  concerning  mortgages  from  the 
calamity  howlers  will  be  surprised  at  these  figures ;  and  instead  of  seeing 
in  them  proof  of  poverty  and  ruin,  we  see  in  them  rather  proof  of  the 
thrift  and  enterprise  which  uses  good  character  and  credit  to  secure  homes 
and  fortunes.    The  following  table  gives  the  details : 


Objects  of  inaebtedness. 


Total  for  102  counties. 


Purchase  money 

Improvements 

Purchase  money  and  improvements  (combined).. 
Business 

Farm  machines,  domestic  animals,  and  otiier  per- 
sonal property , 

Purchase  money,  improvements,  business,  and 
personal  property  (combined  with  one  another). 

Purchase  money,  improvements,  business,  and 
personal  property  (combined  with  objects  other 
than  farm  and  liimily  expenses) 

Purchase  money,  improvements,  business,  and 
personal  property  (combined  with  farm  and 
family  expenses) 

Farm  and  family  expenses 

All  other  objects 


Total  for  purchase  money  and  improvements  (not 
combined  with  other  objects) 

Total  for  purchase  money,  improvements,  busi- 
ness, and  personal  property  (not  combined  with 
other  objects) 


For 
number. 


100.00 


54.67 

20.96 

4.50 

6.01 

1.95 

1.73 

0.45 


For 
amount. 


100.00 


56.66 

20.81 

5.09 

8.92 

0.70 

2.19 

0.63 


2.06 
5.40 
2.27 

1.32 
1  73 
1.95 

80.13 
89.82 

82.56 
94.37 

An   honest  American  ballot  is  the  strongest, 
the  most  Herculean  power  in    the  world. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,    Illinois. 


N 

NATIONAL  BANKING  SYSTEM.    (See  Currency.) 
NEBRASKA. 

Area,  75,995  square  miles. 

Proposition  to  form  a  State  Government  disapproved  by  the  people, 
March,  1860— application  made  to  Congress  for  an  enabling  act,  January  16, 
1864— enabling  act  approved,  April  19, 1864— Act  passed  Congress  (just  be- 
fore adjournment),  to  admit  as  a  State,  July  28, 1866 ;  bill  pocketed  by  the 
President— another  Act  to  admit,  passed  Congress,  January,  1867 ;  vetoed 
by  the  President,  January  30, 1867— Act  for  admission  passed  Congress, 
over  the  President's  veto,  February  9, 1867— the  conditions  of  the  Act  hav- 
ing been  accepted,  by  proclamation  of  the  President  admitted  as  a  State, 
March  1, 1867. 

Legislature  composed  of  30  Senators,  80  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, January  1, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  1st  Monday  in  November,  1894. 

Senator  CHARiiES  F.  Mandekson  (Rep.)  term  expire^Mar.  3,  1895. 

Senator  Wm.  V.  Allen  (Pop.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 


Ind., 
Pop., 
Pop., 
Pop.. 

NETHERLANDS. 

In  Netherlands  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the 
monetary  unit  is  the  florin ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.40.2 ;  tlie 
coins  are :  gold,  10  florins ;  silver,  ^,  1,  and  2i  florins.  The  ratio  of  gold 
to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver,  or  1  of  gold  to  15  of  limited  tender 
silver. 

NEVADA. 

Area,  112,090  square  miles. 
A  State  constitution  formed  December  11,  1863— Constitution  rejected 
by  the  people — enabling  act  passed  March  21,  1864— first  State  consti- 
tution formed  July  27, 1864— by  proclamation  of  the  President  admitted 
as  a  State  October  31, 1864. 


1st. 

Population, 

177,055. 

Vote  1892 : 

Dem., 

13,784 ; 

Rep., 

,  13,644. 

2nd. 

Population, 

176,752. 

Vote  1892 : 

Dem., 

10,388; 

Rep. 

,  11,488. 

3rd. 

Population, 

163,674. 

Vote  1892: 

Dem., 

10,630 ; 

Rep., 

,  13,635; 

9,636. 

4th. 

Population, 

193,414. 

Vote  1892: 

Dem., 

8,988; 

Rep., 

15,648; 

11,486, 

6th. 

Population, 

169,459. 

Vote  1892: 

Dem., 

» 

Rep., 

14,230; 

17,490. 

6th. 

Population, 

176,556. 

Vote  1892: 

Dem., 

4,202; 

Rep., 

12,197 ; 

15,328. 

There  is  no  permanent  place  in  American  pol- 
itics for  a  party  that  bases  its  claims  for  popular 
support  on  the  failures  and  disappointments  of  tht* 
people.— Senator  Nelson  W.  Aldi'ich,  Rhode  Island. 


NEVADA.     (Contluued.) 

Legislature  composed  of  25  Senators,  54  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  21, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  John  P.  Jones,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  William  M.  Stewart,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 
CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICT. 

At  large.  Population,  45,761.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  345 ;  Rep.,  2,295 ;  silver, 
7,171. 

NEWENGLAND.-A  far  greater    customer  than  old  eng- 

I.AND  IN  THE  PURCHASE  OF  AMERICAN  PRODUCTS. 

If  our  country  is  to  remain  a  prosperous  and  united  people  sectional  in- 
terests are  not  to  be  legislated  against.  The  South  and  the  West,  con- 
trolling the  votes  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  to  enact  tariff  laws 
at  the  present  time,  must  hold  to  the  conservative  view  that  New  Eng- 
land is  their  best  customer,  and  that  the  enactment  of  laws  detrimental 
to  her  great  industrial  interests  cripples  her  as  a  purchaser  of  the  great 
products  of  the  South  and  West. 

With  three-fourths  of  all  the  spindles  of  the  country.  New  England 
produces  not  a  pound  of  cotton ;  but  she  consumes  one-fifth  of  the  whole 
cotton  crop  of  the  United  States.  Her  purchase  in  1890  amounted  to 
more  than  $77,000,000.  Can  the  South  treat  with  indignity  such  a  custo- 
mer as  this  ? 

New  England  grows  less  than  four  per  cent,  of  the  wool  of  this  coun- 
try, but  she  uses  one-half  of  the  total  clip.  Can  the  West  and  the  great 
Pacific  States  see  New  England  slighted  by  crippling  her  industries  ? 

New  England,  again,  mines  not  a  pound  of  coal,  but  uses  not  less  than 
ten  million  tons  annually  in  lier  homes  and  factories.  Can  Maryland 
and  the  Virginias,  whence  a  large  portion  of  this  output  comes,  cast  a 
vote  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  that  would  paralyze  her  great 
factory  system,  and  cause  her  to  put  out  her  fires? 

Of  all  the  articles  of  food  for  man  and  beast,  New  England  produces  a 
sufficiency  only  of  two  things,  hay  for  her  cattle,  and  potatoes  for  her 
people.  Therefore,  she  becomes  an  annual  customer  of  the  West  for  not 
less  than  three  inillit>n  barrels  of  flour,  to  which  is  to  be  added  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  meat  consumed  throughout  her  domain.  Certainly  the 
West  must  be  careful  for  sucli  a  customer. 

Manufacturing  as  slie  does  fully  three-fourths  of  all  the  boots  and  shoes 
worn  in  the  country,  she  is  a  purcliaser  of  hides  and  leather  to  the  extent 
of  the  major  portion  of  the  output  of  the  country.  Her  lumber  has  long 
since  disappeared  from  off'  her  mountain  slopes.  Now  she  looks  to  the 
Northwest  and  the  South  for  her  supplies  to  build  homes  and  factories. 
If  these  peoi)le  who  crowd  the  markets  with  their  lumber  are  not  careful 
of  New  England's  thrift  and  prosperity,  they  must  lose  one  of  their  best 
customers  for  the  purchase  of  lumber. 

222 


In  the  Hawaiian  affair,  the  history  of  nine 
months  of  successive  blunders  is  so  full  of  the 
tragic,  the  ridiculous,  and  the  farcical,  and  the  re- 
sponsibility has  become  so  diffuse  and  generally 
uncertain,  that  the  country  has  reached  the  conclu- 
sion tliat  President,  premier,  and  Cabinet,  with  all 
their  new-fangled   paramounts  and  mysterious  ci- 

>her  dispatches,  are  the  mere  tin-clad  actors  in  a 

tupendous  comedy  of  errors. 

—Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,  Illinois. 


NEW  ENGLiAND.     (ConUnued.) 

This  is  but  a  glance  at  the  many-sided  question  of  trade  between  the 
States,  and  while  a  Solid  South  is  standing  with  a  menace  toward  all  in- 
dustrial interests,  trying  to  secure  the  very  greatest  possible  reduction  of 
that  protection  which  has  made  New  England  the  peer  of  old  England, 
these  selfsame  people  expect  New  England  to  come  with  her  gold  and  her 
silver  and  buy  the  products  of  Southern  fields  and  Southern  farms.  Let 
the  Solid  South  stand  still  for  a  moment's  reflection,  and  count  the  cost 
if  they  would  be  wise,  for  the  New  England  manufacturer  openly  declares 
that  if  you  will  give  him  foreign  wages  he  fears  no  foreign  competition. 

The  outcome  of  the  whole  question  is  that  such  legislation  is  but  to 
pauperize  the  artisans  of  the  East,  and  to  bring  sorrow  and  sadness  into 
the  homes  where  joy  and  plenty  have  had  their  abode  for  many  years. 
The  laboring  people  of  New  England  as  well  as  the  laboring  people  of 
all  the  country  ought  to  understand  this.  One  of  their  popular  mottoes  is, 
"  The  injury  to  one  is  the  concern  of  all,"  and  let  this  be  emblazoned  for- 
ever on  all  New  England's  interests,  and  held  up  before  the  whole  coun- 
try to  warn  them  that  if  we  would  continue  our  national  prosperity  we 
must  care  for  New  England's  factory  system 

We  must  await  results  in  the  trial  of  the  new  law.  The  verdict  will  be 
the  voice  of  the  majority  at  the  next  national  election. 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

In  Newfoundland  the  standard  is  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  dollar ; 
the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $1.01.4 ;  the  coins  are  gold :  2  dollars 
($2.02.7).  The  ratio  of  Canada  is  1  of  gold  14.95  of  limited  tender  silver. 
(Some  doubt  as  to  that  of  Newfoundland). 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Area,  9,280  square  miles. 

Included  in  the  charters  of  Massachusetts.  Separate  charter  granted 
September  18,  1679.  First  State  Constitution  formed,  January  5,  1776. 
Ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  June  21, 1788. 

Legislature  composed  of  24  Senators,  300  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, (Jan.  2,1894.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  Wm.  E.  Chandler,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  Jacob  H.  Gallinger,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,  1897. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st,  Population,  190,532     Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,412;  Rep.,  21,031. 
2d.    Population,  185,998.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,996;  Rep.,  21,425, 

223 


The  emptiest  head  can  make  the  londestnoiHe. 
—Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,    IlUnoifw 


NEW  JERSEY. 

^  Area,  7,455  square  miles. 

Held  under  the  same  grants  as  New  York— divided  into  East  and  West 
Jersey,  July  1, 1676— rights  of  the  proprietary  surrendered  to  the  Crown 
April  17, 1702— first  State  constitution  formed,  July  2, 1776— ratified  the 
Constitution  of  the  Uniled  States,  December  18, 1787. 

Legislature  composed  of  21  Senators,  60  Bapresentatives.  Meets  an. 
nually,  (Jan.  2, 1894.) 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  18&5. 
!   Senator  John  R.  McPherson,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  James  Smith,  Jr.,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 
CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  198,193.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  22,511 ;  Rep.,  25,099. 

2nd.  Population,  183,316.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  20,592 ;  Rep.,  22,716. 

3rd.  Population,  159,193.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,407;  Rep.,  17,080. 

4th.   Population,  188,243.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,765;  Rep.,  20,726. 

6th.   Population,  186,312.    Vote  1892 ;  Dem,,  20,693 ;  Rep.,  19,231. 

6th.   Population,  181,830.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,651 ;  Rep.,  20,284. 

7th.   Population,  222,053     Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  22,416 ;  Rep.,  19,585. 

8th.    Population,  125,793.    Vote  1892:  Dem-,  14,393;  Rep.,  13,400. 

NEW  YORK. 

Ar6a,  46,000  square  miles. 

The  territory  acquired  the  name  of  *'  New  Netherlands  "  in  1614.  The 
"  Dutch  West  India  Company  "  was  chartered  in  June,  1621.  Active  set- 
tlements began  at  New  Amsterdam  (New  York)  in  1624.  Granted  to  the 
Duke  of  York,  March  12, 1664,  April  26, 1664,  and  June  24, 1664.  New  char- 
ter granted  to  the  Duke  of  York,  June  29, 1674.  First  State  constitution 
formed  April  20,  1777.  Ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
July  26, 1788. 

Legislature  composed  of  32  Senators,  128  Representatives.  Meets  an- 
nually,  Jan.  2, 1894. 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  David  B.  Hill  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Edward  Murphy,  Jr., (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  190,550.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,550;  Rep.,  18,749. 

2d.    Population,  169,449.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,697;  Rep.,  13,593. 

3d.    Population,  174,741.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,607;  Rep.,  15,907. 

4th.  Population,  169,387.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,118;  Rep.,  14,885. 

6th.  Population,  161,362.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,675;  Rep.,  14,488. 

6th.  Population,  163,648.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,151 ;  Rep.,  12,139. 

7th.  Population,  114,766.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,905;  Rep.,  7,122. 

8th.  Population,  125,778.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,287;  Rep.,  7,132. 

9th.  Population,  189,667.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,897  ;  Rep.,  7,175. 

10th.  Population,  156,537.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  18,452 ;  Rep.,  12,224. 


The  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  united  the  Northern 

St^es  in  defense  of  the  Union.    The  passage  of  this 

bill  to  anything  like  its  present  form  will  again 

unite  them  in  the  protection   of  their  industries. 

—Senator  W.  D.  Washburn,  Minnesota, 


KEW  YORK.  (Contlnaed.) 
nth.  Population,  148,640. 
12th.  Population,  130,311. 
13th.  Population,  175,994. 
14th.  Population,  227,978. 
15th.  Population,  223,838. 
16th.  Population,  220,857. 
17th.  Population,  164,052. 
18th.  Population,  179,790. 
19th.  Population,  170,683. 
20th.  Population,  164,555. 
21st.  Population,  187,119. 
22d.  Population,  185,123. 
23d.  Population,  191,155. 
24th.  Population,  170,495. 
25th.  Population,  168,530. 
26th.  Population,  209,103. 
27th.  Population,  189,139. 
28th.  Population,  213,142. 
29th.  Population,  174,676. 
30th.  Population,  195,553. 
31st.  Population,  189,586. 
32d.  Population,  164,450. 
38d.  Population,  158,531. 
34th.  Population,  179,308. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Area  45,000  square  miles. 
Charter  granted  by  Charles  II,  March  24, 1663. 

Legislature  composed  of  50  Senators,  120  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
Qially,  Jan.  9, 1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1896. 
Senator  Matt  W.  Ransom,  (dem.;  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Senator  Thos.  J.  Jarvis,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  172,604.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  14,263;  Pop.,  11,576. 

2nd.  Population,  182,461.  Vote  1892 ;  Dem.,  13,925;  Rep.,  11,814. 

3rd.  Population,  160,288.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  12,457;  Rep.,  5,271. 

4th.  Population,  186,432.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  14,640;  Pop.,  13,080. 

5th.  Population,  177,537.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  13,746;  Rep.,  14,360. 

6th.  Population,  204,686.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  16,624;  Pop.,  12,127. 

7th.  Population,  169,490.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  14,303;  Rep.,  9,136. 

8th.  Population,  190,784.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  16,896;  Rep.,  13,215. 

9th.  Population,  173,665.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  16,010;  Rep.,  14,560. 


Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

189a: 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892; 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892; 

Vote 

1892; 

Vote 

1892; 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892: 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892; 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Vote 

1892 

Dem.,  16,780;  Rep.,  8,355. 
Dem.,  16,575 ;  Rep.,  7,766. 
Dem.,  18,979;  Rep.,  11,181. 
Dem.,  27,741;  Rep.,  15,872. 
Dem.,  26,267;  Rep.,  17,442. 
Dem.,  25,795;  Rep.,  19,312. 
Dem.,  17,659;  Rep.,  17,806. 
Dem.,20,115 ;  Rep.,  21,034. 
Dem.,  20,783 ;  Rep.,  19,095. 
Dem.,  19,509;  Rep.,  17,883. 
Dem.,  24,507;  Rep.,  23,187. 
Dem.,  16,707 ;  Rep.,  26,209. 
Dem.,  16,947 ;  Rep.,  25,690. 
Dem.,  17,283 ;  Rep.,  23,858. 
Dem.,  19,299 ;  Rep.,  20,445. 

Dem., ;  Rep.,  28,980. 

Dem.,  18,412 ;  Rep.,  25,737. 
Dem.,  20,601 ;  Rep.,  28,724. 
Dem.,  17,646 ;  Rep.,  21,443. 
Dem.,  19,479;  Rep.,  24,205. 
Dem.,  19,255 ;  Rep.,  19,762. 
Dem.,  16,440;  Rep.,  12,966. 
Dem.,  15,548;  Rep.,  19,701. 
Dem.,  15,098;  Rep.,  24,951. 


225 


In  1893  the  false  creed  again  sprang  int«» 
being:  and  was  adopted  by  the  Democratic  party- 
only  to  be  agrain  driven  from  the  political  field  as 
it  will  be  in  1894.  -Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,   Illinois. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Area,  70,795  square  miles. 

Admitted  as  a  State  Nov.  2, 1889. 

Legislature  composed  of  31  Senators,  61  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, January  1, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  Henry  C.  Hansbrough,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  William  A.  Roach,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 
CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICT. 

At  large.    Population,  182,719.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  11,021 ;  Rep.,  17,695. 

NEWSPAPERS,  WHO  read  them-free  trade  and  protect- 

ION-COMPARISON  OF  INTEI^IilGENCE. 

Under  the  caption  "  Number  of  newspapers  mailed  to  subscribers  or 
news  agents  by  publishers  and  news  agents  "  we  have  the  following  * 
exhibit : 

Total  of  the  sixteen  free-trade  States 156,203.516 

Total  Ohio  and  Illinois 159,254,004 

Showing  difference  in  favor  of  these  two  protection  States,  Ohio  and 
Illinois,  of  3,050,488. 

But  perad venture  publications  of  a  higher  order,  which  evidence  more 
recondite  learning  and  philosophical  research,  have  flourished  better. 
Let  us  examine. 

Under  the  classification  "  Number  of  magazines  and  other  periodicals 
mailed  to  subscribers  or  news  agents  by  publishers  and  news  agents  " 
we  liave  the  following  exhibit : 

Total  number  in  sixteen  free-trade  States,  all  Democratic 3,890,35 

Total  number  issued  in  Ohio 6,498,216 

Difference  in  favor  of  Ohio,  a  Republican  State , 2,607,864 

NORWAY. 

In  Norway  the  standard  is  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
and  20  crowns.  The  ratio  of  the  Scandinavian  Union  is  1  of  gold  to  14.88 
crown ;  the  value  in  United  States  money  is  $0.26.8 ;  the  coins  are  gold  :  10 
of  limited  silver. 


I  do  not  know  of  any  crime  that  the    farmer 

ha>    com  aitted  that    h3  should    bs  dsiirived  of 

►rutectir)!!  and  his   home  raarlset   turned  over 

Canada  aTiil  tiie  otlver  people  of  tlie  earth. 

—  Senator  K.  F.  Pettigrew,    South  Dakota. 


o 


OHIO. 

Area  39,964  square  miles. 

Enabling  act  approved  Apr.  30, 1802.  First  State  constitution  formed 
Nov.,  1802.    By  the  enabling  act  admitted  as  a  State  Nov.  29, 1802. 

Legislature  composed  of  37  Senators,  114  Representatives.  Meets  bien . 
nially,  Jan.  1,  1894. 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  John  Sherman,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Calvin  S.  Bricb,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

CONGRESSIONA.I.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  169,280.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,014;  Rep.,  19,269. 

2nd.  Population,  205,293.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,074;  Rep.,  22,240. 

3rd.  Population,  172,870.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  24,686;  Rep.,  20,370. 

4th.  Population,  163,632.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,417;  Rep.,  12,823. 

5th.  Population,  161,537.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,873;  Rep.,  15,269. 

6th.  Population,  122,028.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,091;  Rep.,  21,341. 

7th.  Population,  161,537.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,068;  Rep.,  19,434. 

8th.  Population,  175,917.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,384;  Rep.,  21,742. 

9th.  Population,  190,685.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,041 ;  Rep.,  20,027. 

10th.  Population,  173,921.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,241;  Rep.,  20,647. 

11th.  Population,  174,315.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,254;  Rep.,  19,905. 

12th.  Population,  158,026.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,298;  Rep.,  17,045. 

13th.  Population,  185,324.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  24,186;  Rep.,  17,037. 

14th.  Population,  178,259.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,285;  Rep.,  20,396. 

15th.  Population,  162,131.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,550;  Rep.,  18,718. 

16th.  Population,  160,399.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  17,314 ;  Rep.,  17,273. 

17th.  Population,  176,744.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  23,077;  Rep.,  16,723. 

18th.  Population,  199,178.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  22,600;  Rep.,  21,389. 

19th.  Population,  181,474.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,069:  Rep.,  23,870. 

20th.  Populaton,  177,340.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,460;  Rep.,  17,417. 

21st.   Population,  172,707.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,389;  Rep.,  14,165. 

OREGON. 

Area,  95,274  square  miles. 

First  State  constitution  formed,  September  18,  1857— by  Act  of  Congress 
admitted  as  a  State,  February  14, 1859. 

Legislature  composed  of  .30  Senators,  60  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, (Jan.  14,  1895.) 

State  elections,  biennially,  1st  Monday  in  Juno,  1894. 

Senator  John  H.  l^fiTOHELr.  (Rkp.)  term  expires  Mar.  3.  1897. 

Senator  JosKPii  N.  Doi.ni  (Rkp.)  term  cx])iros  Mar.  3,  lSf)5. 
CONGRESSIONAT.  WISTllICTS. 

1st.    Population,  155,562.    Vote  1S92:  Dem.,  13,010;  Rep.,  18,929. 

2nd.  Population,  158,205.    Vote  1892:  Dom.,  12,120;  Rep.,  15,659. 


All  grood  people  ererywliere  in  America,  re- 
g:ardles8  of  their  political  affiliations,  should  join 
as  one  man  to  perpetuate,  to  make  stronger  and 
more  efficient  every  guard  and  protection  for  honest 
elections.  Do  not  relapse  into  barbarism,  hut  k«»ep 
pace  with  the  age  in  which  we  live.  Break  down 
anarchy  and  build  up  society. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


PANICS.  (See  also  Tariff. ) 

The  coincidence  of  panics  in  the  past  eighty-five  years. 


« 

France. 

England. 

United  States. 

1804. 

1803. 

1810. 

1810. 

1813-'14. 

1815. 

1814. 

1818. 

1818. 

1818. 

1825. 

1825. 

1826. 

1830. 

1830. 

1829-1831. 

1836-1839. 

1836-1839. 

1836-1839. 

1847. 

1847. 

1848. 

1857. 

1857. 

1857. 

1864. 

1864^18()G. 

1864. 

1873. 

1873. 

1882. 

1882. 

1884. 

1889-'90. 

1890-'91. 

1890-'91. 

This  table  does  not  correctly  give  the  status  as  to  the  United  States. 
In  1814  and  1864,  there  was  great  depression  due  to  the  disasters  of  war 
then  in  progress.  Nor  was  there  any  panic  from  1826  to  1831,  but  rather 
an  era  of  prosperity.  Tlie  years  from  1817  to  1823  were  years  of  great  dis- 
aster. The  years  1848  and  1884  were  years  of  business  stagnation,  dull 
or  "  hard  times,"  in  common  language ;  but  not  of  the  nature  of  "  panics," 
as  were  1837  and  1857. 
PANIC  OF  1893— '94. 

Unlike  the  panics  of  former  periods  the  great  depres- 
sion in  business  of  1893  '94,  was  not  the  result  of,  nor  attended  with  undue 
paper  inflation,  nor  depreciation  of  paper  currency,  nor  suspension  of 
specie  payments,  nor  by  extraordinary  importations  of  foreign  goods. 
It  came  almost  solely  from  fear  of  the  results  of  political  change.  The 
election  of  1892  gave  to  the  Democratic  party  all  branches  of  the  Govern- 
ment which  have  a  voice  in  law-making,  for  the  first  time  since  the 
Civil  war,  and  on  the  most  radical  platform  they  had  ever  adopted. 
Hence  the  certainty  of  great  changes  in  the  financial  policy  of  the  coun- 
try, with  entire  uncertainty  as  to  what  the  changes  would  be,  caused  a  sud- 
den stoppage  of  all  business  enterprises,  with  the  resulting  disasters. 
PANIC  1893-'94,  THE  CONDITION  BEFORE  THE  ELECTION. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  elected  in  an  era  of  great  prosperity.  The  bells  and 
steam  whistles  of  every  hamlet  and  city  in  the  land  then  called  to  laboi 
the  most  prosperous  and  contented  people  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 


The  elevation  and  di^rnitjT^'of  labor  should  be 
the  principal  cardinal  doctrine  of  every  patriotic 
Amerian.       —Senator  Geo.  G.  Per ki us,  California. 


PANICS.    (Continued) 

Never  before  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  had  the  country  been 
in  a  more  prosperous  condition,  and  so  far  as  one  could  look  into  the  fu- 
ture the  outlook  for  all  branches  of  industry  was  of  such  an  encouraging 
nature  as  to  be  a  source  of  universal  congratulation.  Without  free  trade, 
without  free  coinage  of  silver  there  had  been  three  decades  of  growth  and 
unprecedented  business  activity.  The  American  people,  of  all  the  mil- 
lions living  on  the  globe,  were  the  best  housed,  the  best  clothed,  atid  the 
best  fed. 

The  New  York  Herald,  in  July,  1892,  following  the  nomination  of  Mr. 
Harrison  at  Minneapolis  and  Mr.  Cleveland  at  Chicago,  in  an  editorial 
said : 
A  BAD  YI:AK  for  PESSIMISTS. 

"  All  the  evidence  at  hand  shows  that  this  is  going  to  be  a  bad,  sad  year 
for  the  calamity  prophets  of  both  parties.  Their  occupation  is  gone,  and 
there  will  be  nothing  for  them  to  do  in  the  campaign  but  to  preserve  a 
decent  silence  or  bewail  the  country's  universal  and  exasperating  pros- 
perity. 

There  is  simply  nothing  for  them  to  grumble  about.  The  business  of 
the  country  is  in  a  provokingly  healthy  and  flourishing  condition. 

"New  industrial  enterprises  for  manufacturing  iron,  cotton,  and  wool- 
en fabrics  are  going  into  operation  in  various  sections,  and  while  the 
margin  of  profits  is  small,  business  is  on  a  solid  foundation,  and  the  out- 
look in  every  direction  is  hopeful  and  encouraging.  The  grain  crop  is 
promising,  money  is  abundant,  and  collections  are  easy. 

"In  the  face  of  such  a  condition  of  things  the  calamity  howler  must 
remain  silent.  His  howling  will  scare  nobody,  not  even  himself,  for  he 
is  too  smart  not  to  realize  that  the  country  is  in  a  marvelously  prosper- 
ous condition  and  likely  to  continue  so,  no  matter  which  party  wins  in 
November.  No  party  can  undo  the  work  of  nature  in  the  harvest  iields 
or  destroy  the  splendid  accumulation  of  enterprise  and  business  sagaci- 
ty. The  country  is  so  large  and  parties  are  so  small  as  compared  with 
the  influence  of  the  commercial  institutions  of  the  Nation  that  the  success 
of  this  party  or  the  defeat  of  that  one  can  no  longer  be  regarded  as  a  dis- 
aster or  a  threat  of  disaster  to  national  prosperity.  The  country  is  all 
right,  and  if  anything  is  wrong  it  is  one  party  or  the  other  or  both." 

The  foregoing  article  is  indicative  of  the  time,  but  not  more  so  than  the 
report  of  R.  G.  Dun  &  Co.  in  their  statement  of  the  condition  of  business 
/or  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1892,  the  same  month  and  year  of  the 
Presidential  nominations. 
BAD  FOR  THE  CAI.AMITYITES. 

The  Weekly  Meview  of  Trade,  published  by  R.  G.  Dun  <fe  Co.'s  Com- 
mercial Agency,  speaks  as  follows  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  80, 1892 : 

"  A  fiscal  year  never  matched  in  the  whole  history  of  the  country  in 
volume  of  industrial  production,  in  magnitude  of  domestic  exchanges,  or 
in  foi^ign  trade  has  just  closed.  The  imports  for  the  year  have  been 
about  $833,000,000,  the  increase  in  New  York  in  June  over  last  year  being 
about  18  per  cent.    Exports  from  New  York  gained  15.4  per  cent.,  and  th« 


A  national  government  wlilch  has  not  the 
power  within  itself  to  protect  its  own  membership, 
and  to  have  some  control  over  their  election,  is  as 
weak  as  water  and  can  not  very  long  endure. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,    Illinois. 


PANICS.     (Continued). 

aggregate  for  the  year  has  been  about  81,027,000,000.  Railroad  eaminga 
have  been  the  largest  in  any  year  thus  far,  and  clearings  in  June  the  lar- 
gest ever  known  in  that  month,  exceeding  last  year  8  per*  cent.,  and  for 
the  whole  year  the  largest  ever  known  outside  of  New  York.  Failures 
for  the  half  year  have  been  5,50?,  against  6,073  in  1891,  and  liabilities 
$62,000,000,  agai^nst  192,000,000,  and  on  the  whole  about  the  smallest  for  five 
years.  In  spite  of  low  prices  additional  works  are  going  into  operation 
even  in  the  iron  manufacture,  and  yet  more  in  woolen  and  cotton.  More- 
over, the  crops  this  year  promise  to  be  very  satisfactory,  and  the  new 
half  year  begins  with  excellent  prospects." 

PANIC  OF  1893-'94,  DISASTERS  WHICH  HAVE  FOI.I.OWEI>  MR.  CUBVE- 
I^AND'S  BISECTION. 

Some  of  the  things  which  have  happened  since  the  election  of  the  pres- 
ent Administration,  not  merely  as  coincidences,  but  consequences  of  the 
threatening  policies  of  the  Democratic  party  are  these :  Bankruptcy  has 
fastened  its  cold  and  icy  grip  on  the  owners  and  operators  of  more  than 
one-fifth  of  all  the  railroad  mileage  in  the  United  States.  Property  of  this 
one  class  representing  a  capital  in  stocks  and  bonds  of  more  than  $1,750,- 
000,000  is  in  the  hands  of  receivers. 

Statistical  returns  for  the  month  of  February  of  the  present  year  show 
a  loss  on  123  roads,  operating  95,945  miles  of  track,  amounting  to  $4,654,203, 
or  2.54  per  cent,  and  a  total  decrease  in  earnings  in  the  first  two  months 
of  the  year  of  $9,605,851,  as  against  a  gain  of  $539,310  last  year,  and  as 
against  gains  of  from  three  to  seven  millions  in  each  of  the  three  preced- 
ing years. 

According  to  the  bulletin  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association, 
over  one  hundred  iron  and  steel  manufacturing  establishments  and  iron 
ore  mining  properties  have  gone  into  the  hands  of  receivers,  assignees,  or 
sheriffs,  while  at  least  one-fifth  of  the  capital 'invested  in  these  industries 
has  been  absolutely  sunk  since  Mr.  Cleveland's  election. 

In  the  first  ten  months  of  the  present  administration  there  was  a  shrink- 
age in  the  total  bank  clearings  of  this  country  from  the  total  clearings 
during  the  last  ten  months  of  the  year  1892  of  the  almost  incomprehensi- 
ble sum  of  $8,259,292,017.  But  says  one,  it  was  the  Sherman  silver  act 
that  was  the  cause  of  this.  But  the  important  and  undeniable  historic 
fact  is  that  while  the  shrinkage  in  bank  clearings  for  the  two  months  pre- 
ceding the  repeal  of  the  purchasing  clause  of  the  Sherman  act  was  $2,634,- 
699,247,  the  falling  off  for  the  two  months  immediately  following  such  re- 
peal was  $3,339,684,035,  or  greater  than  the  shrinkage  of  the  two  months 
immediately  preceding  the  repeal  by  $705,084,788.  The  shrinkage  in  the 
month  of  September,  1893,  before  the  repeal  act  was  passed,  was  $1,467,- 
649,673,  while  that  of  December  following  the  repeal  in  October  was  $1,- 
947,505,663. 

Neither  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  act,  nor  the  advent  of  the  ne^  year 
has  availed  to  stem  the  downward  course  of  financial  and  business  affairs 

230 


The  Democratic  party  has  no  foreign  markets 
at  ifcij  disposal.     —Hon.  J.  T.  McCleai'y,  Minnesota. 


PANICS.    (Continued.)  "^ 

in  this  country.  In  the  months  of  January  and  February  of  the  present 
year,  according  to  Bradstreet,  the  shrinkage  in  business,  as  indicated  by 
the  volume  of  bank  clearings,  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  §1,890,312,536 
in  January  and  §1,867,645,918  in  February,  uiaking  the  startling  aggregate 
for  these  two  months  of  §3,757,958  454. 

While  these  immense  losses,  amounting  during  the  first  year  of  ^Ir. 
Cleveland's  Administration  to  considerably  more  than  §12,000,000,000,  or 
within  a  fraction  of  one-fifth  of  the  total  wealth  of  the  country,  properly 
mark  the  extent  of  the  loss  in  trade,  it  does  not  include  the  still  greater 
losses  and  of  a  character,  too,  which  strike  a  deadly  blow  at  the  farmers, 
the  land  owners,  the  producers,  and  the  transportation  interests  of  the 
country. 

In  that  category  naay  be  reckoned  nearly  §325,000,000  decrease  in  the 
value  of  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  swine,  and  other  live  stock ;  also  the  loss 
to  the  farmei-s  in  the  depression  to  ruinous  rates  in  the  price  of  wheat, 
corn,  oats,  barley,  and  other  cereals ;  in  the  depreciation  of  the  value  of 
real  estate,  to  say  nothing  of  the  ruin  that  has  been  brought  upon  our 
mining  industries,  and  the  annihilation  of  innumerable  other  industries 
and  enterprises  depending  on  these  for  their  existence  and  support. 

But  the  catalogue  of  business  disasters  is  far  from  complete  until 
included  in  its  list  is  the  statement  of  the  16,000  business  failures  which 
have  occurred  in  that  time,  involving  liabilities  to  the  extent  of  §346,749,- 
889,  to  say  nothing  of  the  great  army  of  unemployed  and  dependent  peo- 
ple, aggregating,  according  to  Bradstreet,  219,200  in  New  England,  787,000 
in  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  500,700  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  alone, 
680,650  in  the  central  Western  States,  240,700  in  the  Nortliwestern  States, 
165,715  in  the  Southern  States,  and  72,800  on  the  Pacific  coast,  footing  the 
stupendous  aggregate  of  unemployed  and  dependent  in  our  country  of 
2,758,595,  of  whom  801,885  are  stated  to  be  unemployed,  and  1,956,710 
dependent.  All  this  was  not  so  prior  to  the  Presidential  election  of  1892, 
and  is  the  price  the  country  has  already  paid  for  the  experiment  of  Dem- 
ocratic financial  and  tarifif  tinkering. 

PAPER,  1890. 

Estalishments 567 

Capital $82, 374, 099 

Employes 29,568 

Wages §13, 746, 584 

Materials 42, 223, 314 

Products 74, 309, 388 

Wages  per  capita,  §461.91 ;  Amount  imported  1893  §8,680,319 ;  Duty  col- 
lected §2,070,124 ;  Average  ad  valorem  under  old  law  23.85  per  cent,  under 
new  law  20.53  per  cent. 

PARITY. 

Equality  in  exchange  of  coin  as  now  provided  by  law — one  ounce 
in  gold  is  equal  to  sixteen  in  silver.  Equality  in  coinage  according  to  a 
fixed  ratio,  namely,  one  dollar  of  gold  to  sixteen  of  silver. 

'281 


Oui*  protective  system  is  a  barrier  asa^nst 
the  flood  of  foreign  importations  and  tlie  competi- 
tion of  underpaid  labor  in  £arope.  * 

— Benj.  Harrison. 


PENSIONS. 


It  is  the  settled  policy  of  tiie  United  States  not  to  maintain  a  standing 
army  intime  of  peacs  larger  than  is  necessary  for  police  purposes,  and 
to  depend  on  the  patriotism  of  its  citizens  for  military  service  in  time  of 
war.  And  tlie  magnificent  army  of  volunteers  which  it  put  into  the  field 
during  the  Civil  War,  fully  justifies  this  policy.  Instead  of  a  large  stand- 
ing army,  it  has  adopted  the  most  liberal  Pension  system  ever  known  to 
the  world.  Of  the  $459,  374,885.65  of  expenditures  for  the  year  1893,  more 
than  one  third  of  it  all  was  for  pensions. 

WHO  ARE  PENSIONABLE. 

All  officers,  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
who,  in  the  line  of  duty  incur  any  wound,  injury  or  disease  which  disa- 
bles them  lor  the  performance  of  manual  labor.  And  when  such  die  of  Ja 
cause  due  to  the  service,  their(l)widows,  (2)  children  under  16  years,  (3) 
dependent  mothers,  (4)  fathers,  and  (5)brothers  and  sisters,  in  the  order 
of  succession  named,  are  entitled  to  pensions.  The  rates  of  pension  for 
disability  depend  on  its  character  and  degree,  and  range  from  $1  to  $100 
per  month.  Widows  and  dependents  are  entitled  to  $12  per  month,  and 
82  additional  for  each  minor,  except  that  officers'  widows  have  more  on 
account  of  rank.  This  is  the  General  Law. 

Under  the  Act  of  June  27, 1890,  all  officers,  soldiers  and  sailors  who 
served  for  ninety  days  or  more,  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  and  have 
been  honorably  discharged,  and  are  now  permanently  disabled  to  an  ex- 
tent which  renders  them  unable  to  earn  a  support  by  manual  labor,  from 
any  cause  not  the  result  of  their  own  vicious  habits,  are  entitled  to  pen- 
sion at  rates  ranging  from  $6  to  $12 ;  their  Widows  are  also  entitled  to 
pension,  without  regard  to  the  cause  of  death,  if  they  have  no  means  of 
support  but  their  own  labor,  at  the  rate  of  $8  per  month,  with  the  $2  addi- 
tional for  each  minor  child. 

Various  laws  make  provision  for  service  pensions  to  the  Soldiers  and 
Sailors,  and  Widows  of  the  wars  of  the  Revolution,  of  1812,  of  Mexico  and 
Indian  wars;  and  to  Army  Nurses  of  the  Civil  War;  which  are  too  nu- 
merous to  be  here  cited.  Provision  is  also  made  for  increase  of  pensions 
with  increase  ot  the  pensionable  disability. 

COMMISSIONER  OF  PENSIONS. 

The  administration  of  the  Pension  laws  is  under  the  immediate 
charge  of  a  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  who  has  nearly  two  thousand  as- 
sistants of  various  grades,  and  whose  office  constitutes  a  Bureau  in  the 
Department  of  the  Interior.  From  the  last  published  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioner, for  the  year  1893,  is  taken  the  following: 

232 


Svery  condition  of  American  life  is  affected 
by  the  question  of  a  protective  tariff. 

—Hon.  J.  W.  Babcock,  Wisconsin. 


CLAIMS  FILED  AND  ACTED  ON. 

Since  the  year  1861, 2,034,695;original  claima 
have  been  filed  and  1,357,921  claims  have  been  allowed.  Of  the  119,361  appli- 
cations for  original  pensions  filed  during  the  fiscal  year  1893,  65,002  were 
filed  by  invalids,  and  20,914  by  widows  and  others  under  the  act  of  June 
27,  1890.  In  the  total  number  of  claims  allowed  under  the  acts  in  force 
during  the  fiscal  year  1893  are  included  62,291  invalids  and  36,917  widows- 
and  others,  under  the  act  of  June  27,  1890,  as  well  as  2,599  survivors  and 
1,347  widows  of  the  Indian  wars,  and  286  army  nurses.  This  last-named 
class  have  been  pensioned  under  the  act  of  Congress  approved  August  5, 
1892.  Since  1871,  80,071  claims  for  pensions  on  account  of  service  during 
the  war  of  1812  have  been  filed.  Of  this  number  34,939  have  been  filed 
by  surviving  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  45,132  by  the  widows  of  those 
who  served  in  said  war.  During  the  fiscal  year  1893  no  applications  were 
received  from  survivors  of  tdat  war,  but  49  applications  were  filed  by 
widows.  The  number  of  pensioners  on  the  rolls  at  the  close  of  each  year 
is  also  stated  in  this  table,  as  well  as  the  amount  disbursed  for  pensions 
each  year  since  1861. 

THE    NUMBER    OF    PENSIONERS    ON    THE    ROLLS    JUNE  30,    1892, 

Was  876,068.  During  the  j^ear  since  that  date  121,630  new  pensioners 
were  put  upon  the  rolls,  2,004  who  had  previously  been  dropped  were 
restored,  and  33,690  were  dropped  for  death  and  other  causes.  The  net 
increase  of  pensioners  during  the  year  was  89,944,  and  on  June  30, 1893, 
the  number  of  pensioners  on  the  rolls  was  966,012. 

Average  annual  value  of  each  pension $135. 10 

Average  annual  value  of  each  pension  under  the  general 

law '. 157.65 

Average  annual  value  of  each  pension  under  act  June 

27,   1890 113.  75 

Total  annual  value $130, 510,5179. 34 

THE  FALLING  OFF 

In  the  presentation  of  new  claims  appears  from  the 
fact,  shown  by  the  last  report  of  my  predecessor,  that  there  were  on 
October  12,  1892,  788,061  claims  pending  in  the  Bureau,  while,  as  before 
stated,  on  July  7, 1893— not  quite  nine  months  later— the  number  of  claims 
pending  had  been  reduced  to  711,150.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  the 
filing  of  new  claims  and  claims  for  increase  has  ceased  to  exceed  the 
number  of  cases  disposed  of  by  the  work  of  the  Bureau,  and  that  a 
rapid  diminution  in  the  number  of  new  claims  may  be  expected. 

THE  AMOUNTS  PAID 

On  account  of  pensions  during  the  fiscal  year  were ; 
Pensions  General  Law,  $86,292,931.08;  Act  June  27,  1890,  $68,259,357.18; 

283 


The  Mystic  cords  of  memory,  stretching  from 
every  battlefield  and  patriot  grrave  to  every  living 
heart  and  hearthstone  all  *over  this  broad  land, 
will  yet  swell  the  chorus  of  the  Union  when 
again  touched,  as  surely  they  will  be,  by  the  bet- 
ter angels  of  our  natuie.  —A. Iiincoln. 


CLAIMS  FILED  AND  ACTED  ON.     (Continued.) 

Mexican  War,  $2,132,565.79;  Other  laws,  $1,055,613.09 ;  A  total  of  $156,« 
740,467.14.  To  this  add  the  expenses  of  the  Bureau,  and  the  amounts  paid 
by  the  Third  Auditor,  to  make  up  the  total  cost  as  stated  by  the  Secretary, 
of  the  Treasury,  $159,857,557.87. 

CLAIMS  PENDING  JULY  7,  1893. 

Old  wars— Service  prior  to  March  4, 1861 : 

Original  invalid 1,  783 

OrigiLal  widows 2,  284 

—      4,067 

Indian  wars— Act  July  27, 1892 : 

Original  invalid 1,  220 

Original  widows 2,  875 

4,095 

Old  war — Restoration  and  increase 7,665 

Bounty  land 1,204 

Service  since  March  4, 1861 : 

Original  invalid j 123,  581 

Original  widows 81,  361 

204,  942 

Actof  June  27, 1890; 

Original  invalid - 93,  554 

Original  widows 61,020 

144,  574 

Claims  under  act  of  June  27,  1890,  additional  to  prior 
applications  on  file  under  former  acts : 

With  pending  original  invalid 30,  594 

With  rejected  original  invalid 8,  030 

With  certificate  invalid  pending 25,  383 

With  certificate  invalid  not  pending. 43,  558 

With  pending  widow 14,424 

With  rejected  widow 3, 164 

With  certificate  widow  pending 189 

With  certificate  widow  not  pending 200 

125,  642 

Increase : 

Under  general  laws 140,  616 

Under  act  of  June  27, 1890. 70,  686 

211,  302 

Increase  and  accrued  widow 7, 106 

Army  nurses 663 

Total 711,150 


Hirouffhout  the  whole  web  of  National  ex- 
istence we  trace  the  golden  thread  of  human 
prosrress  toward  a  higher  and  better  estate. 

-J.  A.   Garfield. 


CliAIMS  FILED  AND  ACTED  ON.     (Continued.) 

Numer  of  pension  claims  filed  and  allowed  each  year  since  July,  1861, 
and  the  number  of  pensioners  on  the  roll  at  the  close  of  each  year, 
together  with  the  annual  amount  paid  on  account  of  pensions  since  July 
1,1860. 


Army. 

Navy. 

Army  and  Navy. 

Fiscal  year 
ending 

Applications 
filed. 

Applications 
filed. 

Claims  allowed. 

June  30— 

Invalids. 

Wid- 
ows, 
etc. 

Invalids. 

Wid- 
ows, 
etc. 

Invalids. 

Wid- 
ows, 
etc. 

1861 

1862 

1,362 

26,380 

20,  263 

27,  299 

35,799 

15,905 

7,292 

11,035 

12,991 

8,837 

8,857 

8,728 

9,302 

11,926 

17,  030 
16,532 

18,  812 
36,835 

110,  673 
18,455 
29,004 
35,  039 
28,962 
27,  959 
35,202 
36,484 
47,  505 
52,  152 
71,  570 
20,  519 
17,432 
9,213 

1,000 

22,377 

32,  627 

44,464 

28,732 

20,  265 

13,099 

14,496 

11,400 

8,985 

6,(r55 

6,427 

5,603 

5,294 

5,264 

5,269 

6,661 

9,767 

25,602 

10,  527 

10,  349 
]  1,878 

11,  289 
11,557 
13,  328 
15,  759 
18,444 
23,  597 
28,;365 
17,  521 
15,765 

12,  UOO 

60 
290 
385 
455 
350 
250 
170 
290 
260 
190 
240 
•      248 
228 
310 
344 
271 
300 
599 
1,  361 
515 
472 
777 
671 
725 
862 
836 
1,251 
1,312 
2,162 
1,404 
742 
654 

65 
285 
324 
466 
375 
333 
207 
245 
200 
142 
178 
120 
151 
178 
130 

97 
131 
215 
559 
225 
211 
251 
244 
277 
265 
a38 
427 
579 
788 
590 
404 
358 

413 

4,121 

17,041 

15,  212 

22,883 

16,589 

9,460 

7,292 

5,721 

7,  934 

6,468 

6,551 

5,937 

5,760 

5,360 

7,282 

7,414 

7,242 

10, 176 

21,394 

22,946 

32,  014 

27,  414 

27,580 

31,  937 

35,283 

35,843 

36,  830 

50,  395 

41,381 

17,876 

10,232 

49 

1863 

3,763 
22,446 

1864 

1865 

24,  959 

1866 

27,294 

1867 

19,  893 

1868 

19,  461 

1869 

15,904 

1870 

12,  500 

1871 

8,  399 

1872 

7,244 

1873 

4,  073 

1874 

3, 152 

1875 

4,736 

1876 

4,376 
3,861 

1877 

1878 

3,  550 

1879 

3,  379 

1880 

4,  455 

1881 

3,  920 

1882 

3  999 

1883 

5,  303 

1884 

6,  366 

1885 

7,  743 

1886 

8  610 

1887 

11,  217 

1888 

10,  816 

1889 

11,  924 

1890 

14,  612 

1891 

11,  914 

1892 

7,287 

1898 

7,295 

Total 

835,354 

474,466 

18,984 

9,358 

.  559,  981 

304,500 

235 


The  contest  that  is  being  wasred  by  the  Demo- 
cratic party  to  pass  this  Wilson  Bill  is  a  war  upon 
the  laboring  classes  of  America. 

—Hon.  Albert  J.  Hopkins,  Illinois. 


CJLAIMS  nUED  AND  ACTED^ON.     (Continued.) 


Number  of  pension- 

Total 
nuinbor 

Total 
number 

ers  on  the  roll. 

of  appli- 

of  claims 

Dislmi'senu'iits. 

cutions 

allow- 

Inva- 

Wid- 

Jilod. 

pd. 

lids. 

ows,    • 
etc. 

Total 

4  337 

4,  299 

8,  636 

n,  072,  461.  55 
790,  384.  70 

2r487 

462 

4,341 

3^818 

8^  159 

49,  332 

'  7,884 

7,821 

6,970 

14,  791 

1,  025,  139.  91 

53.  599 

39,  487 

23,  479 

27,  650 

51,  135 

4,  504,  010.  92 

72,  684 

40,171 

35,880 

50,  100 

85,  986 

8,  525,  153.  11 

05,  25G 

50,  177 

55,  652 

71,  070 

126,  722 

13,  459,  990.  4.] 

36,  753 

36,  482 

09,  565 

83,  018 

153,  183 

18,  619,  950.  40 

20,  768 

28,  921 

75,  957 

m,  68() 

169,  ()43 

24,  010,  981.  99 

25,  086 

23,  190 

82,  859 

105,  104 

187,  963 

28,  422,  884.  OS 

24,  851 

18,221 

87,  521 

111,  105 

lf)8,  (:80 

27,  780,  811.  81 

43,  909 

If),  562 

93,  394 

114,  101 

207,  495 

33,  077,  383.  03 

20,  391 

M,  333 

113,  954 

118,  275 

232,  299 

30,  109,  341.  00 

18,  303 

16,  052 

119,  500 

118,  911 

238,  411 

29,  185,  2S9.  02 

10,  734 

10,402 

121,  628 

114,  013 

230,  241 

30,593,  749.  50 

18,  704 

11,152 

122,  989 

111,  832 

234,  821 

29,  683,  116.  03 

23,  523 

9,  977 

124,  239 

107,  898 

232,  137 

28,  351,  599.  09 

22,715 

11,326 

128,  723 

103,  381 

232,  104 

28,  580,  157.  04 

44,587 

11,  962 

131,  649 

92,  349 

223,  998 

23,  844,  415.  18 

57,  118 

31,  346 

138,  615 

104,  140 

242,  755 

^}3,  780,  520.  19 

141,  406 

19,  545 

145,  410 

105,  392 

250,  802 

57,  240,  540.  14 

31,  110 

27,394 

104,  110 

104,  720 

268,  830 

50,  620,  538.  51 

40,939 

27,  064 

182,  033 

103,  0(J4 

285,  097 

54,  290,  280.  54 

48,  770 

38,  162 

200,  042 

97,  OK) 

303,  0rj8 

00,  431,  972.  85 

41,  785 

34,  192 

225,  470 

97,  280 

323,  750 

57,  273,  536.  74 

40,918 

35,  767 

247,  140 

97,  979 

345,  125 

05,  093,  700.  72 

49,  895 

40,  857 

270,  340 

95,  437 

305,  783 

04,584,270.45 

72,405 

55,194 

300,  298 

99,  709 

400,  (X)7 

74,  815,  486.  &") 

75,  720 

60,  252 

343,  701 

108,  850 

452,  557 

79,  640,  140.  37 

81,  220 

51,  921 

373,  099 

110,  020 

489,  725 

89,  131,  908.  44 

105,044 

66,  637 

415,  054 

122,290 

537,944 

100,  493,  8f]0.  19 

363,799 

156,  480 

536,  821 

139,  'SS9 

07(5,  100 

118,548,959.  71 

198,  345 

224,047 

703,  242 

172,  820 

870,  OlxS 

141,  080,  948.  84 

119,  361 

121,  630 

759,  706 

206,306 

906,  012 

158,  155,  342.  51 

2,  034,  695 

1,  357,  921 

1,  570,  503,  544.  42 

In  the  total  number  of  applications  filed  in  1893  are  included  05,UO*J 
invalids  and  20,914  widows,  etc.,  under  the  act  of  June  27,  1890 ;  4,50;! 
survivors  and  4,514  widows  of  the  Indian  wars,  and  930  Army  nurses. 
In  the  number  of  claims  allowed  in  1893  are  included  62,291  invalid-s  and 
36,917  widows,  etc.,  under  the  act  of  June  27,  1890;  2,599  survivors  and 
1,347  widows  of  the  Indian  wars,  and  286  Army  nurses.  In  the  number 
of  pensioners  on  the  roll,  under  the  heads  of  "  invalids  "  and  "widows, 
etc.,"  are  respectively  included  all  male  and  female  pensioners  of  every 
class. 


The  eternal  law,  "In  the  sweat  of  thy  face 
Shalt  thou  eat  bread,"  will  prevail.  It  will  nevef 
be  repealed. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


CI. AIMS  FTLED  AND  ACTED  ON.  (Continued.) 


War  Of  1812. 


Applications 
filed. 

Claims 
Allowed 

Sur- 
vivors. 

Wid- 
ows- 

Sur- 
vivors. 

Wid- 
ows. 

24,350 

11,488 

20,073 

8,363 

War  with  Mexico. 

Applications 
filed. 

Claims 
allowed 

Sur- 
vivors. 

Wid- 
ows. 

Sur- 
vivors. 

Wid- 
ows. 

34,939 

45,132 

25,711 

35,409 

Republican  Party  on  Pensions. 

From  1S62  until  1875  the  Government,  in  all  its  branches,  was  con- 
trolled by  the  Kepublican  party.  During  that  time  our  pension  system, 
as  it  now  exists,  was  built  up.  The  fundamental  act  was  that  of  July 
14, 1862,  and  between  that  date  and  the  election  of  a  Democratic  Congress 
in  1875,  fourteen  other  acts  were  passed  enlarging  and  improving  the 
system.  Under  these  acts  the  greater  part  of  the  annual  expenditures 
for  pensions  now  being  made  was  authorized.  They  were  all  Republi- 
can measures.  Every  law,  every  section,  every  line,  word  and  syllable 
relating  to  pensions  in  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1874  was  enacted  by  Re- 
publican Congresses,  by  Republican  votes,  and  approved  by  Republican 
Presidents. 

Tlie  Republican  party  has  always  maintained  that  one  of  the  first  duties 
of  the  American  people  was  the  practical  recognition,  in  a  material  way, 
of  our  sacred  obligation  to  the  volunteer  soldiers  of  the  United  States. 
In  a  long  series  of  official  utterances,  this  party  has  always,  in  its  great 
representative  national  conventions,  pledged  itself  to  the  maintenance  of 
a  policy  of  liberality,  unlimited  by  technical  or  burdensome  restrictions 

in  the  award  and  distribution  of  the  fund  cheerfully  offered  to  pensioners 
by  the  votes  of  a  grateful  people.  It  may  add  to  the  inspiration  of  loyal 
liearts  to  recall  some  of  these  utterances,  and  to  hear  anew  Avhat  we  have 
said,  and  what  pledges  we  have  made  from  time  to  time.  The  pension 
policy  inaugurated  by  the  Republican  party  has  become  so  closely  in- 
corporated into  our  governmental  system  that  in  quoting  these  glorious 
and  patriotic  expressions  we  feel  almost  as  if  hearing  anew  the  voices  ol 
the  revered  men  of  the  hi Aoric  past. 

23? 


When  the  factory  fires  are  extinguished  noth- 
ing follows  so  STU'ely  as  the  enforced  idleness  of 
the  laborer.  —Hon.  J.  W.  Bahcock^Wisconsin. 


BEPUBUECAN  PARTY  ON  PENSIONS.    (Continued.) 
At  Baltimore,  in  1864,  the  Republican  national  convention  said : 

Resolved^  That  the  thanks  of  the  American  people  are  due  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
of  the  Army  and  Nary  who  have  periled  their  lives  in  defense  of  the  country  and  in  vin- 
dication of  the  honor  of  the  flag ;  that  the  Nation  owes  to  them  some  permanent  recogni- 
tion of  their  patriotism  and  their  valor,  and  ample  and  permanent  provision  for  those  of 
their  survivors  who  have  received  disabling  and  honorable  wounds  in  the  service  of  the 
country  ;  and  that  the  memories  of  those  who  have  fallen  in  its  defense  shall  be  held  in 
grateful  and  everlasting  remembrance. 

That  was  in  1864,  just  thirty  years  ago,  and  during  the  very  height  of 
the  war.  The  Republican  party  did  not  wait  until  after  Lee's  surrender, 
but  announced  its  policy  while  its  defenders  were  in  the  field. 


Pension   Legislation. 


From  1861  to  1875  the  Congress  was  under  Republican  control,  and  all 
legislation  upon  pensions  during  that  time  was  Republican  legislation. 
With  the  latter  year  the  Democrats  obtained  control  of  the  House  of 
Representatives.  In  1878  the  effect  of  Democratic  control  began  to  be 
a-pparent.  The  Republican  law  of  February  14,1871,  was  amended  by 
the  Democratic  act  of  March  9, 1878,  so  that  widows  of  soldiers  of  the 
war  of  1812  should  lose  their  pensions  upon  remarriage  ;  the  term  of  ser- 
vice was  reduced  from  sixty  to  fourteen  days,  and  the  provision  which" 
prevented  those  who  had  been  in  rebellion  in  the  late  war  from  receiving 
pensions  was  stricken  out. 

Tlie  effect  of  this  was  to  restore  to  the  rolls  the  names  of  all  pensioners 
of  the  war  of  1812  which  had  been  stricken  off  for  participation  in,  or  en- 
couragement of  the  rebellion.  This,  with  another  act  approved  in  1879, 
giving  three  months  extra  pay  to  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Mexican 
war,  were  some  of  the  measures  of  that  period  of  Democratic  ascend- 
ency, and  both  were  intended  mainly  to  benefit  persons  who  lived  in  the 
Soutliern  States. 

The  principal  measure  of  the  six  years  of  Democratic  control  in  the 
House  was  the  "arrears"  act.  But  this  was  a  Republican  law,  in  .that 
it  was  introduced  by  a  Republican  (Cummings  of  Kansas),  was  put  on 
its  passage  by  a  Republican  (Haskell  of  Kansas),  was  voted  for  by  116 
Republicans  and  48  Democrats  in  the  House,  a  majority  of  the  Democrats 
in  the  House  voting  against  it. 

In  the  Senate  there  were  27  Republicans  and  16  Democrats  voting  in 
favor,  and  the  3  nays  were  all  Democrats.  A  later  Democratic  limitation 
of  the  arrears  was  i^ut  into  an  appropriation^bill  reported  by  W.  A.  J. 

238 


The  American  market  for  the  benefit  t>£ 
American  laborers,  American  farmers,  and 
American  manufacturers.  , 

Hon.  Albert  J.  Hopkins,  Illinois. 


PENSION  liEGISIiATION.     (Continued.) 

S  parks  (Democrat)  of  Illinois,  creating  a  limitation  of  less  than  one  yeai 
and  four  months— that  is,  from  March  3, 1879,  to  July  1,  1880— and  that 
law  has  remained  in  force  to  the  present. 

Votes  shown  in  detail  as  follows : 


Name  of  bill. 


Repeal  of  arrears  limitation 

Mexican  pension.  Senate  amendment 

Widows'  increase 

Senate  bill,  1886 

Dependent  pension  bill 

Dependent  pension  bill,  over  veto.... 


For  the  bill 


Repub- 
licans. 


lie 

72 
118 

27 
114 
138 


Demo- 
crats. 


Against  the  bill 


Repub- 
licans. 


None 
1 
None 
None 
None 
None 


Demo- 
crats. 


61 
84 
58 
14 
76 
125 


Total. 


295 


418 


Let  us  now  present  a  similar  table  of  the  votes  upon  various  pension 
measures  in  1890,  which  will  show: 

As  follows : 


For  the  bill. 

Against  the  bill. 

Name  of  bill. 

Repub- 
licans. 

Demo- 
crats. 

Repub- 
licans. 

Demo- 
crats. 

DpDendent  narents.  Senate 

32 
136 
143 
141 
117 

31 
119 

10 
34 

40 
38 
28 
3 
24 

None 

1 
None 
None 
None 
None 
None 

12 

Morrill,  62-year  bill 

m 

Morrill,  Cheadle  60-year  amendment 
Morrill-60-vear  bill 

71 
71 

Disability,  conference.  House 

56 

Disability,  conference.  Senate 

18 

Prisoners  of  war      

78 

Total         

719 

177 

1 

392 

Combining  the  two  tables  it  will  be  seen  that  so  far  as  these  reported 
roll  calls  show,  there  were: 


FOB  THE  BILLS. 

Republicans 1,  304 

Democrats 472 


AGAINST  THE  BILLS. 

Republicans 2 

Democrats 810 


We  will  now  separate  the  House  and  Senate  votes  upon  pensions,  as  a- 
bove  tabulated,  and  present  the  Republican  and  Democratic  standing,  by- 
percentage  in  each  body,  upon  pension  legislation.  We  find  that  the  fol- 
lowing is  the  average  respective  standing  of  the  two  parties  in  Coneress 

23Q 


I  look  at  the  tariff  with  an  eye  to  the  proper 
distribution  of  labor  and  revenue. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


PENSION  IiEGISIiATION.     (Continued.) 

as  regards  sustaining  the  soldiers  of  the  late  war.  That  is,  in  the  House, 
upon  the  important  pension  measures  of  the  past  few  years,  the  Republi- 
cans have  furnished  73  per  cent  and  the  Democrats  27  per  cent  of  the  affir- 
mative votes;  while  in  the  Senate  the  Republicans  have  furnished 
81  per  cent  and  the  Democrats  19  per  cent  of  the  affirmative  votes. 
Of  those  voting  against  the  bills,  the  Democrats  have  the  undivided  hon- 
or of  furnishing  about  100  per  cent,  the  entire  negative  vote — or  810  out  of 
820  votes. 

We  should  also  state  that  the  Mexican  pension  bill  of  January  29, 1887,  in 
grantingpensions  to  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  Mexican  war,  repealed 
the  provisions  of  section  4716  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  so  far  as  they  ap- 
plied to  the  soldiers  of  that  Avar.  That  section  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
prohibited  the  payment  of  any  pension  to  any  person  or  to  the  widow, 
children,  or  heirs  of  any  person  who  had  voluntarily  engaged  in  or  aided 
the  late  rebellion  against  the  United  States.  The  effect  of  this  repeal  was 
to  make  eligible  as  pensioners  very  many  who  were  prominent  in  the 
Confederate  army,  and  who  are  now  upon  our  pension  rolls  at^or$12  per 
month.  The  following  from  the  National  Tribune,  confirms  this  state- 
ment. 

CONFEDERATE  PENSIONS. 

MEXICAN  PENSION  ROLL-ONE  WHICH   IS  NOT  "PURGED"  AND  IN 
WHICH  THERE  ARE  NO  SUSPENSIONS. 

"  On  the  Mexican  pension  rell  there  are  the  names  of  15,215  survivors  and 
7,282  widows,  and  something  over  3,000  cases  were  pending  at  latest  re- 
ports. This  makes  a  total  of  25,497,  or  several  thousand  more  men  than  the 
United  States  had  in  Mexico  at  any  one  time  during  the  war. 

These  all  receive  either  $8  or  $12  a  month. 

Among  the  names  are  those  of  the  widow  of  Gen.  Samuel  Cooper,  a  New 
Yorker  by  birth,  who  was  Adjutant-General  of  the  United  States  Army 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  and  used  his  position  to  aid  the  rebels  in  pre- 
paring for  the  struggle.  He  resigned  his  position  to  become  adjutant- 
general  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  and  officiated  as  such  until  the  re- 
bellion collapsed.  Mrs.  Cooper  has  been  drawing  a  pension  since  June 
6,1887. 

The  widow  of  Thomas  J.  ('StonewalP)  Jackson,  who  was  next  to  Lee 
the  most  popular  commander  of  the  rebel  armies. 

The  widow  of  Maj.  Gen.  George  E.  Pickett,  who  commanded  a  division 
in  the  rebel  army. 

The  widow  of  Maj.  Gen.  Gideon  J.  Pillow,  who  commanded  a  division 
in  the  rebel  army. 

The  widow  of  Lieut.  Gen.  A.  P.  Bill,  who  commanded  one  of  the  three 
corps  of  Lee's  army. 

The  widow  of  Sidney  Smith  Lee,  who  was  dismissed  from  the  Navy  for 

240 


We  are  Not  afraid  of  the  world's  competltlott 
so  long  as  we  avail  ourselves  of  our  national  de- 
fense and  our  national  resources. 

—Senator  Georsre  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


CONFEDERATE  PENSIONS.    (Continued.) 

'going  over  to  the  enemy,'  and  afterward  became  a  commodore  in 
the  rebel  Navy. 

Brig.  Gen.  James  R.  Chalmers,  who  was  Forrest's  chief  lieutenant. 

Maj.  Gen.  Dabney  H.  Maury,  who  commanded  the  rebel  troops  at  the 
battle  of  Chickasaw  Bayou. 

Hon.  S.  B.  Maxey,  late  United  States  Senator  from  Texas,  who  has 
been  drawing  his  pension  since  May  27, 1887.  He  was  a  major-general  in 
the  rebel  army. 

The  widows  above  mentioned  are  of  men  who  were  educated  at  the 
Government  expense,  and  afterward  fought  to  destroy  the  Government. 
They  went  on  the  roll  at  once,  while  last  April  there  were  pending  the 
claims  of  145,520  widows  of  Union  soldiers  who  had  not  yet  been  able  to 
get  on  the  roll." 


Comparison  of  Party  Records. 

o 

We  will  now  give  the  record  of  the  Democratic  party  on  pension  legisla- 
tion since  the  war,  and  will  not  go  back  of  1878.  In  1878  a  bill  was 
passed  by  the  lower  House  of  Congress  repealing  all  limitations  of  time 
in  which  applications  for  arrears  of  pensions  should  be  made.  Upon 
this  the  vote  stood;  Democrats  for  the  bill,  48;  Democrats  against  the  bill, 
61;  Republicans  for  the  bill,  116;  Republicans  against  the  bill,  none. 

Subsequently  a  bill  increasing  the  pensions  of  widows  from  $8  to  $12 
was  voted  on,  with  the  following  result:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  80;  Dem- 
ocrats against  the  bill,  66.  Republicans  for  the  bill,  118.  Republicans  a- 
gainst  the  bill,  none. 

The  amputation  bill,  passed  August  4,  1886:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  76; 
Democrats  against  the  bill,  51.  Republicans  for  the  bill,  91;  Republicans 
against  the  bill,  none. 

The  widows^  arrears  bill,  giving  arrears  of  pensions,  from  the  death  of 
their  husbands,  to  widows  entitled  to  pensions,  passed  the  Senate  by  the 
following  vote:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  1;  Democrats  against  the  bill,  20. 
Republicans  for  the  bill,  22;  Republicans  against  the  bill,  none. 

The  disability  pension  bill(gives  pension  to  all  disabled  soldiers  and  to 
dependent  parents  and  children),  passed  June,  1890:  Democrats  for  the 
bill,  28;  Democrats  against  the  bill,  56.  Republicans  for  the  bill,  117;  Re- 
publicans against  the  bill,  none. 

Same  bill  in  the  Senate:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  3;  Democrats  againist 
the  bill,  38.  Republicans  for  the  bill,  31;  Republicans  against  the  bill 
none. 

241 


Upon  wages  and  the  consequent  distribution 
of  consumable  wealth  is  based  all  our  hopes  of 
the  future,  and  all  the  possible  increase  of  our 
civilization.  —Hon.  Thomas  B.  Beed,  Maine. 


COMPARISON  OF  PARTY  RECORDS.     (Continued.) 

In  the  Forty-ninth  Congress  a  dependent  pension  bill  was  voted  on  in 
the  Senate,  with  the  following  result:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  7;  Demo- 
crats against  the  bill,  14.  Republicans  for  the  bill, 27;  Republicans  against 
the  bill,  none. 

In  the  same  Congress  a  similar  bill  was  voted  upon  in  the  House  of 
Representatives,  with  the  following  result:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  66; 
Democrats  against  the  bill,  76.  Republicans  for  the  bill,  114;  Republi- 
cans against  the  bill,  none. 

This  bill  was  vetoed  by  President  Cleveland.  An  effort  was  made  in  the 
lower  House  to  pass  the  bill  over  the  veto,  with  the  following  result:  Dem- 
ocrats for  the  bill,  37;  Democrats  against  the  bill,  125.  Republicans  for  the 
bill,  138;  Republicans  against  the  bill,  none. 

Showing  that  29  Democrats  who  had  originally  voted  for  the  bill  has- 
tened to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  Presidents' 
veto  to  vote  against  it,  thus  testifying  their  real  sentiments,  while  20  oth- 
ers who  had  dodged  the  first  vote  came  up  promptly  to  the  support  of  the 
veto. 

The  vote  upon'  which  the  dependent  pension  bill  was  finally  passed  by 
the  Republican  Congress,  of  which  Tom.  Reed  was  Speaker,  stood  as  fol- 
lows in  the  Senate:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  10;  Democrats  against  the  bill 
12.    Republicans  for  the  bill,  32;  Republicans  against  the  bill,  none. 

In  the  lower  House  it  was  sought  to  take  up  and  pass  the  bill  promptly, 
but  the  Democrats  solidly  opposed  a  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  for  that 
purpose,  and  the  efifort  failed.  Shortly  after  this,  however,  a  second 
effort  met  with  success,  the  vote  standing:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  38;  Dem- 
crats  against  the  bill,  71;  Republicans  for  the  bill,  141;  Republicans 
against  the  bill,  none. 

This  bill  was,  as  the  old  soldiers  well  know,  promptly  approved  by 
President  Harrison. 

The  next  pension  legislation  of  importance  was  the  bill  to  pension 
prisoners  of  war,  and  giving  them  each  $2  for  every  day  they  were  held 
by  the  Confederates.  When  it  came  up  in  the  lower  House  the  following 
vote  was  had:  Democrats  for  the  bill,  24;  Democrats  against  the  bill,  78 
Republicans  for  the  bill,  119;  Republicans  against  the  bill,  none. 

To  sum  up,  the  following  gives  the  totals  of  14  votes  in  Congress  upon 
the  most  important  of  the  various  pension  measures  presented  since  the 
war,  viz:  Domocrats  for  the  bills,  417;  Democrats  against  the  bills,  648;  Re- 
publicans for  the  bills,  1,066;  Republicans  against  the  bills,  none. 

PRESENT  ADMINISTRATION. 

OFFICE  NOW  HOSTILE  TO  PENSIONS. 

The  present  administration  of  the  Pension  Office  came  into  power  with 
an  avowed  b(?iief  that  this  oflQce  was  permeated  with  fraud,  and  a  public 
avowal  that  its  expenditures  should  be  reduced.    Said  the  Chicago  plat. 

242 


A  Nation  whJcli  keeps  its  people  employed  is 
in  the  end  sure  to  show  the  largest  gains— even  in 
wealth.  —Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  Maine. 


PRESENT  ADMINISTRATION.    (Continued.) 

form :  *'  We  denounce  the  present  administration  of  that  office  as  in- 
competent, currupt,  disgraceful  and  dishonest."  On  this  basis  the  Com- 
missioner proceeded  to  assume :  1.  That  General  Raum's  administration 
being  currupt  and  dishonest,  large  numbers  of  pensions  had  been  un- 
lawfully granted,  and  therefore  that  his  first  duty  was  to  purge  the  rolls 
of  these  fraudulent  pensions.  2.  That  he  had  plenary  power  to  review 
the  acta  of  his  predecessor,  and  to  suspend  pensions  until  he  should  have 
time  and  means  to  investigate  them.  Thereupon  he  proceeded,  (1)  to'sus- 
pend  thousands  of  pensioners  without  allowing  them  to  be  heard ;  (2)  then 
to  give  them  notice  of  suspension  and  require  them  to  prove  their  right  to 
be  restored  again  within  sixty  days,  on  pain  of  being  cut  off  entirely. 
The  case  is  thus  stated  : 

NATIONAL  TRIBUNE  OF  AUGUST  lo,  1893  : 

"These  claimants  have  furnished  the  evidence  required.  They  have 
been  subjected  to  examination  by  Government  medical  experts,  and  they 
have  been  adjudged  entitled. 

They  have  been  subjected  to  no  little  trouble  and  expense  in  procuring 
this  judgment. 

Now  comes  along  a  new  order  of  things.  They  are  suspected  of  having 
had  an  allowance  to  which  they  are  not  entitled,  and  payment  is  stopped, 
and  the  claimant  is  required  to  prove  his  case  over  again  within  60  days. 
(Yesterday  extended  for  a  further  period  of  60  days.)  The  burthen,  in- 
cluding the  expense,  is  cast  upon  him  of  proving  the  integrity  of  the 
allowance,  instead  of  being  placed  upon  the  Government,  where  upon 
obvious  principles  it  should  rest.  If  he  can  now  furnish  the  prool 
required  within  the  time  limited,  how  long  will  the  Bureau  be  occupied 
in  considering  it  after  it  is  furnished?  Thousands  will  be  dead  before 
the  suspension  is  removed. 

The  principle  applied  here  is  a  revival  of  the  code  of  Rhadamanthus 
(Judge  of  Hell)— that  punished  first  and  tried  afterward. 

The  fact  is  (and  pensioners  may  as  well  awake  to  it)  that  there  is  a 
systematic  effort  being  made  to  discredit  pensioners  and  avoid  recogni- 
tion of  the  obligation  of  the  country  to  the  soldiers,  and  no  specious 
words  or  loud  pretensions  can  disguise  it." 

Not  only  was  this  course  in  violation  of  every  principle  of  justice  and 
law,  which  requires  a  presumption  that  the  former  Commissioner  had 
done  his  duty,  and  that  each  pensioner  was  entitled  to  his  pension,  until 
in  each  case  the  contrary  was  shown ;  but  it  was  in  open  defiance  of  the 
Pension  laws,  which  provide  means  for  investigation,  and  prescribe  the 
manner  in  which  the  Commissioner  shall  exercise  his  power  of  revision. 

POWER  OF  REVISION. 

"Sec.  3.  Act  June  21,  1879.  That  sections  forty-seven  hundred  and 
Beventy-one,  forty-seven  hundred  and   seventy-two,  and   forty-seven 

243 


the  highest  duty  of  a  Nation  is  to  so  fraiiiu 
its  laws  as  to  afford  the  greatest  protection  to  its 
own  people.  —Senator  Joseph  M.  Carey,  Wyoming. 


POWER  OF  REVISION.     (Continued.) 

hundred  and  seventy-threeofthe  Revised  Statu toH  oftiie  United  States, 
providing  for  biennial  examinations  of  pensioners,  are  hereby:  repealed;: 
Provided,  That  the  Commissioner  of  Pensioners  shall  have  the  same 
power  as  heretofore  to  order  special  examinations,  whenever  in  his  judg-. 
mentthe  same  may  be  necessary,  and  to  increase  or  reduce  the  pension 
according  to  right  and  justice;  but  in  no  case  shall  a  pension  be  with- 
drawn or  reduced  except  upon  notice  to  a  pensioner  and  a  hearing  upon 
sworn  testimony,  except  as  to  the  certificate  of  the  examining 
surgeon.       *       *       * 

SUSPENDING  PENSIONERS,  Act  June  27,  1890. 

Sec.  4744.  The  Commissioner  of  Pensions  is  authorized  to  detail  from 
time  to  time  clerks  or  persons  employed  in  his  office  to  make  special  ex- 
aminations into  the  merits  of  such  pension  or  bounty  land  claims, 
whether  pending  or  adjudicated,  as  he  may  deem  proper,  and  to  aid  in 
the  prosecution  of  any  party  appearing  on  such  examinations  to  he 
guilty  of  fraud,  either  in  the  presentation  or  in  procuring  the  aHowanc-e 
of  such  claims ;  and  any  person  so  detailed  shall  have  power  to  adminis 
ter  oaths  and  take  affidavits  and  depositions  in  the  course  of  such  exami- 
nations, and  to  orally  examine  witnesses,  and  may  employ  a  stenograj)!!  - 
er,when  deemed  necessary  by  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  in  import- 
ant cases,  such  stenographer  to  be  paid  by  such  clerk  or  person,  and  the 
amount  so  paid  to  be  allowed  in  his  accounts." 

Under  this  arbitrary  and  unlawful  proceeding  the  Commissioner  sus- 
pended thousands,  until  by  an  indignant  public  sentiment;  and  the  de(-is- 
ions  of  the  Courts  he  was  compelled  to  cease  and  to  restore  them .  Here 
is  a  specimen. 

In  the  State  of  Illinois,  there  were  between  May  1,  1893,  and  March  1, 
1894,  a  period  often  months,  six  hundred  and  eighty-two  cases  suspended 
by  the  Pension  Office,  and  in  the  same  time  five  hundred  and  thirty- two 
cases  in  which  resumption  of  payment  was  ordered.  Why  were  these 
pensioners  in  Illinois  put  to  the  trouble  and  annoyance  of  suffering  a 
suspension,  carrying  with  it  a  stigmti  of  fraud  and  wrong  upon  their 
part,  which  their  subsequent  restoration  shows  was  without  any  reason- 
able justification? 

In  the  neighboring  State  of  Ohio,  in  the  six  months  ending  September 
1, 1893,  this  Administration  suspended  2,000  pensioners.  The  names  and 
residences  have  been  obtained  and  published.  Why  should  there  have 
been  so  much  greater  a  proportion  of  frauds  and  rascals  among  "Ohio 
soldiers  than  in  Illinois?  It  hardly  seems  probable  that  the  soldiers  of 
Illinois  are  three  times  as  honest  as  those  of  Ohio.  It  is  also  a  fact  that 
of  the  nearly  2,000  names  of  those  suspended  up  to  September  1, 1893,  in 
Ohio,  a  list  of  1,323  names  restored  to  the  rolls  between  September  1,  and 
October  30, 1893,  was  furnished  by  Hon.  John  G.  Mitchell,  pension  agent 

244 


The  lower  the  standard  of  Avages,  the  lower 
the  standard  of  citizenship. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


SUSPENDING  PENSIONERS.     (Continued.) 

at  Columbus,  to  Hon.  James  F.  Seward,  chairman  of  the  Democrati*^ 
State  Central  Committee  at  Columbus,  in  time  to  publish  before  the 
election  of  November  2,  1893,  so  as  to  show  to  the  peojile  of  Ohio  thai 
President  Clevehxnd  had  hastened  to  correct  the  injustice  done,  to  the 
worthy  soldiers  of  Ohio,  who,  it  Avas  claimed,  liad  been  suspended  by 
tlie  rascally  Republican  clerks  (?)  in  the  Pension  Office. 

The  matter  of  dates  is  somewhat  significant  in  recalling  this  bit  of 
history.  In  July  and  August,  1893,  a  whirlwind  of  indignation  was 
sweeping  the  State  of  Ohio  regarding  the  action  of  this  Administration 
in  suspending  soldiers'  pensions  by  the  thousands.  An  election  was  to 
be  held  in  November,  and  something  had  to  be  done.  "A  necessity  is 
laid  upon  us,"  said  the  politicians.  Letters  and  telegrams  flooded  the 
Bureaus,  the  Departments,  and  the  Executive  sanctum.  A  prominent 
Democratic  KepTesentative  warned  the  Interior  Department  that  unless 
the  wholesale  suspending  of  pensions  was  stopped  forthwith,  tlie  Repulj- 
licans  would  carry  the  next  House  of  Representatives  and  sweep  the 
Democrats  out  of  power.  "Restore  tkose  pensioners,  and  do  it  quick  !" 
was  the  burden  of  their  cry. 

Over  1,300  Ohio  soldiers  were  reinstated  as  quickly  as  the  names  could 
be  written.  A  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Pensions  was  hurried  to  the 
National  Military  Home  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  explain  matters  to  the 
soldiers  there.  But  all  the  frantic  haste  to  recoup  the  loss  of  prestige 
among  the  Buckeyes  was  unavailing.  Thousands  of  good,  reliable 
Democratic  veterans  determined  to  vote  as  they  shot,  and  they  gave  on 
that  first  Tuesday  in  November,  a  parting  kick  to  the  twin  humbugs, 
Democratic  pension  reform,  and  Democratic  tariff  reform  in  the  shape  of 
80,000  majority  for  McKinley. 

SUSPENDED  PENSIONS. 

Department  of  the  Interior,  Bureau  of  Pensions, 
Washing  ton,  D.  C,  June  26,  1894. 
Sir  :  In  response  to  your  reference  of  the  16th  of  April  last,  of  the 
Senate  resolution  dated  April  14, 1894,  I  have  the  lionor  to  hand  you  here- 
with a  statement  showing  the  number  of  pensioners  whose  names  were 
suspended  between  March  4,  1893,  and  May  10,  1894,  and  resumed  at  the 
same  rate,  the  number  of  pensioners  in  Avhose  cases  payments  were  sus- 
pended during  the  same  period,  upon  which  no  further  action  had  been 
taken,  the  number  of  pensioners  whose  rates  were  reduced  during  that 
period,  the  number  of  their  pension  certificates,  their  names,  postoffice 
addresses,  former  and  present  rates,  and  causes  of  reduction  ;  and  also 
the  number  of  pensioners  whose  names  wore  dropped  from  the  roll  dur- 
ing that  period,  the  number  of  their  pension  certificates,  their  names, 
post-ofiace  addresses,  and  the  rates  they  were  receiving. 
The  Senate  resolution  is  returned  herewith. 

Very  respectfully,  Wm.  Lochren, 

Commissioner^ 
Thb  Sbobbtaby  op  the  Interior. 

2i^ 


wliat  I  most  fear  is  that  the  one  paramount 
result  of  the  crisis  will  he  tlie  reduction  of  the 
price  of  lahor.  —Hon.  Seth  Jj.  Milliken,  Maine. 


SUSPENDED  PENSIONS.     (Continued.) 

BECAPITULATION. 


Late 
war. 

Mexican 
war. 

War 

1812. 

Indian 
war. 

Classes. 

1 

in 
i 

i 

> 

03 

1 

1 

i 

To 

Number      resumed 

9,384 

273 
3,014 
2,411 

116 
45 

4 

6 

4 

1 
1 

9,509 

Number    stillsus- 
pended 

1 



326 

Number    reduced 

3,014 

Number  dropped 

240 

6 

2 

2 

4 

6 

2,671 

Number  of  pensioners  whose  pensions  were  suspended  and  resumed  at  the  same 

rate  between  March  4, 1893,  and  May  10,  1894 
Number,  of  pensioners  whose  pensions  were  suspended  between  March  4, 1893,  and 

May  10, 1894,  in  whose  cases  no  further  action  had  been  taken 


New  Rules  for  Delay. 


Suppose  a  soldier  applies  for  Pension  under  the  Act  of  June  27, 1890,  on 
account  of  the  loss  of  a  leg  in  a  railroad  accident.  In  his  Declaration  he 
swears  that  this  disability  is  of  a  permanent  character,  and  was  not  due 
to  vicious  habits.  Under  General  Raum's  administration  he  was  sent 
to  an  Examining  Surgeon,  and  on  a  report  finding  the  facts  to  be  as  stated, 
his  pension  was  granted.  Not  so  under  the  present  administration.  He 
is  sent  a  new  circular  calling  for 

"  Testimony  of  two  credible  witnesses  having  personal  knowledge  of 
the  facts  showing  when,  where,  apd  under  what  circumstances  he  in- 
curred the  loss  of  his  leg." 

*'  Testimony  of  the  same,  or  two  other  credible  witnesses,  who 
should  state  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge  and  belief  (setting  forth  their 
means  of  knowledge  and  basis  of  belief),  whether  the  loss  of  leg  alleged. 
by  claimant  was  caused  by  villous  habits." 

And  this  is  accompanied  by  a  copy  of  order  No.  229,  as  follows: 

246 


L.egislation  can  turn  human  endeavor  from 
unprofitable  into  profitable  channels. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


N15W  RUI^S  FOR  DEI.AY.     (Continued.) 

Department  of  the  Interior, 

bureau  of  pensions,  ' 

Washington,  D.  C,  June  19, 1893. 
Ordeb  No.  229. 

In  the  preparation  of  testimony  in  support  of  claims  in  pension  cases 
all  statements  affecting  the  particular  case  and  not  merely  formal,  must 
be  written,  or  prepared  to  be  type-written,  in  the  presence  of  the  wit- 
ness, and  from  his  oral  declarations  then  made  to  the  person  who  then 
reduces  the  testimony  to  writing,  or  then  prepares  the  same  to  be  type- 
written. And  such  testimony  must  embody  a  statement  by  the  witness 
that  such  testimony  was  all  written,  or  prepared  for  type-writing  (as  the 
case  may  be),  in  his  presence,  and  only  from  his  oral  statements  then 
made ;  stating  also  the  time,  place,  and  person,  when,  where,  and  to 
whom  he  made  such  oral  statements,  and  that  in  making  the  same  he 
did  not  use,  and  was  not  aided  or  prompted  by  any  written  or  printed 
statement  or  recital,  prepared  or  dictated  by  any  other  person ;  and  not 
attached  as  an  exhibit  to  his  testimony. 

Any  needless  delay  in  the  preparation  of  such  testimony  after  such 
oral  statement  by  the  witness,  or  in  forwarding  the  same  to  this  Bureau, 
and  any  material  alteration  or  erasure  will  be  cause  for  rejecting  such 
testimony. 

Wm.  Loohren,  Commissioner. 
Approved :  Hoke  Smith,  Secretary, 

Suppose  a  widow  is  the  applicant,  in  her  declaration  made  under  oath, 
she  sets  out  the  facts  of  her  husband's  name,  service,  death,  <fec.;  of  her 
prior  name,  marriage,  &c.  With  this  she  is  required  to  furnish  proof  of 
his  death,  their  marriage,&c.  Having  thus  shown  her  right,  one  would 
suppose  her  case  complete.  But,  no.  She  must  prove,  even  after  fur- 
nishing a  public  record  of  her  marriage,  (1)  that  neither  she  nor  her 
husband  have  any  other  husband  or  wife ;  (2)  that  they  were  never  di- 
vorced before  his  death !  The  law  presumes  that  the  marriage  is  legal, 
and  the  public  records  are  trustworthy.  But  the  Pension  office  presumes 
that  every  applicant  for  pension  is  a  fraud,  and  requires  her  to  prove 
that  she  is  not.  Judge  Lochren  has  been  on  the  bench,  is  familiar  with 
thie  rules  of  law  which  presume  everything  in  favor  of  honesty  and  good 
faith.  What  then  are  his  protestations  of  sympathy  with  pensioners 
worth,  when  he  reverses  every  legal  presumption,  and  assumes  all 
applicants  to  be  dishonest  and  perjured,  until  they  prove  the  contrary. 

PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND'S  POSITION. 

MR.  CLEVELAND   WAS  NOT   A   SOLDIER 

In  the  late  Civil  War. 
He  served  his  countiymen  by  the  vicarious  sacrifice  of  a  hired  substi- 
tute.   And  it  was,  perhaps,  a  thus  disinterested  point  of  view  that  led 

247 


He  who  talks  of  a  conspiracy  of  banks  and 
corporations  against  the  people  talks  the  sheerest 
nonsense.    It  is  but  the  fool's  mumbling:. 

—Hon.  Seth  L.  MilUken,  Maine. 


PBESII>£NT  CI^EVEIiATOi'S  POSITION.  (Continued.) 
him  to  declare  in  vetoing  the  Dependent  Pension  bill,  which  a  Republican 
Congress  and  a  Republican  President  afterwards  put  into  law,  that  "  it  is 
sad,  but  nevertheless  true,  that  in  the  matter  of  procuring  pensions  there 
exists  a  widespread  disrogiard  of  truth  and  good  faith,  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  race  after  the  pensions  offered  by  this  bill  would  not  only 
stimulate  weakness  and  pretended  incapacity  for  labor,  but  put  a  further 
premium  on  dishonesty  and  mendacity." 

INSULTING  VETO  MESSAGES. 

Mr.  Cleveland  sneeringiy  accused  Republican  Congresses  of  haying 
adopted  the  theory  "that  no  man  who  served  in  the  army  can  be  the 
subject  of  death  or  impaired  health  except  theyare  chargeable  to  his  ser- 
vice." In  vetoing  a  bill  passed  for  the  relief  of  John  W.  Ferris  in  June, 
1886,  he  relieved  himself  of  this  sentiment :  "  The  ingenuity  developed 
in  the  constant  and  persistent  attacks  upon  the  public  Treasury  by  those 
claiming  pensions,  and  in  the  increase  of  those  already  granted,  is  exhib- 
ited in  bold  relief  by  this  attempt  to  include  sore  eyes  among  the  results 
of  diarrhoea." 

In  vetoing  the  bill  for  the  relief  of  Alfred  Denny,  who  swore  that  he 
was  injured  by  being  thrown  forward  on  the  pommel  of  .his  saddle,  Mr. 
Cleveland  thought  it  becoming  to  remark :  "  The  number  of  instances  in 
which  those  of  our  soldiers  who  rode  horses  during  the  War  were  in- 
jured by  being  thrown  forward  on  their  saddle  indicates  that  those 
saddles  were  very  dangerous  contrivances."  It  might  be  supposed  that 
it  would  have  satisfied  Mr.  Cleveland's  animosities  against  the  body  of 
veteran  patriots,  when  he  had  used  his  veto  power  to  deny  them  the 
relief  Congress  had  deemed  it  proper  to  give  them ;  but  it  seemed  almost 
impossible  for  him  to  veto  a  pension  bill  without  becoming  funny  at.the 
expense  of  the  soldiers.  In  the  affidavit  of  Andrew  I.  Wilson  there  had 
occurred  a  long  recital  of  injuries  received  in  the  service.  "  Whatever 
else,"  said  Mr.  Cleveland,  in  vetoing  the  bill  for  Mr.  Wilson's  relief— 
"  whatever  else  may  be  said  of  this  claimant's  achievements  during  his 
short  military  career,  it  must  be  conceded  that  he  accumulated  a  great 
deal  of  disability."  It  was  certainly  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  n^n 
who  had  not  thought  the  flag  worth  his  defending  that  Mr.  Cleveland 
proceeded  to  the  consideration  of  pension  bills.  His  patriotism  was  of 
the  kind  which  was  willing  enough  to  accept  the  highest  honors  and  the 
greatest  emoluments  in  the  gift  of  his  fellow-citizens,  but  which  hung 
back  when  they  asked  him  to  go  forward  to  do  battle,  to  suffer  hard- 
ship and  to  confront  danger  for  the  salvation  of  the  Union  I 

OTHER  PRESIDENTS. 

The  following  statement,  prepared  from  oflacial  records,  shows  the 


liCglslation  can  create  a  demand  that  creates 
wealth. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


OTHER  PRESrOENrS.     (Continued.) 

number  of  pension  bills  to  which  each  President. si  nee  the  war  ha>s  re- 
fused his  signature : 

Lincoln None  j  Gartield None 

Johnson None  1  Arthur None 

Grant 5  I  Cleveland 524 

Hayes None  |  Harrison None 

SOME  OTHER  DEMOCRATS. 

In  a  speech  of  Mr.  Stone,  a  Democrat,  now  Governor  of  Missouri, 
April  5,  1890,  he  said  : 

*'  I  am  equally  without  doubt  and  equally  certain  that  we  should  call  a 
sharp  and  peremptor3^  halt  on  the  galloping  gait  at  which  we  have  been 
riding  this  pension  horse  in  recent  years.  I  think  the  time  has  come 
when  the  visionary  theories  of  impractical  sentimentalists,  when  the 
artfiil  dogmatism  of  demagogues,  and  the  pathetic  appeals  of  political 
trimmers,  when  the  insatiable  greed  of  selfish  monopoly,  and  the  ag- 
gressive arrogance»of  the  Treasury  looter  should  cease  to  dominate  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  or  longer  to  suppress  the  independent  and 
self-respecting  members  of  this  body. 

"  I  give  it  as  my  deliberate  judgment,  I  state  it  as  a  fact,  that  no  people 
on  earth,  since  Governments  were  instituted  among  men,  have  been  so 
despoiled  and  plundered  in  the  name  of  patriotism  and  under  the  guise 
of  pension  laws  as  have  been  the  people  of  the  United  States." 

25,000  WOMEN  WITHOUT  CHARACTER. 

A  speech  delivered  on  Monday,  August  22d,  1892,  in  the  city  of  Fred- 
ericksburg, Virginia,  by  E.  E.  Meredith,  Congressman  from  the  Eighth 
District,  quoted  as  follows  in  the  "  Fredericksburg  Free  Lance,"  a  Demo- 
cratic journal  of  that  city : 

**  Three  out  of  every  four  persons  who  now  receive  pensions  are  not 
entitled  to  them,  and  the  time  will  come,  if  the  Republicans  retain 
power,  when  they  will  place  upon  the  pension  list  every  man  or  woman 
who  even  nursed  a  Union  soldier.  There  are  now  on  the  pension  rolls, 
and  receiving  pay,  twenty-five  thousand  women,  most  of  whom  are 
without  character." 

DIRTY  BEGGARS  CALLED  PENSIONERS. 

The  folloSving  article  is  as  it  appeared  in  full  on  August  17th,  1892,  in 
the  "Globe,"  a  leading  Democratic  newspaper  published  in  Durham, 
N.  C. : 

"  Some  of  the  Northern  papers  are  howling  about  the  positive  fact  that 
Grover  Cleveland  hired  a  cheap  man  to  represent  him  when  the  North 
pillaged  and  plundered  and  burned  and  ravished  the  South.  There 
could  not  be  a  better  recommendation.  The  scamps  at  the  North  who 
went  into  the  war  went  in  for  fourteen  dollars  a  month,  with  an  explicit 
understanding  that  they  should  and  could  steal  all  that  was  in  sight 


Democrats  by  theoretical  speculations  about 
per  cents  and  ad  valorems  make  believe  that  the 
poor  have  to  bear  the  burden  of  tariff  taxation.  In 
truth  and  practical  fact  it  is  not  so. 

—Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson,  North  Dakota. 


SOM£  OTHKB  DEMOCRATS.     (Continued.) 

Grover  Cleveland  knew  that  the  country  would  need  his  services  in 
1884  and  again  in  1892,  and  he  did  not  propose  to  have  his  body  filled  with 
Northern  lead  in  order  to  give  a  Yankee  the  chance  to  pick  his  pocket 
after  he  had  been  killed.  He  simply  did  a  good  business  job,  as  he  did 
when  he  slapped  the  dirty  beggars  called  pensioners  in  the  face.  Why 
should  he,  a  statesman  and  a  man  of  his  intellect,  take  the  chance  of  war 
when  he  could  hire  a  cheap  fellow  to  represent  him?  " 

PENSION  BUREAU,  secret  methods  of. 

Are  the  secret  methods  of  the  Pension  Bureau  in  taking  away  pensions 
which  the  Government  has  already  conferred,  an  honorable  way  of  pro- 
ceeding ? 

In  the  old  days  in  Venice  they  had  what  was  called  "  The  Lion's  Mouth," 
into  which,  in  the  dead  of  night,  charges  were  dropped  against  any  citi- 
zen of  the  republic.  Upon  such  charges  he  was  calle^  up  for  trial  in  se- 
cret and  condemned :  and  the  ultimate  overthrow  of  that  republic  was 
caused  by  such  abuse  of  power.  Yet  the  proposition  of  the  gentleman 
from  Georgia  is  to  make  a  "lion's  mouth"  of  every  post-office  box  into 
which  every  scoundrel  may  drop  his  unauthorized  charges,  may  drop  his 
venom,  and  that  then  a  special  agent  shall,  acting  thereon,  go  around  and 
seek  grounds  for  suspension  and  cancellation  of  the  pension,  and  thus 
perpetrate  such  wrongs  as  have  been  perpetrated  within  the  last  year  by 
the  present  administration. 
REDUCING  PENSION  PAYMENTS. 

The  Administration  set  out  early  with  a  promise,  in  the  published  in- 
terviews of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  that  heavy  reductions  would  be 
made  in  the  pension  list.  There  was  but  one  way  to  make  this  reduction 
legitimately,  and  that  was  to  repeal  or  modify  the  generous  laws  by  which 
pensions  are  granted.  But  Congress  did  not  have  the  courage  to  do  this, 
and  to  the  too  willing  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was  allotted  the  easy  task 
of  frittering  away  and  changing  the  Pension  laws  by  departmental  con- 
struction. 

Large  sums  have  been  spent  upon  special  examiners  detailed  to  search 
for  grounds  of  reduction  or  suspension,  and  we  now  have  an  opportunity 
to  measure  in  cold  dollars  the  net  results  of  a  year  of  this  cruel  policy. 

At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30,  the  sum  of  $29,000,000  of  last  year's 
appropriation  was  covered  back  into  the  Treasury.  Who  can  describe 
the  hardship  that  this  has  caused  in  individual  cases  ?  The  veterans 
whose  pensions  have  been  pared  down,  withheld,  or  suspended,  have 
borne  their  privations  with  unexpected  silence.  Amid  the  universal  dis- 
aster of  the  year  that  has  passed,  the  policy  which  has  withheld  the  bene- 
fits of  the  liberal  pension  laws  from  the  beneficiaries  has  been  almost 
overlooked  and  forgotten  by  the  general  public. 

UfiO 


If  the  people    of  the  North  aastern   State!) 
have  been    pvirchasing   flour  from  Minneapolis 
millers,  under  this  law  they  may  buy  in  Toronto 
or  Montreal. 

—Senator  H.  C.  Hansbrough,  North  Dakota. 


PJENSION  BUREAU.     (Continued.) 
OFFICIAI.  LYING. 

After  suspending  over  9,000  pensioners  without  a  hearing,  and  being 
forced  to  restore  them,  again  the  cowardly  perpetrators  of  the  outrage 
attempted  to  throw  the  responsibility  on  the  party  which  had  gone  out 
of  power,  as  in  this  letter,  which  was  sent  to  pensioners  at  the  National 
Home  at  Dayton,  and  the  State  Home  at  Sandusky,  Ohio  : 

Ohio  State  Democratic  Committee, 

Columbus,  Ohio,  October  17,  1893. 
Dear  Sir  :  We  have  fully  exposed  the  Republican  conspiracy  to  cap- 
ture the  soldier  vote  by  having  pensions  suspended,  and  will  now  ask 
you  to  allow  us  to  aid  you,  if  possible,  in  securing  your  reinstatement, 
which,  from  information  we  have,  you  are  entitled  to.  We  will  write 
Senator  Brice,  asking  him  to  look  the  matter  up.  You  are  probuljly  one 
who  was  suspended  on  information  furnished  by  some  Republican  sneak 
in  your  own  neighborhood. 

We  propose  to  demonstrate  fully  to  the  soldiers  of  Ohio  that  this  dis- 
reputable scheme  w^ill  not  work,  and  that  the  Democratic  party  is  really 
their  true  friend. 

Very  truly  yours, 

J.  P.  SEWARD,  Chairman. 
W.  T.  WEAR,  Secretary. 

But  this  transparent  lie  did  not  succeed,  and  Mr.  Murpliy,  the  Deputy 
Commissionei^  of  Pensions,  was  sent  to  the  Soldiers'  Home  on  Friday, 
Saturday,  and  the  following  Monday,  just  before  tlie  Oliio  election  on 
Tuesday. 

He  would  get  six  or  eight  of  the  old  fellows  in  a  little  knot  and  make 
them  all  kinds  of  promises.  He  had  with  him  what  was  Called  iiis  pri- 
vate secretary,  who  took  notes,  and  they  were  all  promised  to  be  attend- 
ed to  as  soon  as  the  election  was  over.  We  had  2,000  innjority  in  the 
Soldiers'  Home,  and  it  would  have  been  50  or  100  more  if  lie  had  not  in- 
terfered. Indeed  he  himself  claimed  to  have  saved  his  party  several 
hundred  votes. 

If  a  Republican  Deputy  Commissioner  had  done  such  a  thing,  every 
Democratic  paper  in  the  country  would  have  jumped  on  him  with  both 
feet,  and  the  people  would  rebuke  such  an  interference. 

251 


This  tariff  absolutely  abandons  now  and  for 
all  time  the  claim  that  protection  is  unconstitu- 
tional. After  the  spectacle  which  has  been  wit- 
nessed in  this  contest  that  issue  ought  not  to  be 
raised  agrain.  —Senator  J.J.  Patton,  Michigran. 


PRIVATE  BILLS,  LAST  CONGRESS. 

We  give,  for  the  benefit  of  the  country,  a  full  statement  of  the  private 
pension  bills  and  the  action  of  this  Congress  upon  them  up  to  and  includ- 
ing  Aug.  3, 1894: 
N^umber  of  House  bills  referred  to  Committee  on  Invalid  Pensions, 

Uhis  committee  having  charge  only  of  bills  relating  to  the  late  war).    1,  ()33 

Number  favorably  reported 97 

Number  unfavorably  reported 10 

Total  reported lia 

Total  unreported 920 

Number  of  bills  which  have  passed  the  House 47 

Number  of  House  bills  in  Committee  on  Pensions  (this  committee  ^ 

has  charge  of  all  pension  bills  except  those  relating  to  the  rebellion)       407 

Number  reported  favorably 42 

Number  reported  adversely 4 

Total  reported 46 

Total  unreported 361 

In  addition  to  the  bills  which  have  passed  the  House  five  bills  have 
been  favorably  reported  by  Committee  of  the  Whole,  but  not  yet  passed 
the  House. 

In  the  Senate  the  pension  bills  all  go  to  one  committee,  known  as  the 
(committee  on  Pensions,  whilst  in  the  House  they  are  divided  between 
the  Pension  and  Invalid  Pension  Committees. 

Number  of  bills  referred  in  the  Senate 475 

•  ■ 

Number  reported  favorably 43 

Number  reported  adversely ._ 3 

Total  reported 46 

Total  unreported 429 

Number  passed  the  Senate 29 

Grand  total  reported 195 

Grand  total  not  reported 1,710 

After  the  date  named  a  few  additional  bills  were  passed,  making  the 
total  number,  which  became  laws : 

Pensions  of  the  Civil  War 34 

Pensions  other  than  Civil  War 11 

Total 45 

PABTING. 

The  separation  of  gold  and  silver  when  the  two  metals  compose  an  al- 
loy, either  native  or  artificial,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  metals 
respectively  in  the  form  of  fine  bars.  This  is  accomplished,  first,  by  dis- 
solving the  silver  with  acids  and  subsequently  precipitating,  or,  second, 
by  converting  silver  into  a  choride  by  heat  and  chlorine  gas,  and  then 
reducing  the  chloride  to  if  metallic  state. 


Can   anyone  now  living  tell  when   there   has 
been  such  Avant  and  siitfering,  even  for  the  necessi- 
ties of  life,  as  within  the  last  nine  uionths  (1894)? 
—  Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,    New   Hampshire. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Area  44,985  square  miles. 

Charter  granted  to  William  Penn  by  Charles  II,  Mar.  4,  1681.  First 
State  constitution  formed  Sept.  28,  1776.  Ratified  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  Dec.  12, 1787. 

Legislature  composed  of  50  Senators,  201  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  1,  1895. 

State  elections,  annually,  Tuesdiay  after  first  Monday  in  J^ov.,  1894. 

Senator  J.  Donald  Cameron,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Matthew  S.  Quay,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,  1899. 

CONGRESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.     Population,  208,376.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,693;  Rep.,  22,908. 
2nd.   Population,  131,416.    Vote  1892:  JDem.,  9,056 ;  Rep.,  16,107. 

3rd.    Population,  129,764.    Vote  1892:  {][j^^^^5^^^^- 

4th.    Population,  309,986.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  22,950  ;  Rep.,  37,200. 

5th.    Population,  267,422.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,426  ;  Rep.,  32,638. 

6th.    Population,  164,060.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,938  ;  Rep.,  19,129. 

7th.    Population,  193,905.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,805  ;  Rep.,  21,985. 

8th.    Population,  152,367.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,154;  Rep.,  5,568. 

9th.    Population,  213,958.  Vote  1892  :  Dem.,  28,175  ;  Rep.,  17,270. 

10th.  Population,  149,095.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,266;  Rep.,  20,052. 

nth.  Population,  142,088.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,225;  Rep.,  10,814. 

12th.  Population,  201,2a3.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,554;  Rep.,  14,092. 

13th.  Population,  154,163.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,440;  Rep.,  11,539. 

14th.  Population,  171,384.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,993  ;  Rep.,  19,058. 

15th.  Population,  146,227*.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,055  ;  Rep.,  17,241. 

16th.  Population,  174,375.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,724;  Rep.,  17,966. 

17th.  Population,  138,795.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,a33  ;  Rep.,  10,030. 

18th.  Population,  169,443.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,631;  Rep.,  19,247. 

19th.  Population,  182,246.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,963;  Rep.,  16,198. 

20th.  Population,  213,202.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,420;  Rep.,  22,601. 

21st.  Population,  245,746.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  20,245:  Rep.,  23,942. 

22nd.  Population,  279,355.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,939;  Rep.,  22,674. 

23rd.  Population,  164,215.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,    8,177;  Rep.,  14,628. 

24th.  Population,  288,485.  Vota  1892:  Dem.,  2.5,224;  Rep.,  23,971. 

25th.  Population,  198,677.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,559;  Rep.,  19,650. 

26th.  Population,  151,398.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,887;  Rep.,  14,500. 

27th.  Population,  138,326.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,    9,523;  Rep.,  12,479. 

28th.  Population,  180,357.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,285  ;  Rep.,  13,284. 
At  large:  Vote,  1892:  Dem.,  447,456  ;  Rep.,  511,4a3. 
At  large :  Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  448,714  ;  Rep.,  512,577. 

Peru. 

In  Peru  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  sol ;  the  value 
in  United  States  money  is  $0.61.3.  The  coins  are  silver ;  sol  and  divisions. 
The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver, 

258 


1  do  not  believe  in  tlie  doctrine  of  States' 
rights,  or  tliat  this  nation  is  an  aggregation  of 
»4tates.  I  believe  it  is  an  aggregation  of  the  people 
of  all  the  States  ;  and  that  it  is  above  the  States 
within  the  constitutional  limits  prescribed. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


PLATFORM  1892. 

REPUBLICAN  CONVENTION. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  June  7,  1892. 

The  platform  of  the  Tenth  National  Republican  Convention  at  Minne- 
apolis, adopted  June  9,  1892,  is  as  follows : 

The  representatives  of  the  Republicans  of  the  United  States  assembled 
in  general  convention  on  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi  River,  the  ever- 
lasting bond  of  an  indestructible  republic,  whose  most  glorious  chapter 
of  history  is  the  record  of  the  Republican  party,  congratulate  their  coun- 
trymen on  the  majestic  march  of  the  Nation  under  the  banners  inscribed 
with  the  principles  of  our  platform  of  1888,  vindicated  by  victory  at  the 
polls  and  prosperity  in  our  fields,  workshops  and  mines,  and  makes  the 
following  declaration  of  principles : 

THE  PBINCIPI.E  OF  PROTECTION. 

We  reaffirm  the  American  doctrine 
of  protection.  We  call  attention  .  to  its  growth  abroad.  We  maintain 
that  the  prosperous  condition  of  our  country  is  largely  due  to  the  wise 
revenue  legislation  of  the  last  Republican  Congress.  We  believe  that 
all  articles  which  cannot  be  produced  in  the  United  States,  except  luxu- 
ries, should  be  admitted  free  of  duty,  and  that  on  all  imports  coming 
into  competition  with  the  products  of  American  labor  there  should  be 
levied  duties  equal  to  the  difference  between  wages  abroad  and  at  home. 

We  assert  that  the  prices  of  manufactured  articles  of  general  consump- 
tion have  been  reduced  under  the  operations  of  the  tariff  act  of  1890. 

We  denounce  the  eftbrts  of  the  Democratic  majority  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  to  destroy  our  tariff  laws  as  manifested  by  their  attacks 
upon  wool,  lead  and  lead  ores,  the  chief  product  of  a  number  of  States, 
and  wo  ask  the  people  for  their  judgment  thereon. 

TRIUMPH  OF  RECIPROCITY. 

We  point  to  the  success  of  the  Republican  policy  of  reciprocity,  under 
which  our  export  trade  has  vastly  increased  and  new  and  enlarged  mar- 
kets have  l»een  opened  for  th6  products  of  our  farms  and  workshops. 
We  remind  the  people  of  the  bitter  opposition  of  the  Democratic  party  to 
this  practical  business  measure,  and  clafm  that,  executed  by  a  Republi- 
can administration,  our  present  laws  will  eventually  give  us  control  of 
the  trade  of  the  world. 

FREE  AND  SAFE  COINAGE  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

The  American  people,  from  tradition  and  interest,  favor  bimetallism, 
and  the  Republican  party  demands  the  use  of  both  gold  and  silver  as 
standard  money,  with  such  restrictions  and  under  such  provisions,  to  be 
determined  by  legislation,  as  will  secure  the  maintenance  of  the  parity  of 
values  of  tlie  two  metals  so  that  the  purchasing  and  debt-paying  power 
of  the  dollar,  whether  of  silver,  gold  or  paper,  shall  be  at  all  times  equal. 

254 


Protection  secures  to  tlie  American  work- 
man at  least  one  market — tbe  market  of  tlie 
grreatest  consuming  nation  on  earth.  Protec- 
tion secures  to  the  American  farmer  at  least 
one  market — the  market  of  the  greatest  manu- 
facturing nation  on  earth.  Free  trade  secures 
no  market  either  to  manufacture  or  agrriculture. 
—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass. 


PLATFORM.    (Continued.) 

The  interests  of  the  producers  of  the  country,  its  farmers  and  its  woiking- 
jnen,  demand  that  every  dollar,  paper  or  coin,  issued  by  the  Government 
shall  be  as  good  as  any  other.  We  commend  the  wise  and  patriotic  steps 
already  taken  by  our  Government  to  secure  an  international  conference 
to  adopt  such  measures  as  will  insure  a  parity  of  value  between  gold  and 
silver  for  use  as  money  throughout  the  world. 
FREEDOM  OF  THE  BAI.I.OT. 

We  demand  that  every  citizen  of  the  United  States  shall  be  allowed  to 
cast  one  free  and  unrestricted  ballot  in  all  public  elections,  and  that  such 
ballot  shall  be  counted  and  returned  as  cast ;  that  such  laws  shall  be 
enacted  and  enforced  as  will  secure  to  every  citizen,  be  be  rich  or  poor, 
native  or  foreign-born,  white  or  black,  this  sovereign  right  guaranteed  by 
the  Constitution.  The  free  and  honest  popular  ballot,  tlie  just  and  equal 
representation  of  all  the  people,  as  well  as  their  just  and  equal  protec- 
tion under  the  laws,  are  the  foundation  of  our  Republican  institutions, 
and  the  party  will  never  relent  its  efforts  until  the  integrity  of  the  ballot 
and  the  purity  of  elections  shall  be  fully  guaranteed  and  protected  in 
every  State. 
OUTRAGES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

We  denounce  the  continued  inhuman  outrages  perpetrated  upon  Amer- 
ican citizens  for  political  reasons  in  certain  Southern  States  of  the  Union 
EXTENSION  OF  FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 

We  favor  the  extension  of  our  foreign  commerce,  the  restoration  of  our 
mercantile  marine  by  home-built  ships  and  the  creation  of  a  navy  for 
the  protection  of  our  national  interests  and  the  honor  of  our  flag ;  the 
maintenance  of  the  most  friendly  relations  with  all  foreign  powers ;  en- 
tangling alliance  with  none,  and  the  protection  of  the  rights  of  our  fisher- 
men. 

We  reaffirm  our  approval  of  the  Monroe  doctrine  and  believe  in  the 
achievement  of  the  manifest  destiny  of  the  Republic  in  its  broadest  sense. 

We  favor  the  enactment  of  more  stringent  laws  and  regulation  of  the 
restriction  of  criminal,  pauper  and  contract  immigration. 
EMPLOYES  OF  RAII<BOAI>S. 

We  favor  efiBcient  legislation  by  Congress 
to  protect  the  life  and  limbs  of  employes  of  transportation  companies 
engaged  in  carrying  on  interstate  commerce,  and  recommend  legislation 
by  the  respective  States  that  will  protect  employes  engaged  in  State 
commerce,  in  mining  and  manufacturing. 
CHAMPIONING  THE   OPPRESSED. 

The   Republican    party   has  always 
been  the  champion  of  the  oppressed   and  recognizes  the   dignity  of  man- 

255 


If  you  pay  Cliinese  wages  for  your  work- 
men, you  will  have  Chinese  civilization  for  your 
country.  The  brain  does  not  invent  when  the 
blood  is  thin  or  the  belly  is  starved. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar.   Mass. 


PLATFORM.    (Continued.) 

hood,   irrespective  of  faith,  color,  or  nationality.    It  sympathizes  with 

the  cause  of  home  rule  in  Ireland,  and  protests  against  the  persecution  of 

the  Jews  in  Russia. 

FBEFDOM  OF  THOUGHT  AND  SPEECH. 

The  ultimate  reliance  of  free  popular  government  is  the  intelligeiice  of 
the  people  and  the  maintenance  of  freedom  among  all  men.  We  there- 
fore declare  anew  our  devotion  to  liberty  of  thought  and  conscience,  of 
speech  and  press,  and  approve  its  agencies  and  instrumentalities  which 
contribute  to  the  education  of  the  children  of  the  land ;  but  while  insist- 
ing upon  the  fullest  measure  of  religious  liberty,  we  are  opposed  to  any 
union  of  church  and  state. 
TRUSTS  CONDEMNED. 

We  reaffirm  our  opposition,  declared  in  the  Republican  platform  of 
1888,  to  all  combinations  or  capital  organized  in  trusts  or  otherwise  to 
control  arbitrarily  the  condition  of  trade  among  our  citizens.  We  heartly 
indorse  the  action  already  taken  upon  this  subject  and  ask  for  such  fur- 
ther legislation  as  may  be  required  to  remedy  any  defects  in  existing  1  aws 
and  to  render  their  enforcement  more  complete  and  effective. 

FREE  DELIVERY  SERVICE. 

We  approve  the  policy  of  extending  to  towns,  villages  and  rural  com- 
munities the  advantages  of  the  free-delivery  service  now  enjoyed  by  the 
larger  cities  of  the  country,  and  reaffirm  the  declaration  contained  in  the 
Republican  platform  of  1888,  pledging  the  reduction  of  letter  postage  to 
one  cent  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  consistent  with  the  maintenance 
of  the  Post-office  Department  and  the  highest  class  of  postal  service. 
SPIRIT  OF  CIVIIi  SERVICE  REFORM. 

We  commend  the  spirit  and  evidence  of  reform  in  the  civil  service,  and 
the  wise  and  consistent  enforcement  by  the  Republican  party  of  the  laws 
regulating  the  same. 
THE  NICARAGUA  CANAL. 

The  construction  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  is  of  the  highest  importance 
to  the  American  people  as  a  measure  of  defence  and  to  build  up  and 
maintain  American  commerce,  and  It  should  be  controlled  by  the  United 
States  Government. 

TERRITORIES. 

We  favor  the  admission  of  the  remaining  Territories  at  the  earliest 
practical  day,  having  due  regard  to  the  interests  of  the  people  of  the  Ter- 
ritories and  of  the  United  States. 

FEDERAL  TERRITORIAL  OFFICERS. 

All  the  Federal  officers  appointed  for  tfie  Territories  should  be  selected 
from  bona  fide  residents  thereof,  and  the  r:ght  of  self-govemmeni;  should 
be  accorded  as  far  as  practicable. 


The  laboring  people  of  this  country  ask 
not  lower  ad  valorems,  but  work.  They  prefer 
high  ad  valorems,  constant  employment,  and 
abundant  wages.  ^ 

•oHon.  Julius  C.  Burrows,  Michigan. 


PLATFORM.    (Continned.: 
ARID  IJUS1>S. 

We  favor  cession,  subject  to  the  homestead  laws,  of  the  arid  public 
lands  to  the  States  and  Territories  in  which  they  lie  under  su(;h  Con- 
gressional restrictions  as  to.  disposition,  reclamation,  and  occupancy  by 
settlers  as  will  secure  the  maximum  benefits  to  the  people. 
THE  COIiUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  is  a  great  national  undertaking:, 
and  Congress  should  promptly  enact  such  reasonable  legislation  in  aid 
thereof  as  will  insure  a  discharging  of  the  expense  and  obligations  inci- 
dent thereto  and  attainment  of  results  commensurate  with  the  dignity 
and  progress  of  the  Nation. 

SYMPATHY  FOR  TEMPERANCE. 

'    We  sympathize  with  all  wise  and  legitimate  efforts  to  lessen  and  pre- 
vent the  evils  of  intemperance  and  promote  morality. 

PLEDGES  TO  THE  VETERANS. 

JSver  mindful  of  the  services  and  sacrifices  of  the  men  who  saved  the 
life  of  the  Nation,  we  pledge  anew  to  the  veterans  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
Kepublic  a  watchful  care  and  a  just  recognition  of  their  just  claims  upon 
|i  giateful  people. 

HARRISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  COMMENDED. 

We  commend  the  able,  patriotic,  and  thoroughly  American  adminis- 
tration of  President  Harrison.  Under  it  the  country  has  enjoyed  re- 
markable prosperity,  and  the  dignity  and  honor  of  the  Nation,  at  home 
and  abroad,  have  been  faithfully  maintained,  and  we  oiler  the  record  of 
pledges  kept  as  a  guarantee  9f  faithful  performance  in  the  future. 

PLUMBING  AND  GAS  FITTING,  1890. 

Establishments 5,327 

Capital $29,335,247 

Employes 42, 513 

Wages $28,762,611 

Materials 37,735,671 

Products 80,905,925 

Wages  per  capita,  §676.56. 

POPULAR  VOTE.    (See  also  Electians.) 

In  answer  to  the  statement  so  frequently  made  by  the  friends  of  tariff 
reform,  that  a  majority  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  at  the  polls  on 
|8th  of  Nov.,  1892,  declared  that  all  protective  tariff  legislation  was  uncon- 
Btitutional  and  that  it  is  now  the  bounden  duty  of  the  present  Adminis- 
tration to  enforce  their  wishes  by  appropriate  legislation,  we  say  that  a 
majority  of  the  voters  did  not  indorse  this  plank  in  the  Democratic  plat- 
jrormofl892: 

781 


This  is  the  record  of  the  new  tariff  for  tlie  far- 
mer. This  is  what  it  offers  to  the  farmer,  and  I 
say  that  it  smites  the  farmer  hip  and  thigli  upon 
every  article  that  he  produces. 

—Hon.  Jolin  A.  Pickler,   South  Dakota. 


POPULAR  VOTE.     (Continued.) 

Grover  Cleveland,  Democrat,  for  President,  received 5,  otJO,  533 

Benj.  Harrison,  Eepublican,  for  President,  received 5,  175,  577 

J.  B.  Weaver,  Peoples  Party,  for  President,  received 1,  122,  045 

John  Bidwell,  Prohibition,  for  President,  received 279, 191 

Simon  Wing,- Socialist,  for  President,  received 21, 141 

Total  vote  cast * 12,  164,  487 

These  figures  show  that  Mr.  Cleveland  fell  short  1,031,421  votes  of  a  ma- 
jority of  the  popular  vote. 

Mr.  Harrison  carried  the  great  manufacturing  States  of  the  North  and 
West  by  a  majority  of  400,000  over  Mr.  Cleveland. 

THE  POPULIST  PARTY. 

The  fact  that  this  party  has  been  able  to  elect  Governors  and  Legisla- 
tures in  several  States,  and  to  secure  several  Senators  and  Members  of 
jthe  House  of  Representatives  in  Congress,  gives  it  a  right  to  be  consid- 
jered  as  a  factor  in  politics,  which  must  be  taken  into  account  by  the  old 
and  dominant  parties. 

So  far  as  it  has  coherence  this  new  party  is  composed  of  the  Farmers' 
Alliance,  Knights  of  Labor,  and  other  bodies  supposed  to  be  organized  to 
promote  the  interests  of  the  "  industrial  classes,"  in  opposition  to  the 
,*  capitalist  and  employing  classes,"  together  with  the  dissatisfied  ele- 
ments of  all  classes. 

The  principles  of  this  party,  as  formulated  by  its  National  Convention 
at  Omaha,  July  4, 1892,  at  the  St.  Louis  and  Ocala  conventions,  and  other 
authorized  utterances  seem  to  be  these : 

1.  That  the  Nation  is  on  the  verge  of  moral,  political,  and  material  ruin 
because  of  corruption  at  the  ballot  box,  in  the  legislatures,  and  Congress, 
and  on  the  Bench,  all  resulting  from  legislation  by  the  two  old  parties  in 
the  interest  of  the  rich,  and  reducing  the  masses  to  poverty  and  degra- 
dation. 

2.  The  remedy  proposed  for  this  is :  The  permanent  and  perpetual 
union  of  the  labor  forces  of  the  United  States  in  a  political  party  for  the 
purpose  of  electing  public  officers  of  all  grades,  wlio  hold  to  and  will 
carry  out  their  principles. 

3.  Governmental  ownership  and  control  of  the  means  for  the  creation, 
conservation,  and  distribution  of  wealth.  How  far  this  is  to  go  is  not  yet 
determined.  The  Nationalists  would  include  lands,  houses,  factories, 
stores,  and  everything  else,  abolishing  money,  and  having  all  things  in 
common.  But  the  general  mass  seem  to  be  content  with  Governmental 
ownership  of  railroads,  telegraphs,  and  such  like  means  of  communica- 
tion, and  the  establishment  of  Governmental  savings-banks,  loan-oflices, 
and  other  means  of  taking  care  of  and  distributing  money.    Many  of  the 


Whatever  the  future  industrial  system  of  this 
country  may  be,  the  past  system  is  a  splendid  mon- 
ument to  that  series  of  successful  statesmen  who 
found  the  country  bankrupt  and  distracted,  and 
left  it  first  on  tlie  list  of   nations. 

—Hon.  Thos.  B.  Reed,   Maine. 


POPULIST  PARTY.    (Continued.) 

Utterances  under  this  head    are  so    crude  and    contradictory  that  exact 

statement  is  impossible. 

4.  Demand  is  made  for  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver at  the  ratio  of  1  to  16  ;  of  a  circulating  medium  of  not  less  than  $50  per 
head  of  population  ;  of  the  issue  of  Government  notes,  to  be  a  full  legal 
tender  for  all  debts  and  demands,  public  and  private,  to  be  loaned  by  the 
Government  to  the  people,  on  land  or  other  security,  at  two  per  cent, 
interest  per  annum. 

6.  Like  other  platforms,  there  are  declarations  concerning  current  tem- 
porary questions,  and  which  cannot  be  held  as  permanent  principles ; 
and  many  declarations  which  are  simply  the  common  utterances  of  all 
parties.    No  attempt  will  be  made  to  state  these. 

The  three  fundamental  principles  of  the  party  seem  to  be  (1)  the  politi- 
cal organization  of  the  industrial  classes  to  control  elections  ;  (2)  a  large 
extension  of  Governmental  ownership  and  control  of  industrial  forces ; 
(3)  a  large  supply  of  Government  money,  with  direct  issue  to  the  people 
who  want  it. 
OBJECTIONS  TO  THIS  PARTY. 

The  objections  which  present  themselves  to  this  party  and  its  de- 
mands are : 

1.  That,  being  based  on  an  assumption  of  the  poverty  and  destitution 
of  the  masses,  it  is  in  danger  of  becoming  an  organized  attack  on  all 
rights  of  private  property,  and  must  end  in  Anarcliy  or  Communism. 
No  one  should  enter  the  party  who  is  not  prepared  to  follow  it  to  one  or 
the  other  of  these  extremes. 

2.  That,  being  an  attempt  to  organize  'one  class  of  citizens  against  an- 
other class,  laborers  against  capitalists,  it  must  lead  to  more  pronounced 
conflicts,  aggravate  all  the  evils  of  organized  lockouts  and  strikes,  and 
tends  to  civil  war,  not  to  peace. 

3.  That,  being  based  on  charges  of  universal  corruption  and  fraud,  it 
tends  to  break  down  all  confidence  of  man  in  man,  and  begets  the  very 
corruption  it  charges,  in  its  own  followers  as  well  as  others.  Evil  grows 
in  him  who  evil  thinks.  The  short  experience  of  this  party  already  dem- 
onstrates its  demoralizing  influence. 

4.  That,  whilst  charging  universal  corruption  upon  all  branches  of  the 
Ck)vemment,  National  and  State,  it  proposes  to  infinitely  multiply  the 
means  and  rewards  of  corruption,  by  multiplying  the  Governmental 
control  of  the  production  and  distribution  of  wealth.  When  public 
officers  are  charged  with  the  creation,  loaning  and  collecting  of  almost 
unlimited  amounts  of  money;  with  the  owning  and  management  of  enter- 
prises requiring  the  employment  and  discharge  of  hundreds  of  thous- 
ands of  men  ;  where  will  be  the  limit  of  peculation  and  fraud?  If  we 
can  not  have  honest  officers  with  the  present  very  limited  temptations 


Starribg  families  cliitohlni:  for  the  last  mof  set 
of  food,  cannot  be  lulled  into  f orgetf ulness  of  pres- 
ent naisery  l>y  the  announcement  of  lower  adva- 
lorems  on  tlie  necessities  of  life. 

—Hon.  Julius  C.  Burrows,  Michigan. 


POPtJI.IST  PARTY.    (Continued.) 

and  means  of  stealing,  what  can  we  expect  with  the  unlimited  opportun- 
ities proposed.  Human  nature  will  be  the  same,  and  results  must  be  in 
proportion  to  the  means  ofi'ered.  * 

5.  The  scheme  of  Governmental  ownership  of  the  means  of  intercourse 
aud  transportation  seems  impracticable  from  a  financial  standpoint. 
These  are  now  the  property  of  private  owners,  and  there  seems  to  be  but 
two  ways  in  which  the  Government  can  acquire  them.  One  is  to  pur- 
chase them.  Bat  the  Government  has  no  money  to  buy  with,  and  can 
get  none  except  by  some  form  of  taxation.  If  it  should  l)uy  them  on 
credit  it  would  create  a  national  debt  many  times  greater  tlian  tlie  war 
debt ;  and  that  debt  would  have  to  be  represented  by  "  promises  to  pay ;" 
and  to  pay  both  principal  and  interest  onerous  taxes  must  be  levied. 
This  property,  then,  cannot  be  honestly  acquired  but  by  creating  an  im- 
mense debt,  to  be  paid  by  burdensome  taxation  for  generations.  The 
other  means  of  acquiring  this  property  is  "  confiscation."  But  there  is 
no  reason  why  this  kind  of  prox^erty  should  be  confiscated  any  more  than 
any  other.  It  was  lawful  property  when  its  owners  invested  in  it,  and 
they  have  the  same  moral  and  lawful  right  to  it  that  the  farmer  has  to  his 
land,  the  merchant  to  his  goods,  and  the  mechanic  to  his  tools.  Besides, 
the  Constitution  is  in  the  way,  for  that  declares  that  "private  property 
shall  not  be  taken  for  public  use  without  just  compensation."  In  short, 
the  proposition  is  impracticable,  and  the  attempt  to  realize  it  would  sub- 
vert the  Government,  and  end,  as  suggested,  in  anarchy  or  communism. 

G.  Equally  impracticable  seems  to  be  the  proposal  to  issue  and  loan 
large  amounts  of  Government  notes.  Being  Government  notes,  they 
could  be  loaned  or  paid  out  only  "  for  value  received."  They  would 
represent  a  debt  owed  by  the  Government,  and  which  it  must  express  as 
a  •*  promise  to  pay."  It  must  therefore  make  some  provision  to  pay  them. 
They  could  neither  have  nor  express  value  except  in  the  terms  of  some- 
thing having  value.  That  is,  each  one  must  promise  to  pay  so  nuiny 
bushels  of  wheat,  acres  of  land,  or  dollars.  The  Government  must  there- 
fore acquire  this  land,  wheat,  or  dollar,  with  which  to  give  value  to  its 
paper.  Now,  if  the  Government  gave  them  out  in  the  purchase  of  land, 
wheat,  or  dollars,  it  must  hold  these  with  which  to  redeem  tliem.  If  it 
loaned  them  on  mortgage  of  land,  wheat,  or  dollars,  it  must  have  the 
custody  of  these,  and  be  at  the  expense  of  their  care  and  use,  and  at  tlie 
expense  also  of  collection,  foreclosure,  etc.  Two  per  cent,  interest  would 
not  pay  the  expense  and  losses  involved,  which  would  -iiave  to  be  made 
up  by  taxes.  Besides,  in  what  possible  way  could  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty to  be  mortgaged  be  determined  ?  Would  it  be  fixed  by  law,  once  for 
all,  at  the  present  market  rates?  Would  the  loans  be  fixed  at  a  given  per 
cent,  of  this  legal  valuation  ?  Or  would  the  valuation  of  the  property  and 
the  amount  to  be  loaned  be  subject  to  the  increase  of  the  market  price? 
If  so,  who  can  fail  to  see  that  the  more  paper  there  was  issued,  the  higher 

260 


It  was  not  the  farmers  that  pnt  Graver  Cleve- 
land in  the  AV^hite  Hou-ie  ;  it  was  Hie  Jaborers  in  the 
factories  of  New  York,  Connecticut,  Ncav  Jersey. 
Delaware  and  Indiana.  "Wliy  tlien,  should  the 
market  for  farm  products  be  turned  over  to  peo- 
ple who  live  in  other  countries. 

—Senator  B.  F.  Pettigrew,  South  Dakota. 


POPITLIST  PARTY.    (Continued.) 

prices  would  rise,  and  the  higher  prices  rose,  the  more  paper  it  would  be 
necessary  to  issue ;  and  so  an  increase  of  prices  and  an  increase  of  loans 
go  on  perpetually,  or  until  the  scheme  collapsed  in  universal  bankruptcy 
of  both  the  Government  and  the  people.  And  then  what  a  mighty  politi- 
cal machine  it  would  be  for  the  Populist  bosses. 

7.  Finally,  the  sliort  history  of  Populism  affords  us  abundant  evidence 
of  '•  Bossism"  and  *'  Corruption,"  to  warn  us  against  placing  in  the  hands 
of  its  leaders  any  such  powers  and  temptations.  Kansas  and  Souiii  <  'ar- 
olina,  one  intensely  Republican,  and  the  other  intensely  Democratic,  are 
"awful  examples."  Look  at  these  lectures,  drawn  by  themselves: 
WHAT  IS  POPULISM  ? 

From  the  Topeka  (Populist  paper)  of  July  21, 1894,  under  this  title : 

"Since  the  inauguration  of  Gov.  Lewelling  down  to  the  3d  of  July  last 
he  has  been  busy  in  carrying  out  or  toying  with  the  contracts  made  with 
Democracy  at  Wichita  and  since. 

"  These  hellish  schemes  now  settled,  by  agreement,  the  campaign  was 
ready  to  commence. 

"  Was  there  ever  such  political  treachery  on  record  ? 

"Following  this,  the  county  convention  of  Shawnee  County  was  made 
up,  in  part,  with  delegates  elected  under  a  forged  call  of  the  city  prima- 
ries, and  largely  by  the  manipulation  of  the  police  department  acting  un- 
der orders  from  their  superiors  and  the  state  committee. 

"They  know  that  Gov.  Lewelling,  the  state  officers,  and  chairman 
Breidenthal,  encourage  them  in  their  hellish  work.  It  is  the  old  politi- 
cal method  of  whipping  in,  carried  to  the  extreme. 

"But  the  Democratic  convention  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  their  sycophantic 
pleadings  and  refused  to  endorse  a  single  nominee  of  the  so-called  Pop- 
ulist convention.  Democracy  said,  we  have  enough  of  your  shams  and 
of  your  frauds ;  henceforth  we  will  go  it  alone,  and  proceeded  to  nominate 
a  straight  Democratic  State  ticket. 

"The  Board  of  Atchison  City  had  done  their  duty  as  oflacials  and  given 
the  city  good  government. 

"Then  why  were  they  removed  ? 

"Because  they  antagonized  the  interest  of  the  saloons  and  gambling 
dens  by  closing  them  up  at  ten  o'clock  at  night  and  on  Sundays  and 
there  is  no  escaping  this  charge. 

"  Kansas  Populism  stands  for  unrestricted  operation  of  saloons  and 
Governor  Lewelling  so  declares  it. 

"  Kansas  Populism  stands  for  gambling  dens  and  policy  shops  and 
Governor  Lewelling  so  declares  it. 

"Kansas  Populism  stands  for  more  bawdy  houses  and  more  prostita- 
tkm  and  Governor  Lewelling  bo  declares  it. 


Silent  factories,  vacant  workshops,  capital 
without  return,  worlcmen  out  of  employ,  chil- 
dren and  women  seeking  the  necessaries  of  life, 
w^ill  make  little  impression  upon  Democratic 
statesmanship.    —Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,   Mass. 


POPULIST  PARTY.    (Continued.) 

"  Kansas  Populism  stands  for  *  moral,  financial,  and  material  ruin,* 
and  Governor  Lewelling  so  declares  it. 

"It  must  be  humiliating  tp  a  true  Populist  to  know  that  the  political  party 
with  which  he  is  affiliated,  and  which  he  has  been  led  to  believe  will  soon 
usher  in  the  millenium  for  labor,  has  gotten  down  so  low  in  the  slums  of 
vice,  fraud  and  corruption,  has  professed,  pretended,  and  lied  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  is  recognized  among  thinking  and  observing  men  as  the 
chief  source  from  which  the  vicious  and  criminal  classes  derive  their 
power  to  prey  upon  society." 
DR.  POPE  WITHDRAWS. 
He  says  the  reform  leaders  are  nothing  but  ringsters  after  all. 
Columbia,  S.  C/.,  Aug.  23, 1894:— Dr.  Sampson  Pope,  a  reform  candi- 
date for  governor,  who  bolted  the  recent  reform  convention,  has  with- 
drawn from  the  contest.  He  says  the  great  majority  of  the  voters  appear 
to  be  under  the  lash  of  "  the  ring,"  and  it  will  be  impossible  for  him  to  get 
out  a  ticket  in  a  majority  of  the  counties.  He  says  40,000  reformers  and 
32,000  conservatives  are  virtually  disfranchised,  and  14,000  ringsters  dic- 
tate who  shall  hold  the  offices.  He  advises  the  40,000  reformers  to  refuse 
to  vote  for  governor  in  the  primary,  and  thus  put  the  seal  of  condemna- 
tion on  ring  methods.— (Press  telegram). 

BlliliS   INTRODUCED   IN  THE  SENATE  AND  HOUSE  OF  REPRESEN- 
TATIVES BY  POPULIST  SENATORS  AND  MEMBERS. 
BY  SENATOR  PEFFER : 

S.  1788.  To  provide  for  the  improvement  of  public  roads  and 
other  purposes,  directing  the  issuing  of  Treasury  notes  to 
be  placed  in  a  fund  known  as  the  *'  General  County  Road 

Fund  System  of  the  United  States." $500,000,000 

g.  1892.  To  provide  for  the  issuing  of  Treasury  notes  to  be 

loaned  to  states,  counties,  townships,  etc 2,500,000,000 

S.  1900.  To  enable  the  public  authorities  to  establish  a  system 
of  public  co-operation  and  for  other  purposes,  provides  Ibr 
the  issuing  of  an  amount  of  money  not  in  excess  of  one 

thousand  dollars  per  capita 67,000,000,000 

BY  JOHN  DAVIS: 

H.  R.  6011.  To  prohibit  the  issuing  of  U.  S.  bonds,  for  issuing 
and  maintaining  a  sufficient  and  equitable  volume  of  cur- 
rency and  for  other  purposes,  three  hundred  million  and 

one  hundred  million  annually 300,000,000 

H.  R.  3486.  For  the  relief  of  certain  mortgage  debtors,  esti- 

'■  mated  at 2,000,000,000 

H.  R.  6767.  To  provide  for  the  establishment  of  an  industrial 

army  of  five  hundred  thousand  men 500,000,000 

A  careful  examination  of  the  bills  introduced  by  the  present  members 
of  Congress,  belonging  to  the  Populist  party,  from  the  State  of  Kansas, 
will  show  to  what  an  extent  they  are  willing  to  go  and  if  they  had  their 
way  about  it  the  amount  of  "  declaratory  money "  they  would  have 
issued  by  the  Government. 


Tramping  the  streets,  out  of  eiuployiaent, 
receiving  alms,  lower  ad  valorems  will  not  heal 
the  wonnded  pride  of  the  brave  men  who  never 
before  wero  dependent  on  pnblic  charity. 

—Hon.  Julius  C.  Burrows,  Michigan. 


POPUIilST  PARTY.    (Continued.) 
The  following  are  the  bills  introduced  by  them  in  the  63rd.  Congress. 

BY  SENATOR  PEFFER: 

S.  976.  A  bill  to  establish  a  Bureau  of  loans  which  directs 
the  issuing  of  Treasury  notes  to  be  loaned  on  real  estate 
and  imperishable  products  of  agriculture  and  manufac- 
tured articles  that  will  not  deteriorate  by  storage  of  a  few 
months ^800,«X)0,(>0() 

8.  48d.  To  issue  six  hundred  million  dollars  of  declaratory 
legal-tender  money  to  call  in  all  bonds 600,001  ),<XiO 

S.  595.  To  provide  for  the  immediate  issue  and  circulation  of 
Treasury  notes,  the  same  to  be  re-issued  and  kept  in  circu- 
lation        250,(tOO,<)00 

S.  916,  Directing  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  and  the  issu- 
ing of  United  States  Treasury  notes  therefor  to  eight  times 
the  value  of  the  silver  bullion  that  may  have  been  pur- 
chased, not  to  exceed  fifty  million  dollars  in  any  one  month, 
and  to  continue  for  three  years  annually 600,000,(X)0 

S.  1050.  to  provide  for  the  employment  of  labor  and  the 
prosperity  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  for  other 
purposes 6,000,(KX>,OfK> 

S.  325.  To  increase  the  circulating  medium  by  issuing  Treas- 
ury notes  payable  in  lawful  money  of  the  United  States....       30(),0(M),00<> 

S.  1177.  To  increase  the  circulating  medium  by  issuing 
Treasury  notes  based  on  gold  and  silver  coin  and  bullion 
to  an  amount  equal  to  three-and-one-half  dollars  for  every 
one  dollar's  worth  of  gold  and  silver  coin  and  bullion  be- 
longing to  the  United  States  and  not  specially  set  apart  by 
law  for  a  particular  purpose 300,000,0<!0 

S.  1300.  To  provide  funds  for  immediate  use  in  relieving 
want  and  destitution  throughout  the  Country 6,000,(KX) 

S.  1787.  To  provide  for  public  improvement  and  employment 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  directing  the  Treasurer  of 
the  United  States,  upon  the  receipt  of  non  interest  bearing 
twenty-five  year  bonds,  not  to  exceed  one-half  of  the  as- 
sessed value  of  the  property  of  any  State,  Territory,  county, 
township,  municipality,  or  incorporated  town  or  village, 
said  bonds  to  be  retired  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent  per  annum, 
to  issue  full  legal-tender  Treasury  notes  to  the  face  value 
of  said  bonds 12,000,000,000 

BY  WM.  BAKER : 

H.  R.  7570,  To  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  Govern- 
ment Banking  System  and  to  create  the  office  of  Banker's 
Geneoil,  twelve  Bankers'  General  to  hold  offiice  for  twelve 
years  at  ten  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  and  to  be  retired 
at  five  thousand  per  animm  ;  and  to  build  buildings  in  all 
cities,  counties,  and  States,  and  to  issue  money  to  double 
the  cost  of  the  buildings  and  fixtures,  to  be  loaned  upon 
real  and  persoual  property.    Estliaated. 600,000,000 

263 


TVlien  the  Canadian  fanners  and  nillers 
have  thus  secured  free  access  to  our  markets 
for  all  tliey  cau  produce,  our  own  farmers  and 
millers  must  look  for  a  market  for  thoso  of  their 
products  that  have  been  displaced  by  Canadian 
products. 

—Senator  H.  C.  Hausbrough,  North  Dakota* 


POPUIilST  PAKTY.    (Continued.) 
BY  SENATOR  PEFFER: 

8.  2029  and  Pludson's  H.  R.  1980.  To  redeem  all  outstanding 
1  »oiids  with  the  gold  and  silver  now  held  by  the  Govern- 
ment, to  repeal  all  tarilF  and  internal  revenue  laws,  and 
issue  a  sufficient  amount  of  paper  money  to  take  up  all 
l)anl<  notes  and  Treasury  notes  of  all  kinds,  gold  certifi- 
cates of  both  coin  and  bullion,  silver  certificates  both  coin 
and  bullion,  and  all  other  certificates  of  indebtedness 
issued  by  the  United  States,  and  directing  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  to  issue  from  time  to  time  a  sufficient 
amount  of  i)aper  money  to  pay  all  ofliccrs'salaries,  expen- 
ditures, and  all  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  on  the  Government  of  the  United 
States.    The  amount  would  be 1^2,000,000,000 

Making  a  grand  total  of  $96,156,000,000,  or  9i  times  more  money  than 
there  is  in  use  in  the  whole  world. 

PORTUGAL. 

In  Portugal  the  standard  is  gold  ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  milreis ;  the 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  |1.08  ;  the  coins  are  gold:  1,  2,  5,  and  10 
milreis.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  14.08  of  limited  tender 
silver. 

POTATOES. 

The  crop  for  1893,  as  reported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  was 
183,034,203  bushels,  valued  at  $108,661,801. 

The  imports  in  1893  were  4,295,946  bushels,  on  which  the  duty  collected 
amounted  to  $1,073,986.50,  at  an  ad  valorem  rate  of  51.96. 

The  duty  under  the  new  law  is  reduced  to  31.18,  which  will  reduce  the 
value  of  the  crop,  on  the  Democratic  theory,  to  the  farmer,  as  he  must 
compete  with  the  foreign  crop,  in  the  sum  of  $12,579,922.24,  during  the 
next  year. 

This  is  the  Ddmocratic  method  of  illustrating  its  profession  of  love  for 
the  farmer. 

POTTERY.  (See  Earthenware.) 
POULTRY.  (See  Egfgfs  and  Poultry.) 
PRICES.  (See  Wa§:es,  Tariff  and  Farmer.) 
PRICES,  how  a  Protective  Tariff  Reduces. 

We  assert  boldly,  without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  there  can  not  be 
named  a  single  industry  which  has  been  started  into  life  and  success- 
fully established  in  the  United  States  by  tiie  policy  of  protection  where 
the  prices  of  the  product  of  the  iudastjy  have  not  gone  down  from  30  to 
60  per  cent,  while  the  wages  of  the  workmen  havejncreased. 

264 


The  first  necessary  characteristic  of  any  na- 
tion Is,  tliat  it  must  possess  the  power  to  main- 
tain and  protect  itself  as  against  the  world.  And 
the  first  law  of  any  Republican  nation  is,  that  it 
must  have  the  power  to  protect  its  people  in  their 
ri&rhts  to  life,  liberty,  and  tlie  pursuit  of  happiness. 
-Senator  S.  M.  CoUom,   lUinois. 


PBICi:S.    (Continued.) 
MOHAIR  AN  EXAMPUE. 

Let  us  explain  how  a  duty  on  manufactured  goods  in  the  long  run  de- 
creases the  cost  of  the  goods  to  the  people,  using  mohair  as  an  illustra- 
tion, about  the  facts  of  which  there  can  possibly  be  no  dispute. 

Up  to  1883  we  manufactured  in  this  country  no  mohair  plushes  at  all. 
We  used  immense  quantities  for  car  seats,  for  furniture  covers,  and  all 
that  sort  of  thing.  We  bought  it  all  of  Germany  and  of  France.  They 
made  it  all,  using  handlooms.  Having  control  of  our  market,  they  had 
the  control  of  the  prices  which  we  were  compelled  to  paj*. 

In  1883  the  Goodalls,  manufacturers  in  the  State  of  Maine,  and  as  skill- 
ful, as  sagacious,  as  determined  as  any  who  can  be  found  in  any  country, 
thought  that  under  the  duty  which  had  been  placed  upon  mohair  plushes 
at  that  time,  they  could  transfer  that  industry  from  Germany  and  France 
to  the  United  States.  They  built  a  mill.  Before  the  mill  was  completed 
and  the  machinery  was  in,  Germany  and  France  made  a  cut  on  those 
plushes  of  10  per  cent,  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  down  this  industry 
which  was  just  coming  into  existence  in  the  United  States.  They  did  not 
succeed. 

After  the  machinery  was  in  the  mill  they  made  another  cut  of  15  per 
cent.,  making  25  per  cent. ;  and  within  a  year  thereafter  they  made  an- 
other of  15  per  cent.,  40  per  cent,  in  all.  They  came  very  near  destroying 
this  industry,  struggling  into  life  ;  and  if  these  men  had  been  ordinary 
men,  with  mere  ordinary  determination  and  pluck,  they  would  have  suc- 
ceeded. But  they  were  not.  They  proceeded  at  once  to  see  whether  or 
not  they  could  discover  or  invent  some  new  dyes  which  would  be  better 
than  those  used  in  foreign  countries ;  those  fading  rapidly.  They  suc- 
ceeded in  that.  Then  they  started  on  the  question  of  making  these 
plushes  by  power-machinery  instead  of  by  handlooms,  and  in  two  years 
they  had  invented  and  perfected,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  a  power-loom  for 
their  manufacture. 

From  that  time  up  to  one  year  ago  they  ran  their  mill  on  full  time,  and 
made  a  fair  profit.  Six  other  mills  came  into  existence  in  the  United 
States,  and  they  had  not  only  the  competition  abroad  to  contend  with, 
but  the  comiietition  at  home.  The  result  has  been  that  to-day  we  are 
buying  our  mohair  plushes  45  per  cent,  less  than  we  wei-e  when  we  had  no 
mills  in  this  country.  Besides,  we  are  making  better  plushes  with  faster 
colors,  and  have  compelled  these  foreigners  to  take  our  power-looms  to 
run  their  mills  with.  Thus  there  has  been  a  reduction  in  price  to  the 
world  as  well  as  to  the  United  States,  and  to-day  we  are  supplying  nine- 
tenths  of  all  the  plushes  used  in  this  country,  at  45  per  cent,  less  than  they 
formerly  cost,  is  not  that  an  object-lesson  perfectly  plain  to  anybody  ? 
Surely  our  tariff  reform  friends  can  see  in  this  case  how  a  duty,  or  as  they 
call  it  a  tax,  resulted  in  a  lower  priced  product  to  the  consumer. 

266 


TDen  to  20  per  cent,  advances  in  wages  since 
1880.    Tlie  slcilled  laborer  lias  secvired  tlie  liigli- 
est  rate  of  earnings  ever  known  in  this  or  any 
country,  and  he  can  also  buy  more  for  a  dollar. 
—Edward  Atkinson. 


PROTECTION,  ANALYSIS  of. 

The  first  thought  that  comes  up  in  any  candid  inquiry  about  it  is  that 
protection  is  natural  and  in  accord  with  the  habits  of  men.  It  prevails 
in  the  family  as  regards  its  relations  with  other  families  or  with  society. 
It  pervades  society  as  regards  its  rehitions  of  each  part  with  every  other. 
It  characterizes  the  laws  whicli  guard  tiie  citizen  from  the  dangers  that 
spring  from  avarice,  or  crime,  or  negligence.  It  protects  society  as  a 
whole  against  the  injurious  actions  or  aims  of  its  component  parts.  It 
is  applied  not  only  to  health  and  morals  but  to  property.  The  State  covers 
all  its  subjects,  in  all  their  relations,  with  the  panoply  of  protection  and 
thereby  aims  to  promote  the  greatest  happiness  of  all.  It  is  the  very  end 
for  which  governments  are  instituted ;  protection  to  the  individual  at 
home,  and  protection  to  the  community  from  all  adverse  foreign  forces 
whatever. 

PRUNES,  (See  Raisins.) 

PUBLIC  DEBT,  UNITED  STATES.  (See  Debt  of  United  States.) 


I  charge  upon  tliis  Administration  that  it 
committed  a  wrong:  and  a  crime  when  it  sent  its 
representative  to  a  friendly  government  to  insult- 
ingly demand  tliat  it  surrender  to  a  harharous 
Queen.  Hon.  Henry  U.  Johnson,  Indiana. 


QUICKSILVER,  rates  of  duty  on. 

Under  the  several  tariff  acts,  from  July  30, 1846,  to  May  11, 1890,  have 
been  as  follows  : 

Act  of  July  30,  1846,  20  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  3, 1857, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  2, 1861, 10  per  cent. 

Act  of  August  5,  1861, 10  per  cent. 

Act  of  December  24, 1861, 10  per  cent.     • 

Act  of  July  14, 1862, 10  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  3, 1863, 10  per  cent. 

Act  of  June  30, 1864, 10  and  15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  3, 1865, 10  and  15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  16, 1866, 10  and  15  per  cent, 

Act  of  May  16, 1866, 10  and  15  per  cent. 

Act  of  June  1, 1866, 10  and  15  per  cent. 

Act  of  July  28, 1866, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  2, 1867, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  22, 1867, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  25,  26, 1867, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  March  29, 1867, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  February  3, 1868, 15  per  ©ent. 

Act  of  July  20, 1868, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  February  19-24, 1869, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  July  14, 1870, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  December  22, 1870, 15  per  cent. 

Act  of  May  1, 1872,  90  per  cent  of  existing  duties. 

Act  of  June  6, 1872,  90  per  cent  of  existing  duties. 

Act  of  February  8, 1875,  free  list. 

Act  of  March  3, 1883, 10  per  cent. 

Act  of  May  21, 1890, 10  cents  per  pound. 

The  act  of  May  21, 1890,  was  as  follows  : 

"  Quicksilver,  10  cents  per  pound.  The  flasks,  bottles,"or  other  vessels 
in  which  quicksilver  is  imported  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  rates  of  duty 
as  they  would  be  subjected  to  if  imported  empty.  Free  List :  Quicksil- 
ver flasks  or  bottles,  of  either  domestic  or  foreign  manufacture,  which 
shall  have  heen  actually  exported  from  the  United  States." 

267 


When  the  Government,  in  the  first  year  of  Its 
life,  by  I  he  patriotic  hantls  of  Washington,  Madi- 
son, an<l  the  other  representatives  of  the  people, 
declare<l  and  enacted  a  law  establishing  a  system 
of  protective  duties,  it  did  no  more  than  was  its 
bounded  duty  to  do. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


QUICKSIIiVEB.    (Continued.) 
WAGES. 

The  wages  paid  at  the  Spanish  Alinadeii  Mine,  so  far  as  we  have  been 
enabled  to  obtain  them,  are  reliable. 

Miners'  ore  contracts per  day...  ^0.81 

Miners'  rock  contract do 57 

Masons  in  quarries do 1.03 

Lumbermen do 55 

Furnacemen do 40 

Thfese  departments  command  the  highest  wages,  hence  we  may  con- 
clude their  wages  to  be  from  50  cents  to  60  cents  per  day. 

The  amount  of  wages  paid  in  California  for  relative  positions  is :  Labor- 
ers in  ore  chambers,  per  day,  ^2 ;  miners,  $2.80 ;  laborers  on  surface,  ^ ; 
firemen,  $1.76 ;  timbermen,  including  captain,  $3.20 ;  carpenters,  $3  and 
$3.50 ;  blasters,  $2.75 ;  surface  mining,  $1.50. 
PRICE. 

In  1850,  when  the  Cinnabar  was  discovered  in  California,  the  ruling 
price  per  flask  of  76i  pounds,  standard  weight,  was  $114.50,  or  1.50  per 
pound.  It  is  now  $37  per  flask,  or  48.3  cents  per  pound,  and  though  great 
fluctuations  in  price  have  occurred  during  the  forty-two  years  of  its 
production  in  California,  yet  notwithstanding  these  fluctuations,  its  price 
has  been  in  the  main  steadily  declining. 

Duty  under  old  law,  24.79  average  ad  valorem. 

Duty  under  new  law,  17.35  average  ad  valorem. 

268 


What  is  the  laborer's  estate  ?  It  is  the  f  ore* 
of  his  will  and  the  power  of  his  thews  and  sin- 
ews. — W.  D.  Kelly. 


RATIO. 

Coinage  ratio  between  gold  and  silver  is  fixed  by  law.  The 
original  law  of  1792  made  one  dollar  equal  to  lifteen  dollars  in  silver.  The 
act  of  1834  changed  the  ratio  to  one  dollar  of  gold  to  sixteen  of  silv^er.  To 
determine  the  value  of  the  cheaper  metal :  One  ounce  of  pure  frold  1000 
fine  is  worth  ^.68 ;  divide  this  sum  by  the  silver.  Exunii)le,  1  of  gold  to 
16  of  silver  is  2068  divided  by  16  equals  $1.29.29,  the  price  of  one  ounce  ol 
silver  at  the  present  ratio. 
The  ratios  from  16  to  20  are  as  follows : 

Ratio  1  to  17 ;  value  (*438.60  grains)  $1.22  plus. 

Ratio  1  to  18 ;  value  (*464.40  grains)  $1.15  plus. 

Ratio  1  to  19 ;  value  (*490.20  grains)  $1.08  plus. 

Ratio  1  to  20 ;  value  (*516.00  grains)  $1.04  plus. 
'"The  standard  grains  of  silver  In  each  dollar  In  the  new  ratio. 
BATIO-COMMBKCIAIi. 

Commercial  ratio  between  gold  and  silver  is  the  difference  between 
their  commercial  market  value  at  the  same  time.  The  commercial  value 
of  both  gold  and  silver  bullion  may  be  the  effect  of  statute  law,  for  if  one 
of  these  metals  be  deprived  of  its  money  use  by  statute  law  it  must  change 
its  commercial  value  by  limiting  its  use.  ^  The  market  or  commercial 
price  is  therefore  to  be  considered  as  affected  by  money  use. 


lliere  is  no  Union,  no  government  even,  that 
can  force  a  man  to  carry  on  a  losing  business. 

—Hon.  William  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts. 


RECEIPTS 

For  1893,  compared  with  1892,  showing  an  increase  of  ^5,848,801.72. 


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270 


■\Vo  must  unfetter  evei'y  arm,  and    let   every 
muscle  strike  for  the  highest  remuneration. 

—Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  Maine. 


EXPENDITURES. 

There  was  an  increase  of  §38,454,623.91  in  the  ordinary  expenditures  for 
the  same  period  as  follows : 


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271 


Wow,  to  say  that  protection  does  not  In- 
crease wages  is  to  say  that  busy  factories  do  not 
increase  wages  ;  tliat  liglited  furnaces  do  not 
increase  wages ;  that  open  mines  do  not  in- 
crease wages ;  that  manufacturing  cities  do  not 
increase  wages ;  tliat  liaving  the  marltet  close 
to  the  farm  and  the  farm  close  to  the  work- 
shop does  not  increase  wages. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass. 


RECIPROCITY. 

RECIPROCITY 

Is  an  arrangement  between  our  own  nation  and  another 
by  which  we  agree  to  admit,  free  of  duty,  certain  articles  which  we  need, 
but  which  we  cannot  produce  here  ;  and  in  return  the  other  nation  ad- 
mits to  its  ports,  free  of  duty,  certain  articles  which  we  produce,  and 
which  they  need,  but  cannot  produce  in  their  own  land. 

Illustration :  Brazil  produces  great  quantities  of  cofTee  and  rubber, 
but  does  not  produce  flour  or  machhiery.  We  cannot  produce  coffee  and 
rubber,  but  we  have  a  surplus  of  flour  and  machinery.  We  admit  free  of 
duty  their  cofTee  and  rubber,  and  they  admit  free  of  duty  our  flour  and 
and  machinery,  both  nations  are  benefited,  their  home  productions  are 
greatly  increased,  their  markets  enlarged  and  the  laborers  of  each  coun- 
try find  additional  work  and  improved  wages  at  home. 

Germany  has  a  large  surplus  of  beet  sugar  which  we  need ;  and  we 
have  a  large  surplus  of  pork  which  they  need.  Each  remitting  the  duty, 
we  take  their  sugar  and  they  take  our  pork,  and  both  nations  are  richer. 
The  opponents  of  protection  denounce  reciprocity  as  a  "fraud"  and  a 
"humbug,"  and  ask  "if  reciprocity  is  desirable  with  South  America  and 
with  Germany,  why  not  with  Great  Britain?"  The  answer  is  plain  and 
ready,  and  has  been  given  by  Lord  Salisbury,  thus : 

"  We  live  in  an  age  of  a  war  of  tariffs.  Every  nation  is  trying  how  it 
can,  by  agreement  with  its  neighbor,  get  the  greatest  possible  protection 
for  its  own  industries,  and  at  the  same  time  the  greatest  possible  access  to 
the  markets  of  its  neighbors. 

"  The  weapon  with  which  they  all  fight  is  admission  to  their  own  mar- 
kets—that is  to  say,  A  says  to  B,  *  if  you  will  make  your  duties  such  that 
I  can  sell  in  your  markets  I  will  make  my  duties  such  that  you  can  sell 
in  my  market.' 

"  But  we  begin  by  saying  we  will  levy  no  duties  on  anybody,  and  we 
declare  that  it  would  be  contrary  and  disloyal  to  the  glorious  and  sacred 
doctrine  of  free  trade  to  levy  any  duty  on  anybody  for  the  sake  of  what 
we  can  get  by  it. 

"  It  may  be  noble,  but  it  is  not  business." 

In  plain  words,  Great  Britain  has  nothing  to  offer  us  as  an  exchange. 

Besides,  reciprocity  is  impossible  where  both  produce,  and  want  to  send 
abroad  the  same  products.  Canada  wants  reciprocity  in  natural  pro- 
ducts, coal,  iron  ore,  wheat,  and  fish.  But  we  have  all  these,  and  can  sell 
none  to  her.  She  does  not  want  reciprocity  in  manufactured  goods,  which 
we  want  to  sell  to  her.  Now  we  will  receive  her  natural  products  free  of 
duty,  if  she  will  receive  our  machinery  and  manufactures.  But  this  slie 
refuse*,  and,  therefore,  we  can  have  no  reciprocity  with  her.    But  the 

272 


I  have  seen  the  straw  shed  of  free-trade  times 
give  place  to  the  splendidly-constructed  barns  that 
are  an  ornaujent  to  the  farms  all  through  Illinois, 
—Hon.  A.  J.  Hopkins,  Illinois. 


R£CIPROCIT¥.    (Continued.) 

Democratic  plan  is  to  put  all  her  natural  products  on  the  free  list,  and 
allow  her  to  tax  all  our  manufactures  as  she  pleases.  As  Lord  Salisbury 
says,  this  may  be  noble,  but  it  is  not  business. 

In  our  struggle  for  foreign  markets  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  nearly 
all  the  great  nations  of  the  world  have  adoi)ted  the  protective  system, 
and  we  must  keep  ourselves  in  a  position  to  grant  favors  if  we  would  re- 
ceive any.  In  other  words,  we  must  retiiin  our  protective  system  while 
present  conditions  remain,  so  that  wo  may  be  able  to  demand  proper 
consideration.  Protection  and  reciprocity  are  complementary  terms. 
They  are  two  forces  whose  resultant  is  commercial  triumph. 

This  fact  was  recognized  in  the  McKinley  act.  Section  2  of  that  act  enu- 
merates several  hundred  articles  of  import  that  shall  be  admitted  free  of 
duty.    Then  section  3  contains  the  following  proviso : 

'*■  That,  with  a  view  to  secure  reciprocal  trade  with  countries  producing 
the  following  articles,  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  January,  1892,  whenever 
and  so  often  as  the  President  shall  be  satisfied  that  the  government  of  any 
country  producing  and  exporting  sugars,  molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides, 
raw  and  uncured  or  any  such  articles — " 
All  of  which  had  bysection  2  been  placed  on  the  free  list — 
"  impose  duties  or  other  exactions  upon  the  agricultural  or  other  products 
of  the  United  States,  which,  in  view  of  the  free  introduction  of  such 
sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides  into  the  United  States,  he  may 
deem  to  be  reciprocally  unequal  and  unreasonable,  he  shall  have  the 
]i()wer  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  suspend,  bj'-  proclamation  to  that  effect, 
the  provisions  of  this  act  relating  to  the  free  introduction  of  such  sugar, 
molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  the  production  of  such  country,  for  such 
time  as  he  shall  deem  just,  and  in  such  case  and  during  such  suspension 
duties  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  upon  sugar,  molasses,  coffee, 
tea,  and  hides,  the  product  of  or  exported  from  such  designated  country 
as  follows,  namely. " 

Then  follows  the  schedule  of  duties  to  be  charged  on  each. 

The  articles  enumerated  are  such  as,  under  a  protective  system,  would 
properly  l^e  on  the  free  list.  This  free  use  of  our  markets,  therefore,  is  an 
exceedingly  valuable  consideration  to  the  countries  exporting  these  arti- 
cles, therefore  the  act  wisely  provides  a  M'ay  whereby  we  may  secure 
proper  reciprocal  advantages. 

This  illustrates  very  clearly  one  difference  between  free  trade  aud  reci- 
procity. The  former  gives  away  items  of  great  value  Avithout  requiring 
anything  in  return  ;  the  latter  demands  an  equivalent.  Free  trade  lets 
the  horses  run  as  by  " nature "  tliey  may  choose;  reciprocity  holds  the 
reins  and  guides  them  in  the  highway  of  progress  and  prosperity,  Keci- 
procity  is  free  trade  kept  within  proper  bounds,  controlled  by  ourselves 
in  our  own  interest  with  proper  regard  for  that  of  others. 
WHAT  RICCIPKOCITY  HAS  AXREAOY  ACCOMPLISHED. 

Under  section  3  of  the  McKinley  act  agreements  for  reciprocity  were 

273 


TVIiat  is  the  laborer's  estate  ?  It  is  the  skill 
he  has  acquired  in  an  art,  trade  or  mystery. 

-W.D.Kelly. 


RECIPROCITY.    (Continued.) 

concluded  with  Brazil,  with  the  Spanish  colonies,  Cuba  and  Puerto  Blco, 
with  the  British  Indies,  with  Santo  Domingo,  with  Guatemala,  Hon- 
duras, Nicaragua,  and  Salvador,  with  the  German  and  Austrian  empires, 
and  other  countries,  fifteen  in  all.  And  similar  arrangements  for  mutual 
advantage  might  be  made  witli  France  and  other  countries  of  Europe, 
with  the  Argentine  Republic,  Chile,  and  other  countries  of  South  Amer- 
ica, and  with  our  neighbors,  Mexico  and  Canada. 

Only  a  very  brief  epitome  of  some  of  the  advantages  that  have  already 
accrued  from  these  reciprocity  conventions  can  be  given. 

Our  exports  to  Brazil,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  its  foreign  com- 
merce has  for  a  long  time  been  controlled  by  Europeans,  in  the  face  of 
the  combined  opposition  of  all  these  interests,  and  in  spite  of  depressed 
conditions  of  trade  consequent  upon  a  state  of  political  revolution  and 
semiwar— rose  from  $9,351,081  in  1889  to  $11,972,214  in  1890,  and  $14,120,246 
in  1891,  thus  showing  in  two  years  a  gain  of  more  than  50  per  cent.  This 
trade  was  more  than  maintained  through  the  following  year ;  and  in  1893, 
the  year  of  greatest  depression,  fell  off  only  slightly. 

During  these  years  there  had  been  a  marked  falling  off  of  the  sales  of 
European  countries  to  Brazil,  that  of  England  alone  being  in  1892  about 
$5,000,000,  while  that  of  France  in  the  same  year  was  over  $6,000,000.  And 
to  show  still  further  the  importance  of  the  treaty,  it  should  be  stated  that 
France  had  established  a  few  years  before  a  new  line  of  steamers  to  Bra- 
zil, while  our  American  line,  owing  to  differences  among  the  owners,  was 
discontinued.  Our  transportation  facilities  with  Brazil  are  in  the  hands 
of  foreigners  w^ho  have  discriminated  against  us  greatly.  With  direct 
communication  in  our  own  vessels  and  a  continuance  of  the  reciprocity 
treaty,  the  possibilities  of  futwre  trade  with  Brazil  are  enormous. 

Our  trade  with  Cuba  increased  from  less  than  $12,000,000  annually  for 
many  years  to  nearly  $18,000,000  in  1892,  and  to  over  $24,000,000  in  1893. 

While  the  trade  of  Great  Britain  with  Cuba  has  fallen  off  over  40  per 
cent,  and  that  of  France  nearly  60  per  cent.,  ours  increased  more  than  100 
per  cent.  In  other  words,  by  means  of  reciprocity  we  have  been  acquir- 
ing the  Cuban  market.  A  large  percentage  of  this  increase  has  been  in 
farm  products.  The  increase  in  flour,  for  example,  was  from  114,447  bar- 
rels in  1891  to  616,406  barrels  in  1893. 

In  Europe  the  most  important  treaty  of  reciprocity  was  that  with  Ger- 
many, whereby  we  secured  the  free  admission  to  that  country  of  a  num- 
ber of  our  farm  products  and  a  special  reduction  of  about  one-third  of  the 
regular  tariff  on  a  long  list  of  agricultural  and  other  items.  By  this 
means,  too,  the  embargo  placed  on  American  pork  in  1880  has  been  re- 
moved and  a  new  and  valuable  market  for  American  meats  secured. 


RECIPROCITY  CONVENTIONS,  why  abrogate  them  ? 

These  are  somo  of  the  victories  already  achieved  through  our  reciprocity 
conventions.    When  we  remember  that  they  have  been  in  existence  only 

274 


The  new  tariff  is  bad  in  construction,  bad  in 
purpose,  and  bad  in  its  assaults  upon  the  onward 
march  of  the  industrial  energry  and]  prosperity  of 
this  mighty  Republic. 

—Senator  Jacob  Galllnger,  New  Hampshire. 


BICCrPBOCITY.    (Continned.) 

two  or  three  years,  and  that  during  part  of  this  time  they  have  been 
operating  under  an  administration  known  to  be  unfriendly  to  them ; 
when  we  consider  how  long  it  takes  to  change  habits  of  trade,  and  how 
important  is  continuity  of  policy  in  such  matters ;  when  we  recall  the 
fact  that  the  sales  of  England,  France,  Spain,  and  other  countries  to  Bra- 
zil, Cuba,  and  other  parties  to  these  conventions,  have  fallen  ofif  while 
ours  have  increased ;  when  we  contemplate  the  obstacles  overcome  and 
the  victories  already  achieved  through  these  agreements,  we  cannot  re- 
strain our  wonder  that  any  man  claiming  to  be  patriotic  should  desire  to 
abrogate  them. 

Yet  section  89  of  the  Wilson  bill  provides  for  the  repeal  of  the  section  of 
the  McKinley  act  under  which  they  have  been  negotiated.  And  in  the 
majority  report  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  accompanying  the 
bill  appear  these  words : 

"  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  present  bill  to  repeal  in  toto  section  3  of  the 
tariff  act  of  Oct.  1, 1890,  commonly  but  most  erroneously  called  its  reci- 
procity provision." 

And  during  the  debate  Mr.  Springer,  a  recognized  leader  in  Democratic 
councils,  used  these  ominous  words : 

"  If  I  understand  the  purport  of  the  amendment  submitted  by  the  gen- 
tleman from  West  Virginia  [Mr.  Wilson]  it  is  to  repeal  the  law  under 
which  certain  commercial  agreements  have  been  made  with  certain  for- 
eign countries.  If  you  repeal  the  authority  for  making  those  agreements 
you  destroy  the  agreements  themselves." 

What  will  be  the  fruits  of  this  action?  Not  only  loss  of  trade — for  Ger- 
many will  undoubtedly  restore  her  duties  on  American  products  to  their 
old  rates ;  Spain  will  shut  our  flour  and  corn  out  of  Cuba ;  Brazil  will 
withdraw  the  concessions  which  we  now  enjoy,  and  the  other  countries 
will  repudiate  their  agreements — but  what  is  worse,  we  shall  lose  the 
respect  of  honorable  men  everywhere ;  we  shall  be  charged  with  national 
bad  faith,  and  we  shall  have  the  humiliating  consciousness  that  the  charge 
^  just.  Let  us  not  forget  that  in  making  these  agreements  the  United 
iStates  took  the  initiative.  The  Latin- American  republics,  prompted  by 
good  will  toward  us,  believing  our  offer  to  be  made  in  good  faith  and  that 
the  agreement  would  endure,  disregarding  the  urgent  entreaties  and 
earnings  of  the  foreign  governments  with  which  they  had  long  sustained 
jkrade  relations,  accepted  the  reciprocity  policy  from  which  so  much  of 
good  has  come.  Let  us  not  drive  them  away ;  let  us  not  lay  ourselves 
open  to  the  charge  of  "  Punic  faith. " 

REDUCTION  OF  REVENUE. 

From  1866  to  1888,  a  period  of  twenty- 
two  years,  the  control  of  the  House  of  Representatives  has  been  equally 
divided  between  the  two  political  parties,  each  having  eleven  years. 

276 


I  cannot  let  the  opportunity  go  by  without 
saying  that  In  this  Repiihlic  we  can  not  afford,  if 
we  mean  that  tliis  republic  shall  endure,  to  adopt  a 
policy  which  Avill  result  in  pauperizing  and  de- 
gratling  the  great  laboring  population  of  oiii-  coun- 
try. —Senator  S.  31.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


REVENUE.    (Continued.) 

PuriTig  tlie  eleven  yours  of  llepublican  control  the  revenue 

schedules  were  reduced  (estimated) $362,504, 5f>P 

During  the  eleven  years  of  Democratic  control  the  reventie 

schedules  were  reduced 6,36y,'.>.>r? 

Difference  in  favor  of  the  present  minority  party  in  tlie 

House  of ^S56,135,G34 

REMONETIZE. 

To  restore  circulation  in  the  shape  of  money ;  make  again  legal  or 
standard  money  of  account,  as  gold  or  silver  coin. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Including  the  charters  of  Massachusetts— charter  granted  March  17, 
1644,  uniting  the  towns  of  Providence,  Portsmouth  and  Newport,  under 
the  name  of  "  The  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantation  in  the  Narra- 
gansett  Bay  in  New  England  "—charter  granted  to  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  Plantations,  July  8,  1663— ratified  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  May  29, 1790,  first  State  constitution  formed  November  5, 
1842. 

Legislature  is  composed  of36  Senators,  72  Representatives.  Meets  an- 
nually, Jan.  31, 1894. 

State  elections,  annually,  first  Wednesday  in  April,  1894. 

Senator  Nelson  W.  Aldrich  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Nathan  F.  Dixon  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  180,548.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  11,238 ;  Rep.,  10,303. 
2nd.  Population,  164,958.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  10,770 ;  Rep.,  10,020. 

RICE. 

Production,  1893,  in  United  States pounds...  237,546,900 

Importations  dutiable,  1893 do 72,558,144 

Importations  free  of  duty,  1893 do 8,473,800 

Value  of,  imported  in  1893 j $2,354,586 

Duty  collected  in  1893 ^1,184,454 

Consumption  in  1893 pounds...  306,951,280 

Per  capita  consumption  in  United  States do 3.9 

Per  capita  consumption  in  Italy do 13.7 

Per  capita  consumption  in  Japan do 3082 

The  duty  under  the  old  law  was  75.69  average  ad  valorem. 
The  duty  under  the  new  law  is  58.67  average  ad  valorem. 

RUSSIA. 

In  Russia  the  nominal  standard  is  silver,  but  paper  is  the  actual 
standard  measured  by  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  ruble ;  the  value  in 
United  States  coin  is  gold,  $0.77.2 ;  silver,  $0.49.1.  The  coins  are  gold,  im- 
perial ($7.71.8)  and  i  imperial  ($3.86) ;  silver,  i,  i,  and  1  ruble.  The  ratio 
of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver  or  1  of  gold  to  15  of  limited 
tender  silver. 

276 


The  great  trusts  are  guarded  by  the  provisions 

of  this  law,  but  there  is  uotliiug  to  show  tliat  the 

fanner,     the  worltingnian   or  tlie    manufacturer 

have  been  heard   or   regarded   in    its   scliedules. 

—Senator  Henry  Cabot   L.odge,   Massacliusetts. 


s 


SALT,  1890. 

Establishments 200 

Capital $13,437,749 

Employes '. <l,45r^ 

Wages $1,702,491 

Value  of  product 5,484,618 

Amount  imported  in  1893,  in  pounds 391,966,547 

Tlie  old  law  fixed  a  duty  of  8  cents  in  bulk  and  12  cents  in  packages, 
per  100  pounds.    The  new  law  places  all  salt  on  the  free  list.  * 

TJie  value  of  salt  imported  in  1884  was  $1,663,831 ;  the  value  in  1893  was 
$692,493.  A  million  dollars  goes  to  our  own  producers  instead  of  going 
abroad.    The  result  of  the  new  law  must  be  awaited. 

SALT  NATURAIi  BEDS  OF. 

The  salt  6iountains  in  Lincoln  County,  Nevada,  covers  an  area  of  25 
miles,  and  the  salt  is  pure,  white  and  clear  as  crystal.  In  the  Colorado 
desert  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  laid  its  track  through  large  beds  of 
rock  salt,  and  for  1,200  feet  graded  its  road-bed  with  the  crystal  blocks, 
and  the  beds  are  about  50  miles  long.  Near  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  at  a  depth  of 
]  ,000  feet  a  pure  vein  of  natural  salt  was  found  250  feet  thick.  In  Millard 
County,  Utah,  is  a  salt  mountain  where  it  is  blocked  out  similarly  to  a 
limestone  quarry.  There  are  also  large  beds  of  rock  salt  in  Kansas. 
Great  quantities  of  salt  are  produced  from  salt  springs  near  Syracuse,  New 
York,  in  Michigan,  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  and  elsewhere.  Our  domestic 
supply  is  practically  inexhaustible. 

SALT,  COST  TO  FARMERS. 

There  is  now  a  duty  on  coarse  salt  of  8  cents  per  100  jiounds,  or  $1.60  per 
ton.  The  farmer,  if  a  large  one,  may  use  500  pounds,  and  here  would  be 
a  saving  of  40  cents.  The  duty  on  fine  salt,  used  for  dairying  purposes,  is 
12  cents  per  100  pounds.  One  pound  of  salt  is  usually  added  to  16  pounds 
of  butter,  so  the  duty  on  the  salt  in  one  pound  is  one-sixteenth  of  a  cent. 
If  the  farmer  makes  a  ton  of  butter  he  will  use  125  pounds  of  salt,  on 
which  the  duty  would  be  7  13-16  cents.  So  the  farmer  would  save  on  his 
salt  the  princely  sum  of  47  13-16  cents  annually. 

SALT,  MANUFACTURE  AND  COST. 

Take  the  article  of  salt,  which  is  sold  in  Saginaw  at  60  cents  for  280 
pounds,  including  the  barrel,  which  is  worth  20  cents,  leaving  40  c^nts 
for  tlie  salt.  If  the  President  is  correct  when  he  says  the  duty  is  a  tax, 
or,  to  use  his  own  words,  those  who  buy  domestic  articles  of  the  same 
class  pay  a  sum  at  least  approximately  equal  to  this  duty  to  our  home 
manufacturers,  then  if  the  duty  is  deducted,  being  at  the  rate  of  12  cents 
per  100  pounds,  over  aS  3-5  cents,  the  salt  could  be  produjped  for  6  2-6  cents 
for  .280  pounds. 


Democrats  by  tlieoretical  speculations  about 
per  cents  and  ad  valorems  make  believe  that  the 
pool-  liave  to  bear  the  burden  of  tariff  taxation.  In 
truth  and  practical  fact  it  is  not  so. 

—Hon.  M.  N.  Jolinson,  North  Dakota. 


SEIGNIORAGE. 

In  modern  times,  the  difference  between  the  actual  or 
bullion  value  of  coins  and  their  nominal  or  tale  value,  retained  by  some 
governments  as  a  mint  charge  for  coinage. 

SHEEP.    (See  Wool.) 

SHERMAN  LAW,  REPEAL  OF.    (See  Financial  Disasters.) 

SHIRTS,  1890. 

Establishments 869 

Capital $14,  273,  611 

Employes 32,  750 

Wages $10,  704,  603 

Materials 15,  704,  353 

Products 33,  638,  593 

Wages  per  capita,  $326.85. 

SILVER  AND  GOLD,  COMMERCIAL  RATIO.  (See  Gold  and  Sil- 
ver, and  Ratio.) 

SILVER,  PRODUCTION  OF  IN  THE  WORLD.  (See  Gold  and 
Silver.) 

SOAP  AND  CANDLES,  1890. 

Establishments 578 

Capital $24,821,069 

Employes 9,305 

Wages $4,951,648 

Materials 28,687,412 

Products 43,600,285 

Wages  per  capita,  $532.25. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Area,  24,500  square  miles. 

Included  in  the  Carolina  charters— separate  charter  granted  in  1729— 
first  State  constitution  formed  March  26, 1776 — ratified  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  May  23, 1788. 

Legislature  is  composed  of  33  Senators,  124  Representatives.  Meets  bi- 
ennially, Jan.  8,  1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  Matthew  C.  Butler  (dem.),  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  John  L.  M.  Irby  (dem.),  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 
CONGKESSIONAT.  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  134,369.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  6,318 ;  Rep., . 

2nd.  Population,  151,220.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,   8,001 ;  Rep., . 

3rd.  Population,  152,060.    Vote,  1892:  Dem.,   8,330;  Rep.,  787. 

4th.  Population,  196,387.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  10,401 ;  Rep.,  1,730. 

5th.  Population,  141,750.    Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,    8,791 ;  Rep.,  2,099. 

6th.  Population,  158,851.    Vote,  1892:  Dem.,  10,133;  Rep.,  1,822. 

7th.  Population,  216,612.    Vote,  1892:  Dem.,  4,955;  Rep.,  4995. 

278 


There  is  no  permanent  place  in  American  pol- 
itics for  a  party  that  bases  its  claims  for  popular 
support  on  tlie  failures  and  disappointments  of  the 
people.— Senator  Nelson  W.  Aldrich,  Khodo  Island. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Area,  77,650  square  miles. 
Admitted  as  a  State  Nov.  2, 1889. 

Legislature  composed  of  43  Senators,  83  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  8,  1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 
Senator  Richard  F.  Pettigrew,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Senator  James  H.  Kyle,  (ind.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

At  large.    Population,  328,808.    Vote,  1892:  Dem.,  ;    Rep.,  33,764; 

Pop.,  25,444. 

At  large.  Population,  328,808.  Vote,  1892 :  Dem.,  14,218 ;  Rep.,  33,288 ; 
Pop.,  14,218. 

SPAIN. 

In  Spain  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver.  The  monetary  unit  is  the 
peseta.  The  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3.  The  coins  are :  Gold : 
25  pesetas.  Silver:  5  pesetas.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold  to 
15i  of  silver,  or  1  of  gold  to  14.38  of  limited  tender  silver. 

STANDARD  DOLLAR,  what  is  a  standard  doli^ar  ? 

Mr.  Justice  Strong,  in  the  famous  legal-tender  case  decided  in  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  in  1871,  used  the  following : 

"  The  coinage  acts  fix  its  unit  as  a  dollar  ;  but  the  gold  or  silver  thing 
we  call  a  dollnr  is  in  no  sense  a  standard  of  a  dollar..  It  is  a  representa- 
tive of  it.  Ther«©  might  never  have  been  a  piece  of  money  of  the  denom- 
ination of  a  dollar.  There  never  was  a  pound  sterling  coined  until  1815, 
if  we  except  a  few  coins  struck  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII— almost  im- 
mediately debased  ;  yet  it  has  been  the  unit  of  British  currency  for  many 
generations.  It  is,  then,  a  mistake  to  regard  the  legal-tender  acts  as 
either  fixing  a  standard  of  value  or  regulating  money  values.  (12  Wal- 
lace, 553.) 

STANDARDS  OF  NATIONS,  singi^e  goi.d. 

The  following  nations  use  single  gold  standard  :  Austria-Hungary  (new 
system)  Brazil,  Cuba,  Egypt,  Finland,  German  Emijire,  Great  Britain, 
Haiti,  (single  gold  authorized,  not  yet  coined).  Persia  (recent),  Portugal, 
Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden. 

STANDARDS  OF  NATIONS,  singi^e  sii^ver. 

The  following  nations  use  single  silver  standard  :  Bolivia,  Costa  Rica, 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Salvador,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  India. 
Mexico,  Peru,  Russia,  Venezuela. 

STANDARDS  ON  NATIONS,  double  goi,d  and  sii^ver. 

The  following  nations  use  double  standard :  Argentine  Republic, 
Bulgaria,  Chile,  Japan,  Belgium,  France,  Greece,  Italy,  Switzerland,  The 
Netherlands,  Roumania,  Servia,  Spain,  Tunis,  Turkey,  United  States. 

279 


If  the  Constitution  does  forbid  such  Ieg:ls<» 
lation,  then,  Sirs,  the  time  lias  come  to  malce 
a  new  one. 

—Hon.  Thad.  M.  Mahon,    Pennsylvania. 


SUGAR,  WHY  TARIFF  DUTY  WAS  REMOVED. 

In  the  first  tariff  act  of  the  United  States  sugar  was  suhjected  to  a  tarifl 
duty,  and  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  it  has  enjoyed  this  protection. 
It  can  not,  therefore,  be  called  "  an  infant  industry"  so  far  as  the  South 
s  concerned. 

It  was  finally  put  on  "  the  free  list "  conditionally ;  that  is  conditioned 
on  reciprocity  with  Cuba,  or  Spain  for  Cuba,  and  other  producing  coun- 
tries, for  many  reasons : 

(1.)  Our  revenues  were  in  excess  of  the  needs  of  the  Government,  and 
as  Louisiana  was  intensely  Democratic,  and  insisted  that  the  tariff  on 
sugar  was  a  purely  revenue  tax,  it  was  themostdirectmeans  of  reducing 
the  revenue. 

(2.)  As  the  Democrats  were  constantly  demanding  a  removal  of  taxes 
from  the  "  necessaries  of  life,"  and  especially  from  sucli  articles  as  most 
largely  entered  into  the  consumption  of  the  laboring  classes;  and  as  sugar 
was  an  article  of  food  largely  consumed  by  every  class  of  the  commun- 
ity, the  removal  of  the  sugar  duty  was  the  most  obvious  and  logical  result. 

(3.)  Its  removal  was  a  most  excellent  method  of  giving  Southern  free 
trade  Democrats  an  object  lesson  on  the  benefits  of  protection.  The 
Louisiana  people,  Republicans  and  Democrats  alike,  have  seen  the  point. 
Hence  the  unanimity  with  which  they  have  demanded  a  restoration  of 
the  tariff,  a  demand  which  the  Senate  was  compelled  to  grant,  notwith- 
standing Democratic  principles  and  platforms. 

(4.)  But  it  was  no  part  of  the  purpose  of  the  Republican  party  to  injure 
tlie  sugar  industry,  hence,  while  the  duty  was  removed,  a  compensating 
bounty  was  provided. 

(5.)  The  intent  of  the  bounty  besides  compensating  existing  industries, 
was  more  especially  to  encourage  and  build  up  the  beet  and  sorghum 
sugar  production,  if  possible ;  or  at  least,  to  demonstrate  whether  it  was 
or  was  not  practicable. 

SUGAR,    REPUBI.ICAN  SUGAR  POI.ICY. 

Our  total  imports  of  (foreign)  sugar  from  October  1,  1890,  when  the^ 
bounty  law  took  effect,  until  June,  1894,  were — 

Beet  sugar pounds...    1,562,874,861 

Cane  sugar „ do 11,574,226,089' 

Refined  sugar do." 111,388,426. 

Total  foreign  sugar  purchased pounds...  13,248,489,376 

Had  the  duty  or  tax  on  it  prior  to  1890  of.... .02 

Had  the  2  cents  per  pound  not  been  superseded  by  the 
bounty  law  of  October  1, 1890,  we  would  have  paid  on  this 
sugar  in  duty  or  tax $264,969,787 

We  have  paid  in  bounty  a  total  of  only „ ^^28,000,000 

Showing  that  the  people  have  kept  in  their  pockets  of  duty 

'    or  taxation  on  sugar  since  October  1, 1890,  the  sum  of. 236,969,787 

because  of  the  bounty  on  sugar. 

2S0 


iroea  any  inomber  of  tills  Honse  remember 
any  time  when  the  auction  bell  and  the  sheriff's 
voice  have  been  heard  so  much  as  witliin  the  last 
twelve  months(1894)? 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  Baker,    New   Hampshire. 


SUGAR.    (Continued.) 

The  dutiable  value  of  this  13,248,489,376  pounds  of  sugar  so 
imported,  at  3  cents  per  pound,  was 397,4;>1,681 

Had  it  been  (iutied  or  taxed,  as  proposed  by  the  Gorman  Sen- 
ate bill,  at  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  the  tax  or  duty  on  it 
would  have  been 158,981,872 

If  we  deduct  tha  total  bounty  paid,  $28,000,000,  it  will  show 
that  the  saving  in  taxation  under  the  bounty  law,  as  com- 
pared with  what  it  would  have  been  under  the  Senate  bill, 
has  been 130,981,872 

The  exact  bounty  paid  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1893,  was      9,375,130.88 
This  was  about  15  cents  per  head  of  the  population,  not  much  to  pay  for 

the  saving  as  above  given. 

SUGAR,  DEMOCRATIC  POI.ICY. 

During  the  next  full  financial  year  we  shall  import  about 

pounds 4,000,000,000 

This  Avill  be  at  the  average  price  of  3  cents  a  pound,  a  cost  of    $120,000,0(K) 

The  tariff  on  this,  at  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  will  be 48,0(X),()00 

In  other  words  the  country  will  have  to  pay  about  $40,000,000  for  the 
votes  of  the  two  Louisiana  Senators  supporting  the  Democratic  tariff 
policy,  and  the  continuance  of  Louisiana  in  the  Democratic  ranks  at  the 
next  election. 

SUGAR,  ADVANTAGE  OF  BOUNTY  ON. 

To  show  the  advantages  of  the  bounty  on  sugar,  consider  the  following : 

Cane  sugar  produced,  1889 tons...  153,  909 

Beet  sugar  produced,  1889 tons...     2,  400 

Total tons...  156,  309 

Cane  sugar  produced,  1893 tons...  270,  OOO 

Beet  sugar  produced,  1893 tons...    24,  550 

Total tons...  294,  550 

As  the  product  has  about  doubled  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  bounty  has 
failed  to  stimulate  production.  We  are  now  about  where  Germany  was 
in  sugar  production  in  1805,  while  she  now  produces  1 ,350,000  tons ;  and 
about  where  France  was  in  1880,  while  she  nov/  produces  575,000  tons. 
Why  should  we  not  keep  our  promise  to  contimie  the  bounty  for  14  years 
and  succeed  in  producing  our  own  sugar? 

SUGAR,   WHAT  SUPPLYING  OUR  OWN  WANTS   MEANS. 

To  show  what  producing  our  own  sugar  means,  remember  that  in  1893 
we  consumed  1,891,911  tons,  and  that  we  paid  out  for  foreign  sugar  over 
$116,000,000.  To  supply  our  own  wants,  we  would  require,  say,  800  sugar 
factories  turning  out  50,000  pounds  a  day  during  a  **  campaiffn  "  of  100 
days  in  a  year. 


A  national  government  -vvhicli  has  not  the 
power  within  itself  to  protect  its  own  membership, 
and  to  have  some  control  over  their  election,  is  as 
weak  as  water  and  can  not  very  long:  endure. 

—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,    Illinois. 


SUGAR.     (Continued.) 

This  would  mean  a  call  on  the  farmers  of  this  country  annually 

i'or tons  of  beets..".  24,000,000 

For  which  they  would  receive  at  (15)  per  ton 5120,000,000 

•The  area  cultivated  would  be acres...  1,600,000 

(Scattered  probably  over  a  dozen  or  more  States.) 
Tlie  value  of  the  labor  required  in  the  beet  fields  per  annum 

would  probably  aggregate $40,000,000 

And  in  the  factories 36,000,000 

The  coal  consumed  would  cost 19,000,000 

The  coke  consumed  would  cost 4,200,000 

The  limestone  consumed  would  cost 3,600,000 

The  freight  on  materials  would  cost 5,750,000 

Filter  bags,  oils  and  grease  would  cost „. 2,400,000 

Or  a  total  of. [ $230,950,000 

We  should  not  delude  ourselves  with  the  idea  that  the  two  or  three 
States  now  growing  sugar  are  the  only  ones  interested  in  this  industry. 
On  the  contrary,  the  mechanic,  the  laborer,  the  merchant,  and  the  farmer 
in  many  States,  aside  from  the  cane,  beet,  and  sorghum  belt,  are  deeply 
interested  in  this  struggle.  Prof.  Wiley,  of  the  Agricultural  Department^ 
officially  show^s  that  California,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Missouri, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  North  and  South  Dakota,  Ohio,  Oregon, 
Virginia,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  Wyomingf>and  Utah  are  all  well 
adapted  to  the  beet  culture.  In  fact,  there  is  no  reason  why  a  dozen  othei 
States  should  not  be  included. 

Prior  to  1857  Louisiana  had  paid  to  eastern  founderies  and  machine  shops 
over  $10,000,000  for  engines,  sugar  mills,  kettles,  furnaces,  doors,  grates, 
bars,  vacuum  pans,  pumps,  water  pipes,  wagons  and  harness.  She  had 
paid  to  Tennessee,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Indiana  over 
$7,500,000  for  mules  and  horses  for  her  plantations.  She  had  purchased 
every  year  over  $1,500,000  of  pork,  $65,000  of  flour,  $275,000  of  shoes,  $1,250,- 
000  of  clothing,  half  a  million  dollars  of  blankets,  and  $1,250,000  of  horses 
and  mules,  or  a  total  of  nearly  $4,700,000  annually.  She  has  three  times 
the  amount  of  capital  invested  that  she  then  had,  and  her  calls  on  those 
States  for  agricultural  products,  mechanical  appliances,  and  her  sugar 
product,  make  an  interstate  commerce  of  $50,000,000  annually.  A  devel- 
opment of  our  sugar  production  ten  times  over  would  also  multiply  ten 
times  over  all  the  machinery,  food,  and  supplies  required  to  carry  on  the 
business.  It  is  not  simply  saving  the  $116,000,000  now  sent  abroad  to  buy 
sugar,  but  employing  the  capital,  labor,  and  connected  industries  at 
home  which  are  engaged  in  the  production  of  the  supply. 

SUGAR,  SOUTHERN  DEMOCRATS  WANT  PROTECTION  ON. 

In  discussing  the  tariff  bill,  Senator  Blanchard,  of  Louisiana,  said: 
"  But  I  here  and  now  protest  against  the  bill  [Wilson  free  sugar  bill], 
in  the  name  of  the  people  of  Louisiana,  whose  great  industry  of  sugar- 
makinsTi  worth  125,000,000  a  year  and  forming  the  basis  of  an  interstate 


What  (let  me  ask)  is  the  fanners'  department 
of  this  Government  doing  under  its  present  head '. 
-Hon.  J.  W.  Bahcock,   Wisconsin. 


SUGAR.    (Couinued.) 

commerce  of  i50,000,000  a  year,  is  disastrously  affected  by  it.  I  protest 
against  the  policy  which  puts  sugar  on  the  free  list,  which  denies  to  the 
exhausted  Treastxry|the  revenue  which  a  duty  upon  that  article  would 
bring,  and  which  Jirostrates  a  great  industry  in  my  State.  In  the  name 
of  the  sugar-producfers  of  Louisiana  I  protest  against  the  passage  of  the 
bill  in  its  present  form. 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  if  the  sugar  industry  of  the  United  States  were  given 
this  protection,  it  would  be  but  a  short  time  before  all  of  the  sugar  con- 
sumed in  the  United  States  would  be  produced  within  the  limits  of  our 
great  country. 

"  Why,  sir,  the  beet-sugar  industry  of  the  United  States  is  just  now  in 
its  infancy.  Across  the  water,  in  the  Germanic  Empire,  we  find  a  million 
tons  of  sugar  produced  annually  from  beets,  and  yet  we  have  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States  a  Territory  twice  as  large  as  the  Germanic  Em- 
pire, just  as  susceptible  of  raising  the  sugar  beet  successfully  as  it  is  raised 
in  Germany.  We  have  another  area  in  the  United  States,  three  times 
the  size  of  the  Germanic  Empire,  that  will  raise  successfully  sorghum  for 
sugar-making;  and  we  have  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  an- 
other area  of  country  as  great  as  the  Germanic  Empire,  which  will  raise 
cane  for  sugar-making,  with  a  degree  of  success  that  has  surpassed  the 
expectations  of  the  most  sanguii^^. 

"  With  this  adaptability  of  our  country  for  beet-raising,  and  sorghum- 
raising,  and  cane-raising  for  sugar-making  purposes,  it  needs  but  the 
fostering  care  of  the  Government  on  the  line  of  a  taritt'  for  revenue,  with 
the  incident  of  protection,  and  thereafter  a  cessation  of  agitation  of  the 
question,  to  make  that  industry  one  of  the  greatest  in  America. 

"  Just  now,  with  all  the  possibilities  I  have  mentioned  for  successful 
sugar  production  in  the  United  States,  we  produced  only  about  330,000 
tons  of  sugar  last  year,  as  against  a  million  of  tons  in  Germany. 

*'  But  this  industry  of  sugar-making  in  the  United  States  is  just  budding 
into  full  fruition.  It  can  now  plainly  be  seen  that  if  it  continues  to  thrive 
and  develop  in  the  next  few  years  as  it  has  in  the  last  few  years,  in  a  de- 
cade or  two  we  would  not  only  raise  in  this  country  the  2,000,000  tons  of 
sugar  our  people  annually  consume,  but  would  become  exporters  of  sugar 
to  other  countries." 

The  entire  Louisiana  delegation  united  in  the  demands  for  protection, 
and  publicly  stated  that  Gorman,  Brice,  and  Cleveland  had  promised  to 
restore  the  duty,  and  the  bargain  was  kept  in  spite  of  the  Wilson  bill. 

SUGAR  AND  MOLASSES  REFINING,  1890. 

Establishments 393 

Capital $24,013,008 

Employes 7,529 

Wages §t2,815,275 

Materials 107,758,811 

Products 123,118,259 

Wages  per  capita,  $373.91. 

288 


An  honest  American  ballot  Is  tbe  stronsroBt, 
tne  most  Herculean  power  in   the  world. 

—Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,   Illinois. 


SUGAR  AND  MOLASS£S  REFINING,     (CoHtlnued.) 

Amount  of  dutiable,  imported  in  1893,  $109,817,948;  amount  of  duty  col- 
lected, f  193,294 ;  imported  free  of  duty,  ^116,947,430 ;  estimatefZ  duty  for  one 
year  under  the  new  law,  $43,285,664 ;  ad  valorem  rate  of  duty  increased, 
172.10. 

In  calculating  a  *'  reduction  "  or  an  "  increase  of  duty  "  the  Senate  tables 
take  1(X)  as  the  standard  of  comparison.  Thus,  sugar  is  said  to  be  "  in- 
creased" in  ad  valorem  duty  by  taking  the  dififererce  between  the  cus- 
toms receipts  on  the  small  quantity  of  refined  sugf^r  last  year,  and  made 
the  basis  of  comparison  with  the  estimated  receipts  under  the  Senate  bill 
on  all  kinds  of  sugar. 

SUGAR,  PRICE  OF. 

Willett  &  Gray's  Sugar  Trade  Journal,  Feb.  1, 1894,  gave  the  following 

price  list : 

January,  1889 cents  per  lb...       7 1 

January,  1890 "         "      ...        6i 

January,  1891 "         "      ...        6i 

January,  1892 ♦'         "      ...        4 

January,  1893 ♦'  "      ...        4J 

January,  1894 ''         *'     4and4i 

Refined  sugar  is  now  about  1  to  11  cents  more ;  or,  5  to  5i  cents  per 

pound. 

SUGAR,  AMOUNT  OF  BEET,  PRODUCED  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

Years.  Tons. 

1880 357 

1885 GOO 

1890 2,800 

1891. 6,400 

1892 12,000 

1893  (estimated) 25,000 

SUGAR,  AVERAGE  COST  PER  POUND  IN  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

Years.  Cents. 

1880 4.18 

1881 L4.41 

1882 4.41 

1883 4.37 

1884 3.61 

1885 2.67 

1886 2.84 

1887 2.60 

1888 2.75 

1889 3.21 

1890 3.28 

284 


% 


I  do  not  know  of  any  crime  that  the  farmer 
has  coniniitted  that  he  sliould  be  deprlA'ed  of 
protection  and  his  home  market  turned  over 
to  Canada  and  the  other  people  of  the  earth. 

—  Senator  R.  F.  Pettigrew,    Sovith  Dakota* 


SUGARXcONSUMPTION  of,  per  capita  in  the  world  in  1890. 

Pounds. 

Geriaany 22.9 

Aust^a ; 16.1 

France 28.5 

HoUanH 25.0 

Russia  .!.v 9.8 


Belgium..\ 21.8 

Denmark.X ii'J.O 


Sweden  andNorway * 21.9 

Italy 8.0 

Roumania .v.... 5.1 

Spain 9.1 

Portugal  and  Madeira 12.5 

England 77.8 

Bulgaria 4.1 

Greece 10.3 

Servia 8.7 

Turkey 6.4 

Switzerland 32.4 

All  Europe 21.9 

North  America 58.5 

United  States .". 66.0 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  we  are  the  largest  sugar  consumers 
in  the  world,  except  England. 

SUGAR,       increased  duty  of,  under  new  I.AW. 
McKINtEY  I.AW :  ^ 

All  sugar  not  above  No.  16  Dutch  standard Free. 

Molasses,  sugar  drainings,  sirupsof  cane  juice,  maleda,concentrated 

molasses,  etc " 

Increase  of  above  under  new  law,  per  cent 100.00 

NEW  I.AW. 

Sugar  above  No.  16  Dutch  standard  in  color,  beet,  cane,  &c.,  in- 
crease, per  cent 2u6.00 

Sugar,  cane  and  other,  except  maple  (if  export  bounty  is  in  excess 

of  that  paid  on  sugar  of  lower  grade),  increase,  per  cent 185.79 

Sugar  candy  and  confectionary,  increase,  per  cent 70.81 

Glucose,  or  grape  sugar,  increase,  per  cent .'. 86.74 

All  other  not  specially  provided  for,  increase,  per  cent .'30.00 

Average  net  increase  over  McKinley  law 172.10 

Total  duties  under  new  law $43,478,958 

Total  duties  under  McKinley  law 1^198,294 

Net  increase  of  new  law  over  McKinley  law $43,285,<j61 

SWEDEN. 

In  Sweden  the  standard  is  gold.      The   monetary  unit  is  the  crown. 
The  value  in  United  States  coin  is  §0.26.8.    Tlie  coins  are  gold :  10  and  20 
crowns.    In  the  Scandinavian  Union  the  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  1  of  gold 
to  14.88  of  silver. 
SWITZERLAND. 

In  Switzerland  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is 
the  franc ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3 ;  the  coins  are  gold : 
5, 10,  20,  60,  and  100  francs  ;  silver,  5  francs.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is 
one  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver  or  1  of  gold  to  14.38  of  limited  tender  silver. 

285 


The  first  duty  of  a  man  who  Is  worthy  of  the 
name,  is  to  protect  his  own  family  and  those  who 
are  dependent  upon  him. 

--Senator  Joseph  M.  Carey,  Wyomins* 


T 
TARIFF. 


THE   FATHERS  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


THE  TARIFF  AND  THE  DEMOCRACY. 


TEXT : 

'*  The  representatives  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  United  States  in 
National  Convention  assembled,  do  affirm  their  allegiance  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  party  as  formulated  by  Jefferson  and  exemplified  by  the  long 
and  illustrious  line  of  his  successors  in  Democratic  leadership,  from 
Madison  to  Cleveland." 

CHICAGO  PliATFORM,  189J8. 

How  APPLIED :  "We  denounce  Republican  protection  as  a  fraud,  a 
robbery  of  the  great  majority  of  the  American  people  for  the  benefit  of 
the  few.  We  declare  it  to  be  a  fundamental  principle  of  the  Democratic 
party  that  the  Federal  Government  has  no  constitutional  power  to  im- 
pose and  collect  duties,  except  for  the  purposes  of  revenue  only,  *  and  we 
demand  that  the  collection  of  such  taxes  shall  be  limited  to  the  neces- 
sities of  the  Government  when  honestly  and  economically  adminis- 
tered.' We  denounce  the  McKinley  tariff  law  enacted  by  the  Fifty-first 
Congress  as  the  culminating  atrocity  of  class  legislation,  *  *  *  and 
we  promise  its  repeal  as  one  of  the  beneficent  results  that  will  follow  the 
action  of  the  people  in  intrusting  power  to  the  Democratic  party." 

HOW   EXEMPLIFIED   BY  THOMAS  JEEFEKSON.    MESSAGE  NOV.  8, 

1808, 

**  The  suspension  of  our  foreign  commerce  produced  by  the  injustice 
of  the  belligerent  power,  and  the  consequent  losses  and  sacrifices 
of  our  citizens,  are  subjects  of  just  concern.  The  situation  into  which 
we  have  thus  been  forced  has  impelled  us  to  apply  a  portion  of  our 
industry  and  capital  to  internal  manufactures  and  improvements. 
The  extent  of  this  conversion  is  daily  increasing,  and  little  doubt 
remains  that  the  establishments  formed  and  forming,  will,  under 
the  auspices  of  cheaper  materials  and  subsistence,  the  freedom  of  labor 
from  taxation  with  us,  and  of  protecting  duties  and  prohibitions,  become 
permanent." 

"  Tbe  remaining  revenue  on  the  consumption  of  foreign  articles  is  paid 
cheerfully  by  those  who  can  afford  to  add  foreign  luxuries  to  domestic 
comforts,  being  collected  on  our  seaboard  and  frontiers  only,  and  incor- 
porated into  the  transactions  of  our  mercantile  citizens.  It  may  be  the 
pleasure  and  pride  of  an  American  to  ask,  what  farmer,  what  mechanic. 


In  oui"  children  gTe»t  racei^  are  to  be  blenderl, 
who  will  contribute  every  txuality  of  which  great 
States  are  biiilded. 

—Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  Massachusetts. 


THE  WiFP  AND  THE  DEMOCRACY.    (Continued.) 
whab^aborer,  ever  sees  a  tax-gatherer  of  the  United  States  ?" 

MESSA<iE  MARCH  4,  1805, 

\  "Other  circumstances,    combined    with  the 

increase  of  Wmbers,  have  produced  an  augmentation  of  revenue    *    * 
*    we  may\ow  safely  dispense  with  all  internal  taxes."    *    *    * 

MESSAGE  DEdv  8,  1801, 

\  "  The  question,    therefore,  now  comes   forwai'd 

to  what  other  obj^ts  shall  these  surplusses  be  appropriated,  and  tlio 
whole  surplus  of  imposts,  after  the  entire  discharge  of  the  public  debt, 
and  during  those  intervals,  when  the  purposes  of  Avar  shall  not  call  for 
them.  Shall  we  suppress  the  imposts,  and  give  that  advantage  to  foreign 
over  domestic  manufactures?  On  a  few  articles  ot  more  general  and 
necessary  use  the  suppression  in  due  season  will  doubtless  be  right ;  but 
the  great  mass  of  the  articles  on  Avliich  impost  is  paid  are  foreign  luxu- 
ries, purchased  by  those  only  who  are  rich  enough  to  atford  themselves 
the  use  of  them.  Their  patriotism  would  certainly  prefer  its  continuance 
and  application  to  the  great  purposes  of  the  public  education,  reads* 
rivers,  canals,  and  such  other  objects  of  public  improvement  as  uiay  be 
thought  proper  to  add  to  the  constitutional  enumeration  of  Federal 
powers." 

BY  JAMES  aiAI>ISON.    MESSAGE  DEC.  8,  1806, 

The  first  revenue  law  passed  by  the  United  States  after  the  ado})tion 
of  the  Constitution,  was  one  prepared  under  a  resolution  of  Mr. 
Madison.  It  passed  the  Plouse  May  14,  and  the  Senate  June  12 ;  was 
sent  to  a  conference,  passed  both  Houses,  and  was  approved  by 
President  Washington  and  became  a  law  July  4,  1789.  The  jn-eamble 
of  this  law  recited :  "  Whereas  it  is  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  the  encouragement  and  protection  of  manufactures,"  etc. 
This  act  provided  for  both  Specific  and  xVd  valorem  duties.  Among 
the  former  were :  Boots,  50  cents  per  pair ;  tallow  candles,  2  cents  a 
pound;  coal  2  cents  per  bushel;  etc.  James  Madison,  who  has  been 
called  "the  father  of  the  Constitution,"  was  also  the  legislative  "father 
of  protection"  to  American  manufactures. 

SPECIAL  MESSAGE,  MAY  33,  1809, 

"  The  revision  of  our  commercial 
laws  proper,  to  adapt  them  to  the  arrangement  which  has  taken  place 
with  Great  Britain,  will  doubtless  engage  the  early  attention  of  Congress. 
It  will  be  worthy,  at  the  same  time  of  their  just  and  proudest  care,  to 
make  such  further  alterations  in  the  laws  as  will  more  especially  protect 
and  foster  the  several  branches  of  manufacture  which  have  been  recently 
instituted  or  extended  by  the  laudable  exertions  of  our  citizens." 
In  all  his  messages  he  expresses  his  solicitude  about  our  manufactures ; 

287 


The  idea  of  Icgrislatingr  for  the  purpose  of 
embarrassinjj  a  foreign  government  is  neitlier 
dignified  nor  safe. 

—Senator  J.  Donald  Cameron,  Pennsylvania. 


THE  TARIFF  AND  THE  DEHOCRACY.  (Continued.) 

to  meet  the  exigencies  of  war  ho  recommends  a  renewal  of  internal  tax* 
ation  ;  but  when  hostilities  were  over  lie  says : 

MESSAGE  DEC.  5,  1816, 

"Under  circumstances  giving  a  fowerful  impe- 
tus to  mauufacturing  industry,  it  has  made  among  us  a  progress  and  exlii- 
bited  au  efficiency  which  justify  the  belief  that  with  a  protection  not  more 
tliau  is  duo  to  the  enterprising  citizens  whose  interests  are  now  at  stal^e, 
it  will  become  at  an  early  day  not  only  safe  against  occasional  compe- 
titions from  abroad,  but  a  source  of  domestic  wealth,  and  even  of  exter- 
nal commerce.  In  solccting  the  branches  n0re  especially  entitled  to  the 
pul)lic  patronage,  a  preference  is  obviousl;^  claimed  by  such  as  will  re- 
lieve the  United  States  from  a  dependence  on  foreign  supplies,  ever 
sufyect  t<^  casual  failures  for  articles  necessary  for  the  public  defense,  or 
connected  with  the  primary  wants  of  individuals^  It  will  be  an  additional 
recommendation  of  particular  manufactures  where  the  materials  for 
them  are  extensively  drawn  from  our  agriculture,  and  consequently  im- 
])art  and  insure  to  tiiut  great  fund"  of  national  prosperity  and  indepen- 
dence an  encouragement  which  cannot  fail  to  be  rewarded." 

BY  JAMES  MONROE.    MESSAGE  MARCH  5,  1817, 

"  Our  manufactures  will  likewise  require  the  systematic  and  foster- 
ing care  of  the  Government.  Possessing  as  we  do  all  the  raw  materials, 
the  fruit  of  our  own  soil  and  industry,  we  ought  not  to  depend  in  the 
degree  wo  have  done  on  supplies  from  other  countries.  While 
we  are  thus  dependent,  the  sudden  event  of  Avar,  unsoTight  and 
unexpected,  cannot  fail  to  plunge  us  into  the  most  serious  difficulties. 
It  is  important,  too,  that  the  capital  which  nourishes  our  manufactures 
should  be  domestic,  as  its  influence  in  that  case,  instead  of  exhausting, 
as  it  may  do  in  foreign  hands,  would  be  felt  advantageously  on  agricul- 
ture and  every  olLier  branch  of  industry.  Equally  important  is  it  to  pro- 
vide at  home  a  market  for  our  raw  materials,  as  by  extending  the 
(!ompetition  it  will  enhance  the  price  and  protect  the  cultivation  against 
the  casualties  incident  to  foreign  markets. 

"  From  the  best  information  that  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  it  appears 
that  our  manufactures,  though  depressed  immediately  after  the  peace, 
have  considerably  increased  and  are  still  increasing,  under  the  encour- 
agement given  them  by  the  tarilf  of  181G,  and  by  subsequent  laws.    *    * 

•■*  On  full  consideration  of  the  subject,  in  all  its  relations,  I  am  per- 
suaded that  a  further  augmentation  may  now  bo  made  of  the  duties  on 
certain  foreign  articles,  in  favor  of  our  own,  and  without  affecting  injuri- 
ously any  other  interest." 

MESSAGE  DEC.  2,  1883, 

"Under  this  impression  *!  recommend  a  review 


Tlie    direction     in     which    true    American  i 
would  move  would  not  be  from  good  government 

to  barbarous  despotism.  

—Hon.  Kobert  R.  Hitt,  Illinois. 


THE  TARIFF  AND  THE  DEnOCRACY.    (Continued.) 

of  the  tariITfoV|,he  purpose  of  aflbrding  such  additional  protection  to  those 
articles  whicli  \iNa  are  i>repare.d  to  manufacture,  or  wliicliaro  more  im- 
mediately connec^d  with  the  defense  and  independence  of  tlie  country." 

BY  ANDREW  JACi^ON.    MESSAGE  DEC.  7,  1830, 

"Among-  the  num(X-ous  causes  of  congratulation,  the  condition  of 
our  import  revenue  de^rves  special  mentio]i,  inasmucli  as  it  promises 
the  means  of  extinguishing  the  public  debt  sooner  than  was  antici 
pated,  and  furnishes  aX^Lrong  illustration  of  the  practical  eft'ecta 
of  the  present  tariff  upon^our  commercial  interests.  The  object  of 
the  taritf  is  objected  to  l)y  some  as  unconstitutional,  and  it  is  considered 
by  almost  all  as  defective  in  many  of  its  ])arts.  The  power  to  impose  du- 
ties on  imports  originally  Ijclonged  to  tlie  states.  The  right  to  adjust 
those  duties  witli  a  view  to  the  encouragement  of  domestic  branches  of  in- 
dustry is  so  completely  identical  with  that  power  tliat  it  is  difficult  to 
supijQse  the  existence  of  the  one  without  the  other.  The  States  have  dele- 
gated their  wliole  authority  over  imports  to  the  (jleneral  Government, 
without  limitation  or  restriction  saving  the  very  inconsiderable  reserva- 
tion relating  to  their  inspection  laws.  The  authority  having  thus  entire- 
ly passed  from  the  States,  the  right  to  exercise  it  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
tection does  not  exist  in  them,  and  consequently,  if  it  bo  not  possessed 
by  the  General  GoA^ernment,  it  must  be  extinct.  Our  political  system 
v.ould  thus  present  the  anomaly  of  a  people  stripped  of  the  right  to  fos- 
ter their  own  industry,  and  to  counteract  the  most  selfish  and  destructive 
policy  which  might  be  adopted  by  foreign  nations.  This  surely  cannot 
be  the  case;  this  indispensable  power,  thus  surrendered  by  the  States, 
nuist  bo  within  the  scope  of  the  authority  on  the  subject  expressly  dele- 
gated to  Congress.  In  this  conclusion  I  am  confirmed  as  well  by  the 
oxnnions  of  Presidents  Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Monroe,  who 
have  each  repeatedly  recommended  the  exercise  of  this  right  under  the 
Constitution,  as  by  the  uniform  practice  of  Congress,  the  confinued  ac- 
quiescence of  the  States,  and  the  general  understanding  of  the  people." 

CONCLUSIONS  FOR  THE  FOREGOING  TESTIMONY. 

1.  On  a  review  of  the  teachings  and  practices  of  the  Makers  of  the  Con- 
stitution and  the  Government,  we  are  driven  to  the  inevitable  conclu- 
sion,—that,  if  it  be  "a  fundamental  principle  of  the  Democratic  party,  that 
the  Federal  Government  has  no  constitutional  power  to  impose  and 
collect  duties"  for  the  protection  of  American  industries,— then  the  Demo 
cratic  party  has  no  lot  or  part  in  "the  long  and  illustrious  line"  of  lead- 
ers who  were  Presidents  from  1789  to  1830;  for  Washington,  Jefferson, 
Madison,  Monroe,  and  Jackson,  all  assert  the  existence  of  this  constitu- 
tional power,  and  advocate  and  commend  its  exercise. 

2.  If  there  is  "no  constitutional  power  to  impose  and  collect  duties"  for 
protection,  in  the'Gcneral  Government,  then  each  one  of  these  makers  and 

289 


Reciprocity  versus  Free-trade.  Reciprof.ity 
means  xuore  products  and  manufactures  at  home 
and  more  sales  abroad.  Free-trade  means  less 
products  and  manufactures  at  home  and  more 
piu-chases  abroad.  One  Avay  lies  thrift  and  pros- 
perity ;  the  other  way  hard  times  and  distress. 

—Senator  £ug:ene  Hale,   Maine. 


THE  TARIFF  AND  THE  DEMOCRACY.  (Contlnaed.) 

illustrious  leaders  of  the  Country,  was  ignorant  of  the  Constitution, 
usurped  powers  not  conferred  by  that  instrument,  trampled  its  limita- 
tions under  his  feet,  and  deserves  nothing  but  execracion  from  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  the  only  competent  expounder  of  thai  instrument. 

3.  If  the  five  Presidents  named,  and  adding  tethem  the  two  Adams's, 
constitute  "along  line  of  illustrious  leaders,"  worthy  the  following  of 
the  parties  of  to-day;  then  they  are  the  leaders  of  the  Republican  party, 
which  continues  to  maintain  their  principles,  and  to  follow  their  example, 
in  refusing  "to  suppress  the  imposts  and  give  that  advantage  to  foreign 
over  domestic  manufactures,"  but  insists  that  in  **the  revision  of  our 
commercial  laws"  Congress  shall  take  care  to  "protect  and  foster  the  sev- 
eral branches  of  manufactures"  which  "have  been  instituted  or  extended 
by  the  laudable  exertions  of  our  citizens." 

4.  If  "  Republican  protection  is  a  fraud,  a  robbery  of  the  great  majority 
of  the  American  people  for  the  benefit  of  the  few,"  then  James  Madison, 
•*•  the  father  of  the  Constitution  "  was  the  prime  author  of  tliis  system  of 
fraud  and  robbery,  for  he  is  also  "the  father  of  protection"  in 
American  legislation.  And  Washington,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  and  the 
others,  concurred  with  him  in  establishing  this  fraud  and  robbery  of  the 
American  people. 

5.  If  it  be  true  that  "the  Federal  Government  has  no  constitutional 
power  to  impose  and  collect  duties"  for  "the  encouragement  of  domes- 
tic branches  of  industry,"  then  this  power  "  must  be  extinct,"  for  "  the 
States  have  delegated  their  whole  authority  over  imposts  to  the  General 
Government,"  and  cannot  in  any  manner  interfere.  If  the  Chicago 
Democratic  platform  is  correct,  what  an  "  Old  Jack"  the  Hero  of  New 
Orleans  must  have  been. 

6.  If  the  Chicago  platform  is  true,  and  it  is  "  a  fundamental  principle  of 
the  Democratic  party  that  the  Federal  Government  has  no  constitution, 
power  to  impose  and  collect  duties,except  for  the  purposes  of  revenue 
only,"  then  there  is  a  misprint  in  all  the  editions  of  the  platform  which 
ought  long  ago  to  have  been  corrected.  Instead  of  "  Federal "  we  musj 
read  "  Confederate,"  then  all  is  clear  and  consistent.  Compare  the  two 
constitutions,  and  see : 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

Article  1,  sections.  "The  Congress  shall  have  power:— to  lay  and 
collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  fwiy  the  debts,  and  pro- 
vide for  the  common  defense  and  general  welfare,  of  the  United  States ; 
but  all  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
United  States." 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES  OF  AMEBICA, 

Article  1,  sections.  "The  Congress  shall  have  power;— to  lay  and 
collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises, /or  the  revenue  necessary  to 

290 


All  sections  of  our  country  are  parts  of  one 
body,  wliicli  can  be  hurt  in  no  part  without  bring- 
ing pain  and  injury  to  every  part. 

-Hon.  Seth  L,.  Milliken,  Maine. 


THE  TARIf^  AND  THE  DEflOCRACY.    (Continued.) 

pay  the  d^ts,  provide  for  the  coramon  defense,  and  carry  on  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Cmfederate  States ;  hut  no  bounties  shall  he  granted  from 
the  treasury,  n^r  shall  any  duties  or  taxes  on  importations  from  foreign 
nations  he  laid  to  promote  or  foster  any  hranch  of  industry ;  and  all 
duties,  imposts,  aud  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  Confeder- 
ate States." 

The  words  printed  \n  italics  in  the  Confederate  constitution  are  those 
in  which  it  differs  from,  that  of  the  United  States.  The  differences  con- 
sist of  three  particulars :  (1)  The  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  power 
to  provide  "  for  the  general  welfare";  the  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  has  not  this  power.  (2)  The  Confederate  Cong  ress  was  limited  in 
the  power  of  taxation  to,  "  the  revenue  necessary," — to  pay  debts, — foi 
the  common  defense,— and  to  "carry  on  the  Government";  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States  is  not  so  limited.  (3)  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress is  expressly  prohibited  from  granting  **  bounties  from  the  treas- 
ury," and  laying  "  duties  or  taxes  on  importations  "  "to  promote  or  foster 
any  branch  of  industry"  ;  no  such  limitation  or  prohibition  is  placed  od. 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  perfectly  clear,  therefore,  that  the  "fundamental  principle**  of 
the  Democratic  party,  concerning  the  unconsitutionality  of  protection, 
relates  to  the  Confederate  Constitution.  And  the  writer  of  this  plank  of 
the  Democratic  platform  must  have  written  "  Confederate,"  and  some 
stupid  type-setter  changed  it  to  "  Federal."  If  this  error  had  been  de- 
tected and  corrected,  we  need  not  have  troubled  ourselves  about  the 
opinions  and  practices  of  the  "  Fathers  of  the  Republic."  We  should 
have  known  at  once  that  the  Democratic  party  was  the  residuary  legatee 
of  the  defunct  Confederacy. 


291 


No  bellerer  In  the  principle  of  protection 
could  logically  join  in  the  rebellion  of  1861,  be- 
cause tliat  trouble  was  founded  almost  wholly 
upon  opposition  to  protection.  If  any  person  liold- 
ing  decided  vicAvs  in  favor  of  protection  to  Ameri- 
can industry  over  participated  in  that  act  of  .seces- 
sion or  engasred  under  its  banner,  lie  was  enlisted 
under  false  pretenses  or  misunderstood  tlie  issue. 
—Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,   Illinois. 


TARIFF.  DEMOCRATS  iiesponsibi:e  for  the  mokrison  tariff 

BILI^S  OF  1884  AND  1886. 

1884.— Vote  to  strike  out  enacting  clause :  Yeas,  159 ;  nays,  155. 

Of  the  159  yeas,  41  were  Democrats,  118  Republicans. 

Of  the  155  nays,  151  were  Democrats,  4  Republicans. 
1886. — Vote  consideration  of  bill :  Yeas,  140 ;  nay^,  157. 

Of  the  yeas,  135  were  Democrats,  4  Republicans,  1  Greenbacker. 

Of  the  nays,  35  were  Democrats,  121  Republicans,  1  Greenbacker. 
Forty-one  Democrats  in  1884  and  35  Democrats  in  1886  voted  for  pro- 
tection, while  for  the  Mills  bill  only  3  Democrats  had  the  courage  to  face 
the  threats  of  a  Democratic  Chief  Magistrate  who  was  playing  party  dic- 
tator. 

TARIFF  ACT  OF  1894. 

TARIFF,  CHANGES  SHOWN  15Y  THE  NEW  I.AW. 


Schedules. 

Decrease. 

Increase. 

No 
change. 

Total 
items. 

A.  Chemicals,  oils,  and  paints 

110 

85 

219 

31 

3 

4 

100 
21 
59 

34 
67 
15 
14 

80 
3 
1 

6 

35 

26 

13 

1 

1 

4 

29 
13 

2 

1 

151 

B.   Earths,  earthenware  and  glassware 

III 

C.    Metals,  and  manufactures  of. 

12 
1 
5 

211 

D.  Wood,  and  manufactures  of 

33 

E.   Sugar 

0 

F.   Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of. 

8 

G.   Agricultural   products   and   pro- 
visions  

16 
2 
3 

2 

115 

II.  Spirits,  wines,  and  other  beverages.. 
I.    Cotton  manufactures 

36 
64 

J.    Flax,  hemp,  and  jute,  and  manu- 
factures of 

37 

K.  Wool,  and  manufactures  of. 

()7 

L    Silk  and  silk  eroods. 

3 
4 

30 

18 

M.  Pulp,  papers,  and  books 

N.  Sundries 

()" 

18 
116 

Sec.  3.  Act  of  Oct.  1, 1890 

■i 

Sec.  4.  Act  of  Oct.  1 ,  1890,  unenumerated 

1 

82 

84 

Total 

846 

54 

244 

1,  144 

292 


H" 


The  Demooi'atlo  party  has  no  f  orelen  markets 
at  Its  disposal.     —Hon.  J.  T.  McCleary,  Minnesota. 


TARIFF,  ACT  OF  1894. 

The  folio Vfing  is  the  showing  of  the  Senate  Committee  as  to  their  bill 
compared  w  iUi  the  M(dCiiiley  law : 


Scheiiules. 


A.  Chemicals,  oils  and  paints 

B.  Earths,  earthen  ware,  and  glassware., 

C.  Metals,  and  manufactures  of. 

D.  Wood,  and  manufactures  of 

E.  Sugar  

F.  Tobacco, and  manufactures  of,.... 

G.  Agricultural  prod  ucts  and  provisions 
H.  Spirits,  wines,  and  other  beverages... 

I.    Cotton  manufactures 

J.   Flax,  hemp,  and  jute,  and  manufac- 
tures of 

K.  Wool,  and  manufactures  of 

L.   Silk  and  silk  goods 

M.  Pulp,  papers,  and  books 

N.  Sundries 

Sec.  4.  Unenumerated 

Articles  transferred  to  free  list  by  both 
House  and  Senate 


Estimated 
duties  by  bill 

(H.R.4864) 
as  passed  by 

the  Senate. 


p,  860,  370.  05 

8,  333,  152.  65 

16,  878,  956.  08 
484,  931.  17 

43,  478,  957.  57 
13,  337,  977.  28 

9,  594,  583.  51 
8,  465,  386.  86 
8,  929,  286.  92 

13,  848,  060.  04 
18,  019,  778.  37 

17,  589,  653.  77 
1,  781,  922.  00 

13,  444, 152.  56 
203,  973.  33 


179,  251,  142.  16 


Average  ad 
valorem  under- 


Present 
law. 


Per  ct. 
31.61 
51.20 
58.33 
31.79 
14.  55 

117.  82 
33.21 
69.90 
55.25 

45 

98.62 

53.56 

23.85 

26.80 

18.98 

27.63 


49.58 


Senate 
bill. 


Per  ct. 
24.44 
35.21 
36.53 
23.62 
39.59 
105.  95 
23.10 
01.01 
43.54 

41.05 
48.82 
46.39 
20.53 
24.45 
18.73 


Note. — The  computations  of  the  average  ad  valorem  rates  of  duty  are 
calculated  upon  the  dntiable  value  only.  The  value  of  the  articles  that 
are  free  of  duty  by  either  the  present  law,  House,  or  Senate  bills  are  ex- 
cluded. 


Dutiable 
value. 

Duty. 

Ad 

valorem 

rate. 

Decrease 
of  duty. 

Under  present  law 

$400,009,658.48 
463,447,16:3.11 

$198,373,452.97 
179,251,142.16 

Per  cent. 
49.58 
38.68 

Under  Senate  bill 

$19,122,310.81 

In  this  table  the  ad  valorem  tariff  on  sugar  is  given  as  14.55  per  cent, 
under  the  McKinley  law.  This  is  not  correct.  It  should  be  17.13,  that  is 
about  17  1-10  one-Jiundredths  of  1  per  cent,  not  14  i  per  cent.  Sugar  was 
/rce,  except  a  small  quantity  of  refined  sugar.  But  this  whole  process  is 
a  humbug,  as  the  rate  should  be  computed  on  the  entire  amount  of  im- 
portations, not  the  dutiable  articles  alone.  Computed  according  to  the 
Democratic  plan  free-trade  England  levies  a  duty  of  67  per  cent,  ad 
T«lorom. 


The  elevation  and  dignity  of  labor  should  be 
the  principal  cardinal  doctrine  of  every  patriotic 
American.     —Senator  Geo.  CPerkius,  California. 


TARIFF,  ACT  OF  1894.    (Continued. 

This  report,  page  462,  shows  the  entire  facts  as  follows :  For  the  year 
ending  June  30, 1893.    Total  imports  entered  for  consumption : 

Free  of  duty ^4,172,064 

Dutiable 400,282,519 

Total 844,454,583 

Proportion  free  per  cent 62.60 

Proportion  dutiable  per  cent 47.40 

Rate  on  dutiable 49.58 

Rate  on  total  imports 23.49 

In  1855  under  the  Walker  tariff  we  have  the  following : 

Imports  free  of  duty $29,913,974 

Imports  dutiable 201,736,366 

Imports  total 233,650,340 

Proportion  free 12.91 

Proportion  dutiable 87.09 

Rate  on  dutiable 26.82 

Rate  on  total 23.36 

Under  the  McKinley  law  for  1893,  the  cost  of  the  tariff  per  capita  of  popu- 
lation was  $2.97.  Under  the  Walker  tariff  for  1854,  $2.46;  for  1855,  $1.99; 
and  for:i856,  $2.28. 

TARIFF  OF  1894,  objections  to  the  new  act. 

The  objections  to  the  Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  Act  as  it  finally  passed, 
are  both  numerous  and  cogent : 

1.  The  first  is  that  given  by  Mr.  Cleveland,  that  it  is  an  act  "of  party 
perfidy  and  dishonor."  But  that  will  not  weigh  much  with  a  party  so 
accustomed  to  trampling  its  pledges  under  foot,  as  is  the  Democratic 
party.  The  men  who  denounced  it  for  everything  vile,  will  be  lauding  it 
to  the  skies  before  the  campaign  is  over. 

2.  The  next  is,  that  it  bears  a  willful  lie  in  its  title ;  because,  instead  of 
being  "  an  act  to  reduce  taxation,"  it  is  an  act  to  increase  taxation.  By 
their  own  showing  it  adds  $78,200,047  worth  of  foreign  imports  to  the 
dutiable  list,  more  than  it  removes  ;  puts  sugar  on  the  dutiable  list  to  the 
amount  of  $41,822,623  of  duty ;  and  increases  the  internal  revenue,  "  war 
taxes,"  to  the  amount  of  $53,000,000.  A  little  thing  like  that,  of  course, 
does  not  hurt  a  Democratic  conscience. 

3.  The  next  is,  that  its  real  object  is  to  reduce  protective  duties  on  all 
our  domestic  industries,  and  especially  those  of  which  iron  and  wool  are 
the  bases;  with  the  avowed  purpose  of  establishing  the  doctrine  of  "  free 
trade  "  in  place  of  that  of  "  protection."  This  issue  is  now  openly  joined 
for  the  first  time  since  the  civil  w^ar. 

4.  The  next  objection  is,  that  in  carrying  out  this  free-trade  program 
it  is  essential  that  we  largely  increase  our  importations  of  foreign  pro- 
ducts, otherwise  we  shall  fail  of  revenue,  and  $200,000,000  is  named  as  the 
ftmount  of  necessary  increase.    Now,  as  "the  balance  of  trade"  has 

2M 


The  Industrial  side  of  the  tariff  controversy 
must  not  be  overlooked.  The  four  millions  of  peo- 
ple who  work  in  our  factory  system  are  the  most 
potent  factors  outside  of  Agriculture  in  our  civili- 
zation. — Hon.  J.  W.  Babcock,  Wisconsin. 


TARIFF.    (Conthxued.) 

already  turned  against  us  under  this  Democratic  administration,  we  shall 
have  to  send  abroad  our  gold  to  pay  for  the  goods,  as  they  will  not  take 
our  silver.  Already  this  policy  has  compelled  the  sale  of  $50,000,000  of 
bonds  to  buy  gold.  And  since  that  sale  the  amount  of  the  gold  reserve 
li^s  fallen  from  $110,000,000  to  $53,000,000.  That  means  we  have  already 
lost  $103,000,000  of  gold  sent  abroad  in  anticipation  of  the  law.  Where 
shall  we  be  in  three  years  at  this  rate? 

5.  The  next  objection  is,  that  it  proposes  to  admit  free  of  duty  "  raw 
material,"  in  order  that  this  material,  wool,  hemp,  coal,  iron,  etc.,  may  be 
reduced  in  price,  so  that  manufacturers  may  be  able  to  cheapen  their 
goods  in  order  to  compete  with  the  cheaper  foreign  importations.  But  this 
means  that  our  farmers  must  reduce  the  price  of  their  hemp  and  wool, 
our  miners  the  price  of  their  coal  and  iron ;  or,  foreign  "  raw  material " 
must  take  the  market. 

This  means  a  reduction  of  wages  all  along  the  line,  because  labor  costs 
80  per  cent,  and  capital  20  per  cent,  of  the  average  cost  of  production. 

6.  The  next  objection  is  that  it  is  a  combination  of  ignorance  and  sec- 
tionalism. It  strives  to  inflict  the  greatest  injury  on  Northern  interests, 
and  the  least  on  Southern,  having  been  prepared  almost  entirely  by 
Southern  men ;  in  the  House,  Wilson,  McMillin,  Breckinridge,  and 
others ;  and  in  the  Senate,  Mills,  Jones,  Gorman,  and  others.  Such 
blunders  as  taxing  "  steel  rods  "  of  which  barbed  wire  is  made  more  than 
the  "barbed  wire"  itself:  cleaned  rice  more  than  rice  flour:  releasing 
from  tax,  without  restriction,  all  "  alcohol "  used  in  the  arts  and  medi- 
cines ;  and  dozens  of  others  illustrate  the  ignorance  displayed. 

7.  And  finally,  that  its  proposal  has  already  cost  the  country  in  busi- 
ness loss  and  stagnation  more  than  the  entire  cost  of  the  civil  war ;  and 
as  it  is  but  a  threat  of  more  to  follow,  and  is  accompanied  by  the  open 
avowal  that  war  on  our  manufacturing  industries  is  to  be  kept  up  until 
the  tariff  for  revenue  system  is  superseded  by  an  extension  and  perma- 
nent establishment  of  internal  revenue  taxes,  its  future  injury  is  incalcu- 
lable. A  new  issue  is  thrust  into  our  politics :  "  Shall  our  necessary  reve- 
nue be  collected  by  a  Tariff  on  foreign  products,  or  by  Internal  Taxes  on 
our  own  people." 

TARIFF,  COST  OF  wii^son  bii.i.. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  for 
the  year  1893  has  just  been  issued  in  a  volume  of  400  pages,  and  suggests 
some  startling  conclusions. 

1.  It  is  the  first  time  these  reports  have  ever  had  to  report  a  decrease  of 
industries.  Compared  with  1892,  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  value  of 
stock  of  7.32  per  cent.;  in  value  of  products  of  8.10  per  cent.;  of  persons 
employed,  4.26  per  cent.;  of  wages  paid,  7.75  per  cent. 

2.  There  were  4,397  establishments  reporting  for  both  years;  in  1892 
there  were  employed  306,203  persons;  in  1893, 293,169  persons.  The  greatest 


The  wages  paid  In  manufacturing  districts 
in  Enjjland  ftom  wliicli  we  import  quantities  of 
Isnit  underwear  will  average  not  more  tliau 
SlG5toS175a  year,  while  the  average  wages 
in  the  same  industry  in  this  country  are  from 
S400  to  S450  a  year. 

—Senator  Matthew  S.  Quay,   Pennsylvania. 


TARIFF.    (Contlnued.l 

loss  of  numbers  was  in  the  carpet  industries,  7.82  per  cent.;  and  the 
greatest  loss  of  wases  in  the  woolen  industries,  33.69  per  cent.;  showing 
the  effect  of  the  "  free  wool "  proposals  in  the  Democratic  tarilF. 

3.  The  loss  to  the  laborers  of  the  State  as  shown  by  this  report  is  fear- 
ful. In  1892  the  average  earnings  were  ^50.59 ;  in  1893,  |434.17  ;  an  aver- 
age loss  of  $10.42,  to  each  of  the  293,169  persons  employed  ;  and  a  total 
lossof  wages  to  them  of  $4,823,835.  Add  to  this  the  wage  loss  of  those 
out  of  employment,  13,034,  at  the  average  of  ^50.59,  $5,873,990,  and  the 
total  loss  of  wages  in  Massachusetts  alone,  due  to  Democratic  rule  was 
$10,686,825. 

4.  As  the  number  of  employed  in  these  Massachusetts  industries  re- 
ported is  abQut  one-fifteenth  of  all  those  employed  in  the  industries  of 
the  country,  if  all  have  sufi'ered  in  equal  proportion,  then  there  were 
thrown  out  of  employment  in  1893,  195,510  persons  ;  and  this  enforced 
idleness,  and  reduction  of  wages,  involved  a  wage  loss  of  $100,302,375. 
TARIFF,  I.OSSES  by  nkw  law  on  woot,  wooi-en  goods  and 

MANUFACTURES  OF  WOOD. 

Boards,  and  other  mainilactures  of  wood $1,372,871 

Wool $8,147,220 

Noils,  rags  and  wool  waste 56,103 

o  203  323 

Woolen  goods 18^385^019 

Total $27,961,213 

Reduction  on  Manufactures  of  Wood  25.70  j^er  cent. 
Reduction  on  Woolen  Goods  50.50  per  cent. 

TARIFF,  EFFECT  OF  NEW  I.AW. 

The  effectof  the  new  United  States  tariff  bill  has  been  instantaneous  in 
Berlin,  Frankfort,  Chemnitz,  and  other  export  countries.  The  very  day 
the  law  went  into  effect  the  invoices  passing  through  the  United  States 
Consulate-General  increased  50  per  cent,  and  on  the  following  two  days 
the  number  was  doubled.  The  industries  most  aflected  are  decorative 
china,  ready-made  clothing,  paperware  and  chemicals.  The  whole  Ger- 
man export  trade  to  the  United  States  will  be  increased,  owing  to  the 
passage  of  the  United  States  tariff  measure,  from  100  to  150  per  cent,  if 
present  indications  can  be  relied  on. 

If  protection  does  not  protect,  and  we  have  to  i)ay  all  the  duty  in  en- 
hanced prices,  why  do  foreign  producers  rejoice  at  our  reduction  of  duties, 
and  prepare  to  reap  fortunes  in  our  markets. 

And,  if  foreign  producers  are  to  send  us  a  double  quantity  of  goods, 
won't  we  have  to  send  them  money  to  pay  for  them,  when  the  balance  of 
trade  is  against  us. 

And  if  we  double  our  importation  of  foreign  goods  will  it  not  reduce 
our  production  of  like  goods  to  the  same  extent ;  and  what  will  become 
of  our  manufacturers  and  their  workmen  ? 


A  levenne  tariff,  pnre  and  simple.  Is  a  intsno- 
iner  and  an  impossibility.  It  is  merely  a  half-way 
house  between  free  trade  and  protection,  a  neutral 
ground  where  eowards  may  meet  as  under  a  truce 
to  concoct  unholy  compromises  and  base  compacts 
between  susar  trusts  and  lead  trusts  and  question- 
able "combines."  —Senator  S.  M.  Cullom,  Illinois. 


TARIFF  OF  1894,  motive  and  effects  of  the  new  i.aw. 

Mr.  Wilson  and  his  Democratic  friends  are  so  frantically  anxious  to 
strike  down  protected  industries  of  Northern  States  that  they  were  even 
willing  to  vote  tot  this  gigantic  robbery,  carrying  it  through  the  IIouho 
by  a  vote  of  182  to  105,  in  order  to  prevent  the  failure  of  a  measure  which, 
for  other  reasons,  the  President  had  denounced  as  full  of  perfidy  and  dis- 
honor. 

Neither  will  the  political  expectations  of  Democrats  be  realized.  They 
begin  to  see  that  the  scandal  and  dishonor  of  the  sugar  bargain,  accepted 
at -last  by  the  House  when  the  Senate  otfered  to  strike  it  all  out,  will  give 
tenfold  sting  to  the  advance  in  cost  of  sugar  to  consumers.  The  theory 
that  an  immense  decline  in  the  cost  of  woolens  and  cottons  and  iron 
goods  would  prepare  the  people  to  accept  with  willingness  a  new  tax  of 
!|40,000,000  on  sugar  and  |20,000,000  on  whisky  w^-is  not  a  wise  one  at  best, 
but  the  situation  has  now  been  completely  changed  by  the  prolonged  pros- 
tration of  industries,  depression  of  prices  and  reduction  in  wages. 

The  fall  in  goods  has  come  to  a  great  extent  already,  and  has  brought 
home  to  the  people  the  fact  that  cheap  goods  and  cheap  wages  go  together. 
But  the  advance  in  sugar  will  be  felt  by  every  housekeeper  as  an  addi- 
tional burden  in  time  of  distress.  Then  nearly  all  Democratic  politicians 
seized  the  crazy  notion  that  almost  any  kind  of  tariff  bill  assailing  East- 
ern interests  could  be  made  to  appear  a  compliance  with  a  popular  demand 
and  used  to  save  the  Democrats  from  overthrow  in  Western  and  South- 
em  districts.  Out  of  these  two  notions  have  come  the  Bill  of  Sale  with 
all  its  shame. — New  York  Sun  (Democratic). 

TARIFF,  HISTORY  of  important  acts. 

The  Senate  Finance  Committee  has  compiled  a  brief  statement,  show- 
ing the  chronological  history  of  imi^ortant  tariff  acts,  as  follows : 
Walker  tariff  of  1846: 

Reported  to  House,  April  14,  1846. 

Passed  House  July  3, 1846. 

Passed  Senate,  July  28, 1846. 

Conference  report  adopted,  July  29, 1846. 

Approved,  July  30,  1846. 
Tariff  act  of  1861  (Morrill  tariff) : 

Reported  to  House,  March  12, 1860. 

Passed  House,  May  10, 1860. 

Passed  Senate,  February  20, 1861. 

Conference  report  adopted,  February  27, 18ffl, 

Approved  March  2, 1861. 

297 


If  yon  make  an  estimate  of  tbe  wealtb  of 
this  country  for  the  last  two  hundred  and  fifty 
years,  and  put  it  on  one  side,  and  then  on  the 
other  the  wealth  that  the  country  has  gained 
since  1861,  you  will  find  that  the  increase  of 
these  last  years  is  fivefold  over  the  two  hundred 
preceding:.     Hon.  "W.  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts. 


TARIFF.    (Continued.) 
Tariff  act  of  1883: 
Reported  to  House,  March  29, 1882. 
Passed  House,  June  27, 1882. 
Passed  Senate,  February  20, 1883. 
Conference  report  adopted,  March  3, 1883. 
Approved,  March  3, 1883. 
McKinley  tariff  act  of  1890 : 
Reported  to  House,  April  16, 1890. 
Passed  House,  May  21, 1890. 
Passed  Senate,  September  10, 1890. 
Conference  report  adopted,  September  27, 1890. 
Approved,  October  1, 1890. 
Wilson  tariff  bill : 
Reported  to  House,  December  19, 1893. 
Passed  House,  February  1, 1894. 
Became  a  law  by  statutory  limitation,  August  27, 1894. 

TARIFF,FACTS  AGAINST  THEORIES. 

A  most  unexpected  defense  of  the 
protective  system  came  from  Hon.  W.  A.  McCorkle,  Democratic  gover- 
nor of  West  Virginia.    He  said  : 

"We  are  to-day  looking  down  to  the  sunny  seas  of  the  South  for  the 
glory  and  progress  of  West  Virginia.  We  are  looking  there  to-day  for 
the  magnificent  development  which  we  have  begun  in  our  region,  which 
is  pouring  the  golden  dollars  into  the  beautiful  Kanawha. 

"We  are  asking  that  our  coal  may  go  down  the  Ohio,  through  the 
Mississippi  jetties  which  you  have  built,  and  in  a  short  time  through  the 
Nicaragua  Canal.  I  tell  you  to  give  West  Virginia  a  chance  and  she 
will  certainly  drive  out  the  coal  which  comes  from  the  Australian  do- 
minions of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

"Now,  I  am  a  Democrat,  and  I  am  talking  from  a  Democratic  stand- 
point, I  say  that  the  spirit  of  selfishness  should  not  reign  supreme.  I  do 
ask  that  this  committee  will  not  lay  its  hands  upon  the  industry  which 
will  paralyze  my  beautiful  State,  and  will  render  sterile  her  fair  valleys. 
I  know  nothing  of  the  special  refinements  of  the  tariff,  but  I  do  know 
that  if  you  take  away  this  protection  the  interest  must  die. 

"  I  care  not  what  your  theories  are.  You  will  never  strike  a  man  who  is 
interested  in  the  coal  industry  but  you  will  strike  the  coal  miner,  the 
railroad  transporter,  and  the  river  man. 

"  If  you  take  the  tariff  off  coal,  which  is  less  in  proportion  than  the 
average  duties,  I  belive  ifrwlll  hurt  you,  but  putting  aside  the  refinement 
of  theories  and  controversies,  the  great  proposition  remains  that  you  will 


That  nearly  all  foreign  markets  are  barred 
against  us  by  protective  tariffs,  and  Congress  has 
no  power  to  open  them  except  by  reciprocity, 
and  every  concession  of  duties  without  consid- 
eration throws  away  the  bargaining  power  of 
the  nation.  Home  Market  Club. 


TARIFF.    (Continued.) 

hurt  every  man,  woman,  and  child  engaged  in  the  coal  industry.    There- 
fore, I  say,  take  your  hands  off  the  tariff  on  coal  and  leave  it  as  it  is. 

"  Another  thing  I  do  know,  and  that  is  that  politics  to-day  plays  a  part 
in  that  portion  of  the  State.  I  mean  to  say  that  we  were  raised  up  as  a 
buffet  for  armies  to  march  against,  when  men  pursued  each  other  with 
cannon.  We  are  to-day  in  that  same  border  warfare  in  the  great  politics 
of  this  country ;  therefore  I  say,  meaning  no  threat,  *  don't  do  it.'  " 

It  is  thus  that  theories  of  free  trade  shrivel  before  the  facts  of  protec- 
tion. 

Tariff,  party  perfidy  and  dishonor. 

The  Senate  bill,  which  the  Democratic  members  of  the  House  have 
made  their  own,  involves  abandonment  of  party  principles  and  repudi- 
ation of  party  pledges.  President  Cleveland  has  said :  "  Every  true  Dem- 
ocrat and  every  sincere  tariff  reformer  knows  that  this  bill  in  its  present 
form  and  as  it  will  be  submitted  to  the  conference  falls  far  short  of  the 
consummation  for  which  we  have  long  labored,  for  which  we  have  suf- 
fered defeat  without  discouragement,  which  in  its  anticipation  gave  us  a 
rallying  cry  in  our  day  of  triumph,  and  which  in  its  promise  of  accom- 
plishment is  so  interwoven  with  Democratic  pledges  and  Democratic  suc- 
cess that  our  abandonment  of  the  cause  of  the  principles  upon  which  it 
rests  means  party  perfidy  and  party  dishonor." 

The  last  extreme  of  disgrace  has  been  accepted  by  the  decision  of  a  full 
Democratic  caucus,  and  by  the  action  of  the  Democratic  House.  The 
caucus  was  distinctly  informed  by  Mr.  Wilson  that  "  the  Sugar  trust  had 
the  people  by  the  throat,"  and  that  it  had  bought  abroad  $112,000,000  worth 
of  sugar,  on  which  the  Senate  schedule  would  give  it  a  profit  of  ^0,000,000. 
Yet  he  proposed.  Speaker  Crisp  moved,  and  the  caucus  voted,  130  to  21,  to 
give  the  Trust  its  enormous  bribe.  Mr.  Wilson's  reason,  which  he  called 
witnesses  to  support,  was  that  the  Tariff  bill  could  not  be  passed  at  all 
without  giving  this  plunder  to  the  trust ;  but  what  decency  is  there  in 
giving  so  shameful  a  price  for  a  bill  so  bad  ? 

The  record  has  been  made.  The  Democratic  House  has  repudiated 
party  principles  and  pledges,  broken  faith  with  the  American  people, 
legislated  directly  and  deliberately  for  the  benefit  of  trusts  and  monopo. 
lists,  and  betrayed  a  constitutional  trust.  That  record  of  "  perfidy  and 
dishonor  "  cannot  be  unmade  by  belated  and  farcical  attempts  on  the 
part  of  the  House  to  cover  its  retreat  by  a  menace  of  free  sugar,  free  coal 
and  free  iron  bills,  which  will  never  be  acted  upon  by  the  Senate.  The 
House  is  overwhelmed  with  disgrace,  demoralization  and  dishonor. — New 
York  Sun,  Democratic. 


As  a  partisan,  therefore,  I  would  say  to  my 
Democratic  friends,  pass  your  bill  and  take  tlie 
consequences  ;  but  as  a  citizen,  interested  in  tlie 
immediate  prosperity  of  the  country,  as  well  as 
its  future,  I  hope  that  w^isdom  Avill  linally  pre- 
vail in  your  councils,  and  the  tariff  bo  i)ermitted 
to  stand  substantially  as  McKinley  left  it. 

Hon.  W.  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts. 


TARIFF,    AND  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

Imagine  a  married  couple  on  shipboard  in  a  great  storm,  the  man  rush- 
ing around  the  deck  crying,  "Save,  oh  !  save  my  marriage  certificate!" 
and  his  wife  going  gurgling  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Why,  a  practical 
Republican  would  put  a  life  preserver  around  his  wife,  and  his  arm  too, 
let  his  marriage  certificate  go  to  the  winds  and  float  safely  to  shore.  To- 
day finds  us  in  the  midst  of  great  business  and  commercial  storm.  The 
**  ship  of  State  "  is  being  roughly  tossed  on  the  waves  of  distress.  Listen ! 
a  shriek  comes  out  from  the  darkness.  It  is  the  Democratic  party,  run- 
ning around  the  deck  of  the  old  ship,  crying  out,  "Save,  oh!  save,  ojj! 
save  the  Constitution !"  at  the  same  time  all  our  commercial  and  business 
interests  are  going  down  to  the  bottom. 

TARIFF,   REPUBI.ICAN  AND  DEMOCRATIC  POLICIES  CONTRASTED. 

The  New  York  8un  is  the  ablest  Democratic  newspaper  in  tlie  United 
States,  and  is  intensely  partisan  on  nearly  all  political  subjects;  but  in 
its  issue  of  July  12, 1893,  the  following  discriminating  article  appeared, 
and  as  it  comes  from  an  undoubted  Democratic  source  and  states  the  dif- 
ference of  the  two  parties  so  fairly  and  impartially,  it  is  proper  to  quote 
it  for  the  benefit  of  the  doubtful  and  for  the  encouragement  of  Protection- 
ists. 

"  Respecting  Federal  taxation,  we  will  now  state  the-  position  of  the 
Democracy  as  defined  by  the  Chicago  platform,  upon  which  the  over- 
whelming victory  of  1892  was  gained.  Ascertain  tfie  value  of  the  goods 
to  be  imported.  Ascertain  the  amount  of  revenue  to  be  raised  from  im- 
ports for  the  expenses  of  the  Government  honestly  administered.  Fix 
the  rate  and  collect  it  without  discrimination,  preference  or  partiality. 
Anything  else  is  unjustifiable.  Anything  else  is  unconstitutional.  Any- 
thing else  invades  the  rights  of  the  citizen,  and  is  unlawful  as  well  as  un- 
democratic. That  is  clear  and  comprehensive.  That  is  what  the  Chicago 
platform  declared  and  what  the  people  approved. 

"  The  Republican  position  is  diametrically  different.  Tariff"  duties,  say 
the  Republicans,  should  not  be  levied  for  the  mere  purpose  of  revenue, 
but  largely  witli  a  view  of  promoting  American  manufactures  and  labor, 
and  relieving  fanners  and  mechanics  from  unfavorable  foreign  competi- 
tion. The  Republicans  saj  that  it  is  one  of  the  i)owers  and  duties  of  a 
Government  to  protect  the  people  who  maintain  it  from  unfair  foreign 
competition,  as  well  as  from  liostilo  foreign  invasion.  The  people, 
through  tiieir  representatives,  impose  the  taxes  on  goods  entering  into 
American  ports  from  other  countries,  and  ^hey  liave  the  right  (and  it  is 
natural  that  they  should  exercise  it)  so  as  to  impose  those  duties  that  the 
interests  of  Americans  will  be  favored  and  the  interests  of  foreign  rivals 
in  the  samojndustries  or  pursuits  discriminated  against.  That  is  Repub- 
iicau  ^octcine.^' 

«00 


Wages  have  advanced  steadily.  General 
wages  were  higher  in  1890  than  in  1880  by  from 
10  to  40  per  cent.,  according  to  the  gri'ade  of 
workman.  —Edward  Atkinson. 


TARIFFS  OF  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

The  tariffs  of  foreign  countries  are  constructed  very  much  upon  the 
same  principle  throughout— schedules  arranged  in  alphabetical  order, 
but  like  the  schedules  of  our  own  tariff  in  the  United  States,  many  arti- 
cles are  grouped  under  one  head  so  that  it  is  diflacult  to  determine  how 
many  articles  are  taxed  by  the  number  of  articles  shown  in  the  schedule. 
F<n-  example,  in  the  French  tariff,  the  80th  paragraph  is  "fruit  dried 
(other  than  grapes),"  in  which  is  included  almonds,  walnuts,  filberts, 
haiieinuts,  figs  and  carobs.  In  the  schedule  of  the  United  States  tariff, 
articles  are  grouped  in  the  same  way.  While  there  are  1,144  enumerated 
articles  or  paragraphs,  the  total  number  of  articles  upon  which  tariff  du- 
ties are  levied  is  not  easy  to  determine.  For  example,  paragraph  100  of 
the  new  law  is  china,  which  includes  porcelain  and  eighteen  other  specific 
articles. 

Jt  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  the  number  of  articles  specified  in  the 
tariff  schedule  does  not  show  the  number  of  articles  taxed.  The  schedule 
is  a  matter  of  convenience. 

The  following  summary  will  show  the  scheduled  articles  of  the  tariffs 
of  eleven  leading  countries  of  the  world,  including  the  United  States : 


England 38 

France 619 

Austria 357 

Russia 440 

Sweden 300 

Denmark 63 


Germany 484 

Italy 8:^7 

Norway 500 

Spain 369 

United  States 1,1W 


TAXATION,  OF  THE  liEADING  NATIONS,  1893. 

From  Mulhall's  Dictionary  of  Statistics,  published  in  1892. 
1890  total  taxation : 


In 

United  Kingdom £88,  500,  000 

France 121,  800,  000 

Germany 154,  700,  000 

Russia 88,  880,  000 

Austria 74,  800,  000 

Italy 72,  000,  000 

Spain 35,  400,  000 

P<>rUij?al 8,  400,  000 

Sweden 4,  800,  000 

Norway 2,  400,  000 

Denmark 3,  000,  000 

Holland 10, 100,  000 


Belgium £12,  900,  000 

Switzerland 2,  900,  (kh) 

Greece 3,  100,  (K)0 

Europe 683,  600,  000 

United  States 80,  000,  (X)0 

Canada 7,  «K),  OCX) 

Australia 27,  CM),  000 

India 69,  100,  000 

Argentina 5,  400,  OtK) 

Total 874,  100,  000 


aoi 


'V 


It  is  time  that  we  sliould  become  a  little 

more  Americanized,  and  instead  of  feeding  the 

paupers  and  laborers  of  England,  feed  our  own. 

—Andrew  Jackson. 


TAXES  ON  CONSUMPTION. 

AVERAGE  PROPORTION  OF  CUSTOMS  AND  INTERNAIi  REVENUE 
PAID  BY  EACH  PERSON  IN  THE  COUNTRIES  MENTIONED  BEI^OW, 
DURING  THE  YEARS  1883  TO  1890. 

Australia $15.00 

Argentine 13.50 

France 13.20 

Great  Britain 9.70 

Holland 9.08 

Italy 8.96 

Spain 8.85 

Portugal 7.16 

Germany 6.69 

Austria 6.32 

Denmark 6.26 

Canada 6.00 

Belgium 5.71 

United  States 6.65 

TENNESSEE. 

Area  45,600  square  miles. 

First  State  constitution  adopted  February  6,  1796.  Application  made 
to  Congress  for  admission  as  a  State,  April  8, 1796.  By  Act  of  Congress 
admitted  as  a  State  June  1, 1796. 

Legislature  composed  of  25  Senators,  75  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  7, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1895. 

Senator  Isham  G.  Harris,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  Wm.  P.  Bate,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

CONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICT. 

1st.   Population,  183,541.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,207;  Rep.,  17,890. 

2nd.  Population,  196,582.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,   7,875 ;  Rep.,  18,952. 

3rd.  Population,  199,972.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,984;  Rep.,  15,035. 

4th.  Population,  159,940.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,010;  Rep.,  11,225. 

5th.  Population,  153,773.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,709;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

8,062. 

6th.  Population,  196,097.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,695;  Rep., ;  find., 

9,002. 

7th.  Population,  153,846.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,013;  Rep., ;  |Pop,. 

8,480. 

8th.  Population,  161,820.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  13,038;  Rep.,  12,920. 

9th.  Population,  174,729.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,334;  Rep., ;    Ind., 

14,334. 

"10th.  Population,  186,918.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  12,164;  Rep., ;  IF.  A., 

4.785, 


Mr.  Cleveland's  intervention,  instead  of 
being  to  prevent  cruelty  and  the  excesses  of 
violence  and  crime,  was  in  behalf  of  the  Messa- 
lina  of  the  Pacific,  a  woman  whose  horrid, 
blood-thirsty  character,  brought  into  the  fio*ce 
light  of  publicity,  has  shocked  the  <»ivilized 
world.  IToxi.  R.  R-  nitt,  Illinois. 


TEXAS. 

Area,  274,356  square  miles. 

First  State  constitution  formed  Aug.  27, 1845.  By  joint  resolution  of 
Congress,  admitted  as  a  State  Dec.  29, 1845. 

Legislature  composed  of  31  Senators,  93  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  8, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1894. 

Senator  Richard  Coke,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

Senator  Roger  Q.  Mills,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  102,827.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  ;  Rep., . 

2nd.  Population,  210,238.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,854;  Rep.,  1,508. 

3rd.    Population,  133,188.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,335;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

14,177. 

4th.  Population,  170,001.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  16,521 ;  Rep.,  4,709. 

5th.  Population,  199,477.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  24,983 ;  Rep.,  4,563. 

6th.  Population,  210,907.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  29,913;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

17,078. 

7th.  Population,  182,894.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,718;  Rep.,  15,493. 

8th.  Population,  174,048.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,997;  Rep.,   2,009. 

9th.  Population,  175,149.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,763;  Rep., ;   Pop., 

12,384. 

10th.  Population,  166,668.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  13,017 ;  Rep.,  9,452. 

11th.  Population,  189,958.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  15,247 ;  Rep.,8,055. 

12th.  Population,  136,088.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  13,930 ;  Rep.,  7,290. 

13th.  Population,  190,080.  Vote  1892:  Dem. ,21,921;  Rep.,  1,629. 

TIMBER,  See  Lumber. 

TIMBER  PRODUCTS,  NOT  MANUFACTURED  AT  MILL,  1890. 

Establishments 1,606 

Capital $61, 541, 086 

Employes 46,142 

Wages $11,353,608 

Materials 11, 006, 678 

Products 34, 289, 807 

Wages  per  capita  $246.05 

TIN  ORE. 

The  McKinleybill  placed  tin  ore,  cassiterite  or  black 
oxide  of  tin,  and  tin  in  bars,  blocks,  pigs  or  grain,  or  granulated,  on  the 
free  list  till  July  1,  1893.  After  that  they  were  to  pay  a  duty  of  4  cents  a 
pound.  But  if  the  product  of  the  mines  of  the  United  States  should  not 
in  some  year  before  July  1, 1895,  exceed  5,000  tons  of  cassiterite,  and  bar, 

a03 


To  cultivate  peace,  and  maintain  com- 
merce and  navigation  In  all  their  lawful  enter- 
prises, to  foster  our  flslieries,  as  nurseries  of 
navigation  and  for  the  nurture  of  man,  and  to 
protect  the  jnanufactures  adapted  to  our  cir- 
<>'*»n8tance8— these  are  the  landmarks  by  which 
we  ar<6  to  guide  ourselves.       —Andrew  Jackson. 


TIN  OB£.    (Continued.) 

block  and  pig  tin,  then  the  President  must  issue  a  proclamation  announc- 
ing the  fact ;  and,  after  July  1,  1895,  all  imported  cassiterite,  bar, 
block  and  pig  tin  shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty.  The  efiect  of  this  pro- 
vision was  to  develop  the  resources  of  the  tin  mines  at  Temescal,  Cal.,  at 
ilarnoy  Peak,  S.  Dak.,  and  at  several  points  in  Virginia.  Tin  was  also 
discovered  near  San  Antonio,  Texas.  An  analysis  of  the  ore  showed 
that  it  yielded  a  larger  percentage  of  tin  than  the  ore  from  Wales,  Aus- 
tralia, or  the  Straits  Settlements  in  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

TIN  PLATE  AND  THE  TARIFF. 

TIN-PLATt:  OUTPUT  IN  AMERICA. 

Special  Agent  Ayer,  of  the  Treasury  Department,  detailed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  tin-plate  industry,  reports  to  Secretary  Carlisle  that  during 
the  quarter  ended  March  31,  last,  thirty-six  firms  produced  38,260,411 
pounds  of  tin  and  terne  plate  projjer,  against  27,510,441  pounds  by  thirty- 
nine  firms  for  the  corresponding  quarter  in  the  ijrevious  year.  Of  the  tin 
plate  72  per  cent,  of  it  was  rolled  in  the  United  States.  All  classes  of  tin 
and  terne  plate  produced  aggregated  40,423,3(X)  pounds,  of  whi<;h  30,070,- 
701  ])Oundswere  black  plate  produced  in  the  United  States.  Of  the  thir- 
ty-six firms  making  formal  returns  nineteen  used  American  plate  wholly, 
three  foreign  plate  wholly,  and  fourteen  firms  used  both. 

TIN-PLATE,  WHAT  THERE  IS  IN  IT. 

Already  many  large  plants  have  been  completed,  and  we  are  producing 
a  superior  tin  plate  at  Brooklyn,  Pittsburg,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  other 
places,  and  others  will  soon  go  up  if  the  duty  is  not  changed.  The  largest 
mines  of  tin  in  the  world  have  been  found  in  the  Dakotas,  California, 
Texas  and  Virginia ;  so  that  it  is  morally  certain  that  in  the  near  future 
we  shall  be  able  to  produce  at  home  the  full  sujjply  of  tin  and  tin-plate 
that  we  need,  and  which  now  amounts  to  over  $30,000,000  in  value  annu- 
ally. 

When  this  is  accomplished,  it  will  atford  a  business  that  will  annually 
pay  to  American  labor  not  less  than  $23,000,000 ;  it  will  require  from  iron- 
ore  miners  not  less  than  1,000,000  tons  of  iron  ore  more  than  thoy  now  pro- 
duce ;  from  limestone  quarries  300,000  tons  more  of  limestone  ;  from  coal 
mines  and  coke  ovens  2,000,000  tons  more  of  coal  and  coke ;  from  blast 
furnaces  400,000  tons  more  of  pig  iron  ;  Ixom  lead  mines  and  smelting  iur- 
naces  5,500,000  pounds  more  of  load  ;  from  slaughter  and  packing  houses 
13,000,000  pounds  more  of  tallow  and  oil:  from  chemical  factories  40,000,000 
pounds  more  of  sulphuric  acid;  from  lumber  yards  12,000,000  feet  more  of 
lumber;  and  will  give  constant  work  to  at  least  35,000  persons.  Indeed, 
it  is  already  in  large  part  fulfilled,  and  unless  the  taritf  on  tin-plate  is 
greatly  reduced  the  industry  in  this  country  will  be  a  phenomenal  success, 

304 


The  Constitntion  Of  the  tTnited  States,  as 
construed  by  Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Monroe,  Jackson,  Buchanan, Clay,lVcl>ster,  Ben- 
ton, and  many  otlier  illustrious  statesmen,  some 
of  them  founders  of  the  Democratic  party,  ex- 
pressly authorizes  protection  to  oxir  industries. 
Hon.  T.  M.  Mahon,  Pennsylvania. 


TIN  PIRATE.    (Continued.) 

TIN  P1.ATK,  COST  AND  WAGES. 

Mr.  F.  G.  Niedringhaus,  of  St.  Louis,  said : 

"  The  duty  was  raised  under  the  so-called  McKinley  bill  $1.20  per  box. 

"  Now,  on  this  $1.20  per  box  the  English  manuliicturer  reduced  his  price 
50  cents  a  box,  leaving  the  balance  to  be  Y>siid  by  the  American  consumer. 
But,  however,  it  must  be  stated  that  the  weight  per  box  has  been  gradu- 
ally reduced  by  the  English  manufacturer  to  about  90  pounds  per  box, 
and  the  American  manufacturer  (speaking  now  for  my  own  company) 
furnishes  108  pounds  per  box,  so  that  really,  when  you  consider  that,  the 
price  has  hardly  been  advanced  to  the  American  consumer. 

"  The  prices  we  pay  for  labor  are  150  per  cent,  advance  on  the  English 
price.  The  duty  imposed  is  jjerhaps  70  per  cent.  Labor  gets  all  of  that 
duty  imposed  and  70  per  cent,  in  addition,  or,  in  other  words,  the  labor 
gets  the  benefit  of  all  the  duty  and  the  natural  advantages  which  we  i)os- 
sess  in  America.  If  we  had  labor  at  English  prices  with  our  natural  re- 
sources we  can  not  only  hold  our  own,  but  wo  will  beat  them  in  their  own 
market. 

"  Now,  if  duty  on  tin  plate  is  reduced  to  the  former  duty  before  the  last 
act  it  will  reduce  labor  wages  one-third.  If  it  is  put  on  the  free  list  it  will 
put  it  to  less  than  one-half. 

TOBACCO,  1890. 

Establishments $11,643 

Capital 96,094,753 

Employes 135,927 

Wages 64,792,006 

Materials 92,304,317 

Product 211,746,623 

Wages  per  capita,  $403.09. 

Amount  imported  in  1893,  $12,588,407;  duty  collected  1893,  $14,831,989; 

average  ad  valorem  duty  under  old  law,  117.82  per  cent. ;  average  ad 

valorem  under  new  law,  105.95  per  cent. 

TOKEN.  COIN. 

A  piece  of  metal  having  the  general  appearance  of  a  coin  and  practi- 
cally serving  the  same  purpose.  It  is  usually  worth  much  less  than  the 
current  rate  at  which  it  is  exchanged.  Silver  tokens  for  5  shillings  were 
issued  by  the  Bank  of  England  in  1811,  and  were  known  as  "  bank 
tokens."    The  India  rupee  is  sometimes  called  token  coin. 

TRADE,  (See  Balance  of  Trade.) 

TRANSPORTATION,  raii^ways. 

The  latest  available  statistics  give  the  total  railway  mileage  of  the 
world  in  1890  as  371,877  miles  ;  of  the  United  States,  166,706  miles ;  of  the 
United  States  in  1893, 170,607  miles. 

805 


If  tlio  laboring   class  are   to  perish,    perish,  I 
say,  the  whole  Nation. 

—Senator  J.  N.  Dolph,  Oregon. 


TRANSPORTATION.    (Continued.) 

In  1857  the  running  cost  per  mile  of  railroads  was  26.62  cents ;  in  1886  it 
was  13.93 ;  this  was  the  result  of  improved  machinery  and  management. 
At  the  first  date  engineers  and  firemen  received  4.51  cents  per  mile  of  run ; 
at  the  last  date  5.52  cents  per  mile.  And  this  reducfton  of  cost  of  mileage 
and  increase  of  wages  has  gone  on  since  then.  In  1862  the  Government 
assisted  the  Central  Pacific,  when  a  flOO  bond  of  the  United  States,  at  6 
per  cent,  interest,  would  buy  one  ton  of  iron  rails.  Now  a  flOO  bond  at  4 
per  cent,  will  buy  four  tons  of  steel  rails. 

Railway  development  in  the  United  States  has  been  a  leading  factor 
in  the  development  of  the  country,  especially  the  country  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  The  cost  of  transportation  for  freights  per  ton  has 
been  reduced  from  2.3  cents  per  mile  in  1866  to  about  97  one-hundredths 
of  a  cent  at  present.  The  efl'ect  of  this  has  been  to  equalize  prices  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,  practically  bringing  the  city  market  to  the  door 
of  the  country  producer. 

No  greater  mistake  was  ever  made  than  that  of  supposing  that  rail- 
ways have  increased  the  cost  of  transportation.  Neither  travel  nor 
freigbtage  cost  one  tenth  as  much  as  they  did  before  the  development 
of  the  system.  What  steam-boats  have  done  on  the  rivers,  and  steam- 
ships on  the  ocean,  steam -carriages  have  done  fer  transportation  by  land. 
Poor's  Railway  Manual  gives  the  following  facts  for  the  year  1892: 

Number  of  miles  operated 170,607 

Capital  and  funded  debt. |10,268,169,042 

Gross  earnings 1,191,857,099 

Earnings  from  freight 816,716,759 

Earnings  from  passengers 293,556,476 

Net  earnings 352,817,415 

Dividends  paid 81,536,811 

Average  cost  per  mile 62,083 

Passengers  carried  per  mile 13,697,344,000 

Passengers  actually  carried 575,770,000 

Average  receipts  per  mile,  passengers 2.14  cents. 

Tons  of  freight  carried  749,332,000 

Tons  of  freight  carried  one  mUe 84,448,197,000 

Number  of  locomotives 35,281 

Number  of  passenger  cars 24,881 

Number  of  mail  and  baggage  cars 7,900 

Number  of  freight  cars :..  1,168,849 

TRANSPORTATION,  vessei^s,  steam  and  SAit. 

The  transportation  fleet  of  the  United  States  at  the  beginning  of  1890, 
with  the  exception  of  craft  used  on  canals,  numbered  25,540  steamers, 
sailing  vessels,  and  unrigged  craft,  with  gross  tonnage  of  7,633,676  tons  of 
the  estimated  commercial  value  of  $215,069,296. 

During  tlie  preceding  year  the  freight  movement  of  the  whole  operating 
American  mercantile  fleet  amounted  to  172,110,423  tons  of  all  commodi- 
ties. The  number  of  persons  of  all  classes  employed  to  make  up  the 
ordinary  or  complementary  crews  of  all  operating  vessels  of  the  United 
States,  exclusive  of  pleasure  craft,  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Gulf  of 
Mexico  numbered  106,436,  and  the  total  amouift  paid  out  in  wages 
amounted  to  $36,867,305. 

m 


In  order  to  g^nard.  as  far  as  possible  agaiust 
the  value  of  goods  being  underrated  in  tbe  in- 
voices, it  would  be  eligible  to  lay  specific  duties 
on  all  such  articles  now  paying  duties  ad  valo- 
rem as  may  be  susceptible  of  that  alteration. 

—Albert  GaUatin. 


TRANSPORTATION,  a  waste  of  force. 

All  unnecessary  transportation  is  a  waste  of  energy,  and  our  develop- 
ment ought  to  tend  in  the  direction  of  reducing  it  to  the  minimum. 

Transportation  only  consumes  ;  it  does  not  create.  It  is  a  tax  on  every 
article  carried,  and  should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible,  and  the  forces 
now  going  into  its  wasteful  service  released  for  more  profitable  and  pro- 
ductive labor,  or  at  least  not  increased  unnecessarily.  This  can  only  be 
done  by  encouraging  the  building  up  of  home  markets.  The  first  step  is 
to  relieve  our  people  from  dependence  upon  the  foreign  market.  Every 
bushel  of  wheat  consumed  here  is  a  bushel  less  added  to  the  foreign  sur- 
plus, and  every  acre  of  land  taken  from  wheat-growing  and  applied  to 
other  purposes  means  so  much  less  wheat  for  an  already  overloaded 
foreign  market.  We  largely  create  the  grain  prices  in  Liverpool  by  the 
quantities  we  send  there. 

TRANSPORTATION,  cost  for  wheat. 

The  cost  of  transportation  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  from  Chicago  to  New 
York  in  1868  was,  by  lake  and  canal,  22.29  cents ;  by  rail  it  was  42.6  cents. 
In  1893,  it  was  by  water  6.33.  cents,  and  by  rail,  14.70  cents. 

Wheat  bears  transportation  better  than  any  other  cereal,  having  the 
greatest  value  proportioned  to  its  weight;  and  still,  at  present  prices, 
wheat  300  miles  or  more  west  or  northwest  of  Chicago  pays  one  bushel 
out  of  every  four  to  transportation  companies  between  the  place  of  its 
production  and  Liverpool.  Every  fourth  bushel  is  given  away  for  the 
transportation  of  the  other  three.  A  considerable  part  of  the  price  re- 
ceived for  the  other  three  bushels  is  paid  for  carrying  back  such  articles 
as  the  farmer  needs. 

In  seven  years  our  exports  of  wheat  from  this  country  decreased  over 
92,000,000  bushels  and  the  value  of  the  exports  fell  off  over  $117,000,000.  In 
other  words,  the  farmers  of  the  United  States  received  $117,000,000  less  for 
the  wheat  exported  in  1886  than  for  the  export  of  1879.  This  was  a  loss  of 
over  61  per  cent,  in  the  amount  of  wheat  exported,  and  of  over  70  per  cent, 
in  the  value  of  the  exports.  The  export  value  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  in  1881 
was  over  $1.24  and  in  1886  it  was  only  87  cents.  During  this  time  there 
has  been  no  export  duty  in  this  country  or  import  duty  in  England  o^ 
wheat.  Absolute  free  trade  has  existed  between  these  two  countries  so 
far  as  grain  is  concerned,  and  the  resultant  facts  are  apparent  to  every 
one.  It  was  simply  a  case  of  an  overstocked  market,  and  of  the  cost  of 
transportation. 

TRIPOLI. 

In  Tripoli  the  standard  is  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  tht 
xuahbub  of  20  piasters ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.55.3. 

807 


It    was    the     Democratic    majority 
"  fooled »»  with  silver  In  1878. 

—Hon.  Jos.  H.  Walker,  Massachusetts. 


TRUSTS. 

A  "  Trust,"  as  the  term  is  now  used  with  reference  to  business 
affairs,  means  that  two  or  more  persons,  companies,  or  corporations,  in 
order  to  stop  competition,  reduce  the  cost  of  management  and  production, 
and  maintain  prices,  agree  to  put  their  property  and  business  into  the 
hands  of  "  trustees  "  for  their  common  beneiit.  Tiiese  trustees  apportion 
to  each  one  a  ratio  of  business  or  profits  proportioned  to  interest,  exercis- 
ing a  general  management  of  their  joint  affairs.  Thus,  the  whislvy  trust 
is  a  combination  of  distilleries  to  regulate  the  production  and  price  of 
spirits ;  and  the  sugar  trust  a  like  combination  of  sugar  refineries.  These 
trusts  have  of  late  been  greatly  multiplied  and  control  a  large  percentage 
of  the  business  of  the  country. 

Trusts  are  not  an  American  invention,  and  are  not  due  to  any  system 
of  tariff,  protective  or  free  trade.  They  came  to  us  from  Europe,  and  are 
most  extensive  and  potent  in  England,  and  are  in  fact  but  an  extentiou 
of  the  modern  tendency  to  association  and  incorporation.  How  far  they 
are  lawful,  and  compatiljle  with  the  interest  of  the  people,  are  grave 
questions.  Those  who  form  them  claim  that  they  are  of  public  utility  as 
well  as  of  private  interest ;  that  their  large  combination  of  capital,  unity 
of  management,  and  reduction  of  operating  expenses,  enable  them  to 
reduce  cost  of  production  to  the  minimum  ;  and  that  in  consequence  the 
public  get  the  benefit  of  the  lowest  price  compatible  with  fair  i)rofits. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  asserted  that  such  combinations  create  monop- 
olies, tend  to  an  increase  of  prices  to  the  injury  of  the  public,  and  make 
them  dangerous  agencies  in  politics,  by  dominating  political  parties  and 
legislative  bodies. 

During  the  debates  on  the  tariff  in  the  present  Congress,  there  was  much 
bandying  back  and  forth  of  charges  of  creating  and  fostering  trusts  by 
one  or  the  other  political  party.  Much  of  this  was,  of  course,  mere  asser- 
tion, unsupported  by  facts.    The  only  tangible  results  brought  out  were 


(1).  As  to  the  Sugar  Vrust:  From  the  first  tariff  act  of  July  4, 1789,  to 
the  McKinley  act  of  Oct.  1,  1890,  a  hundred  years,  imported  sugar  was 
always  subject  to  a  duty.  As  the  combine,  called  the  Sugar  Trust,  was 
formed  about  1888,  it  is  absurd  to  attribute  its  origin  to  the  tariff.  At  the 
time  of  the  passage  of  this  last  act  this  combine  embraced  but  few  of  the 
refineries,  and  its  capital  was  only  from  $8,000,000  to  $10,000,000;  it  was 
not,  therefore,  thought  to  be  dangerous,  and  did  not  exercise  any  influ- 
ence on  legislation.  But  since  then  it  has  been  extended  to  embrace 
nearly  or  quite  all  the  refineries  of  the  country,  has  increased  its  capital 
to  $75,000,000,  and  exercised  a  controlling  influence  in  the  passage  of  the 
new  tariff  act. 

It  was  clearly  brought  out  that  this  trust  was  in  alliance  with  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  contributed  largely  to  the  funds  of  that  party  in  the  last 
presidential  campaign,  and  was  therefore  a  potent  factor  in  the  election 


Ten  to  20  per  cent,  advances  in  wages  since 
1880.    The  skilled  laborer  has  secured  the  high- 
est rate  of  earnings  ever  known  in  this  or  any 
country,  and  he  can  also  buy  more  for  a  dollar. 
—Edward  Atkinson. 


TRUSTS.    (Continued.) 

of  Mr.  Cleveland  and  a  Democratic  Congress.  It  was  demonstrated  that 
a  Democratic  Congress  would  not,  could  not,  and  did  not  pass  a  tariflf  bill 
without  providing  for  the  trust.  The  Bounty  provision  of  the  McKinley 
law  put  $13,000,000  into  the  purses  of  the  sugar  jiroducers  of  the  country, 
doubled  the  sugar  product  of  Louisiana,  greatly  extended  the  sorghum 
and  beet-sugar  industry  in  other  States,  and  gave  promise  of  largely  in- 
creasing the  domestic  supply.  The  Wilson-Gorman  act  put  at  once,  on 
the  existing  supply  of  sugar,  $18,000,000  into  the  purses  of  the  sugar  trust, 
with  a  largo  annual  profit  for  the  future.  Whatever  therefore  may  be 
said  as  to  the  McKinley  act  furnishing  the  opportunity  for  the  extension 
of  this  trust,  the  fact  remains  that  it  has  bought,  and  now  dictates  legis- 
lation to  the  Democratic  party. 

2.  As  to  the  whisky  trust :  That  this  is  a  Democratic  institution,  con- 
tributes largely  to  Democratic  campaign  funds,  and  dictates  Democratic 
legislation  in  all  that  effects  the  trade,  is  hardly  denied.  The  Wilson- 
Gorman  act  is  a  veritable  bonanza  to  this  trust.  In  extending  the  bonded 
period  from  three  to  eight  years,  increasing  the  tax  from  90  cents  to  ^1.10 
a  gallon,  and  increasing  the  allowance  for  wastage  while  in  bond,  numy 
millions  of  dollars  are  put  at  once  into  its  purse.  Thus,  between  tlie- 
time  it  became  certain  the  increase  of  tax  would  be  made,  and  the  date  of 
the  taking  effect  of  the  law,  the  trust  withdrew  from  bond  all  the 
whisky  it  could  carry  for  a  year,  paying  the  90  cents ;  it  then  advanced 
the  price  to  purchasers  because  of  the  20  cents  additional  tax.  If  this 
withdrawal  amounted  to  50,000,000  gallons,  the  immediate  gain  was  $10,- 
000,000.  This  is  not  quite  so  much  as  was  given  to  the  sugar  trust,  but  it 
was  a  very  fair  return  for  their  campaign  contributions.  Besides,  in  this 
act,  and  in  public  declarations,  the  Democratic  party  announces  its  pur- 
pose to  perpetuate  the  internal  revenue  system.  So  the  whisky  trust 
has  a  promise  of  perpetual  profits,  which  could  not  be  given  the  sugar 
trust. 

8o,  then,  the  case  stands  thus :  Whatever  effect  Republican  policy 
may  have  had  in  creating  trusts,  it  remains  that  the  Democratic  party 
was  combined  with  them  for  their  profit  and  perpetuity. 

ao9 


press  on !  a  million  pauiier  foreheads  bend  in  misery's  dust ; 
Ootl's  cliampioiis  of  the  golden  truth  still  eat  the  mouldy  crust ; 
This  Uamninj;-  cursK  of  tyrants  must  not  kill  the  nation's  heart ; 
The  spirit  in  a  million  slaves  doth  pant  on  lire  to  start, 
And  strive  to  luend  the  world,  and  walk  in  Freedom's  march  sviblime, 
"While  myriads  sink  heartbroken,  and  the  land  o'erswarms  with  crime. 
"  Oh  God  !  "  they  cry,  "  w^e  die,  we  die,  and  see  no  earnest  won !  " 
Brothers,  join  hand  and  heart,  and  in  the  work  press  on  ! 

—Gerald  Massey  (£uglisli  workingman). 


TRUSTS,  A    DEMOCRATIC  INSTITUTION. 

But  if  a  trust  has  been  fostered  and  encouraged  by  the  Republican 
party,  why  is  it  that  the  Democracy,  with  its  majority  in  Congress,  has 
not  brought  forward  some  proposition  to  crush  them  ? 

When  you  come  to  talk  about  trusts,  you  must  remember  the  greatest 
and  most  iniquitous  trusts  to-day  are  Democratic  trusts.  Take  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  ;  it  is  a  Democratic  trust.  It  has  representatives 
high  up  near  the  Democratic  throne.  Take  the  sugar  trust  in  America 
to-day,  and  it  is  a  Democratic  trust.  Take  the  iron  trust,  and  it  is  a 
Democratic  trust. 

And  there  is  the  whisky  trust,  which  is  also  a  Democratic  trust.  That 
trust,  which  is  so  dear  to  the  Democratic  heart,  has  its  inspiration,  its 
motive  power  direct  from  the  Democratic  party. 

TRUSTS  ARE  OF  DEMOCRATIC  ORIGIN. 

There  was  no  such  thing  as  a  "trust"  connected  with  imports  or  any 
article  touched  by  the  tarifif  during  the  whole  twenty-four  years  in  which 
♦the  Republicans  were  in  power.    The  Peoria  Journal  says : 

"  The  Democratic  party  found  the  country  free  from  "  trusts  "  with  but 
one  exception— the  Standard  Oil  Compaijy.  During  the  last  three  years 
[1885-'88J  we  have  heard  more  about  the  combinations  of  capital  against 
labor  than  ever  before.  We  have  the  sugar  trust,  the  zinc  trust,  the  envelop 
trust,  and  the  Lord  only  knows  how  many  more  trusts  have  sprung  into 
existence  during  the  last  two  or  three  years,  and  that,  too,  upon  articles 
that  are  protected  by  a  heavy  tarilf.  One  of  these,  the  sugar  trust,  will 
cost  the  people  of  these  United  States  $60,000,000  annually,  and  it  is  openly 
espoused  and  fostered  by  both  Houses  of  Congress." 

The  undeniable  facts  stated  as  to  the  growth  of  trusts  under  Demo- 
cratic rule  is  coupled  with  an  assertion  in  regard  to  Congress  which  is 
novel.  Our  laws  must  protect  us  against  home  trusts ;  our  tariff  against 
foreign  trusts. 

TURKEY. 

In  Turkey  the  standard  is  gold ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the  piaster ;  the 
value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.04.4 ;  the  coins  are  gold :  25,  50, 100,  250, 
and  500  piasters.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  is  one  of  gold  to  15.01  of  lim- 
ited tender  silv*»»*. 

810 


That,  as  enforced,  idleness  is  the  innst 
odious  and  cruel  of  all  taxation,  and  the  riijht 
of  defense  against  it,  in  an  opportunity  to  earn 
one's  daily  bread  by  self-respecting,  honest  toil, 
is  an  inalienable  right  and  fundamental  to  all 
other  rights. 

—Hon.  Jc«.  H.  Walker,  Massachusetts. 


u 


UNIT  OF  VALUE,  the  doixab  ok  unit-did  it  include  both 

SII.VEB  AND  GOIiD? 

It  is  claimed  by  some  writers  that  the  unit  of  value  did  not  attach  ex- 
clusively to  either  gold  or  silver  dollars  in  the  first  coinage  act. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  silver  dollar  of  371i  g.rains  of  pure  sil- 
ver was  the  unit  of  value  fixed  by  section  9  of  the  act  of  April  2, 1792, 
which  reads  as  follows : 

"  Dollars  or  units— each  to  be  of  the  value  of  a  Spanish  milled  dollar  as 
the  same  is  now  current,  and  to  contain  three  hundred  and  seventy-one 
grains,  and  four-sixteenths  parts  of  a  grain  of  pure,  or  four  hundred  and 
sixteen  grains  of  standard  silver." 

This  language  remained  in  tlie  statute  until  February  12,  1873.  The 
act  of  March  3, 1849,  provided  for  a  gold  dollar.  The  amount  of  gold  was 
not  specified— it  was  to  be  conformable  to,  in  all  respects,  the  standard  for 
gold  coins.  This  dollar  Avas  to  be  a  dollar  or  Unity  but  the  unit  value  re- 
mained with  the  silver  coin  dollar  as  before. 

The  14th  section  of  the  act  of  February  12, 1873,  contained  the  following 
language:  "That  the  gold  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  a  one-dol- 
lar piece,  which,  at  the  standard  weight  of  twenty-five  and  eight-tenths 
grains,  shall  be  the  unit  of  value." 

8U 


Under  these  higher  duties  American  labor 

employed  in  these  mills  has  earned  more  money 

and  had  more  constant  occupation    than  it  had 

before  the  higher    duties    Avent  into  operation. 

— Senator  Matthew  S.  Quay,    Pennsylvania. 


VALUE.    UNIT  OF  VALUE  NOT  THE  MEASURE  OF  TAI.UE. 

The  measure  of  value  does  not  reside  in  a  single  thing.  No  such  thing 
can  be  made ;  it  cannot  be  created  by  law.  The  whole  volume  of  money 
in  circulation  measures  value.  Value  is  a  ratio,  a  relation,  not  a  piece  of 
metal. 

The  general  belief  exists  that  the  unit  of  value  is  the  measure  of  value, 
therefore,  as  the  gold  dollar  is  the  unit  of  value,  the  gold  dollar  is  the 
measure  of  value.  If  this  measure  be  true,  volume  has  nothing  to  do 
with  measure.  If  gold  should  become  more  plentiful  than  silver,  and 
with  open  mints  all  over  the  world,  the  volume  should  increase  until 
gold  for  use  in  the  arts  had.  depreciated  one-fourth  its  present  value : 
would  the  measure  of  value  be  the  same?  Or  the  inverse  of  this  state- 
ment ;  if  gold  should  become  scarce  and  the  commercial  price  three  or 
four  times  above  the  present,  would  the  measure  of  value  change?  It 
is  argued  that  the  gold  dollar  is  the  measure  of  value,  because  it  is  this 
dollar  for  which  all  other  legal  tender  dollars  may  be  exchanged,  but  all 
other  legal  tender  dollars  will  exchange  for  just  as  much  of  other  things 
as  the  gold  dollar.  Therefore,  the  relation  of  exchange  is  the  measure 
which  is  found  in  the  whole  volume  of  money  in  circulation. 

VENEZUELA. 

In  Venezuela  the  standard  is  gold  and  silver ;  the  monetary  unit  is  the 
bolivar ;  the  value  in  United  States  coin  is  $0.19.3 ;  the  coins  are  gold  :  6, 
10,  20,  50,  and  100  bolivars ;  silver;  6  bolivars.  The  ratio  of  gold  to  silver 
is  one  of  gold  to  15i  of  silver. 

VERMONT. 

Area,  10,212  square  miles. 

First  State  constitution  formed  Dec.  24, 1777.  Application  made  to  Con- 
gress for  admission  as  a  State  Feb.  9, 1791.  By  act  of  Congress,  approved 
Feb.  18, 1791,  admitted  as  a  State  Mar.  4, 1791. 

Legislature  composed  of  30  Senators,  240  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Oct.  3, 1894. 

State  elections,  biennially,  first  Tuesday  in  Sept.,  1894. 

Senator  Justin  S.  Morrill,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  Redfield  Proctor,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 
OONGRESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  169,940.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  9,396;  Rep.,  19,429. 

2nd.  Population,  162,482.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  8,649 ;  Rep.,  18,668. 

312 


This  country  bas  advanced  and  progncessed 
to  its  present  enviable  position  among  tlie 
nations  of  the  earth  because  of  tlie  American 
doctrine  of  protection.  —Thomas  Jefferson. 


VIRGINIA. 

Area  88,352  square  miles. 

Charter  granted  by  James  I,  April  10, 1606,  for  the  territory  between  the 
34°  and  45®  north  latitude,  which  was  to  be  managed  by  two  distinct 
councils  :  the  London  Company  all  South  of  41°,  and  tho  Plymouth  com- 
pany all  North  thereof^— new  charters  granted  May  23, 1609,  and  March  12, 
1612— first  State  constitution  formed  June  12,  1776— ratified  tho  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  June  25,  1788. 

Legislature  composed  of  40  Senators,  100  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Dec.  4,  1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1895. 

Senator  John  W.  Daniel  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Eppa  Hunton  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
CONGKESSIONAIi  DISTRICTS. 

1st.    Population,  187,010.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,524;  Rep., ;  Pop., 

10,545. 

2nd.  Population,  145,536.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,431 ;  Rep.,  12,414. 

3rd.  Population,  172,081.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,595;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

10,488. 

4th.    Population,  159,508.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  10,330;  Rep., ;   Pop., 

7,432. 

5th.    Population,  161,577.  -Vote  1892:  Dem.,  14,112;  Rep.,  12,066. 

6th.    Population,  184,493.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,255;  Rep., ;   Pop., 

13,849. 

7th.    Population,  155,197.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  15,558;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

10,147. 

8th.    Population,  147,968-    Vote  1892:  Dem-,  17,124;  Rep.,: ;   Pop., 

10,066. 

9th.  Population,  187,467.    Vote  1892:  Dem.,  18,431 ;  Rep.,  12,699 

10th.  Population,155,138.     Vote  1892:  Dem.,  17,778;  Rep., ;    Pop., 

14,986. 

313 


The  emptiest  head  can  make  the  loudest  noise. 
—Senator  S.  M.  CuUom,    Illinois. 


w 

WAGES. 

WAGES  OF  FARM  LABOR.    (See  Farm  Labor.) 

WAGES,  THE  DOttAK  JuEWT  OVER. 

Out  of  our  70,000,000  of  population,  20,000,000  are  wage  earners.  If  they 
should  receive  the  compensation  of  fl  per  day,  the  money  thus  earned 
would  add  to  the  daily  circulation  of  our  country  $20,000,000.  If,  by  rea- 
son of  protective  legislation,  they  should  receive  $2  per  day,  then  we  have 
$40,000,000  in  circulation  instead  of  $20,000,000,  and  a  like  ratio  of  increase 
in  wages  will  increase  the  amount  of  money  placed  daily  in  circulation, 
for  money  is  the  basis  upon  which  all  wealth  is  accumulated.  The  mar- 
gin of  each  day's  business  is  the  possibility  of  gain.  The  greater  the  vol- 
ume the  greater  the  possibility  of  a  margin.  Truly,  Wendell  Phillips 
uttered  something  worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice  when  he  said  "  It 
is  the  dollar  left  on  Saturday  evening,  after  all  the  bills  are  paid,  that 
means  education,  independence,  self  respect,  manhood.  It  increases  the 
value  of  every  acre  near  by,  fills  the  town  with  dwellings,  opens  public 
libraries  and  crowds  them,  dots  the  continent  with  cities  and  cobwebs  it 
with  railways.  The  one  remaining  dollar  insures  progress  and  guaran- 
tees millions  to  its  owner." 

WAGES  IN  POTTERIES,  effects  of  free  trade  on. 

Abundant  evidence  was  before  the  Committee  on  Finance,  showing 
that  reduced  wages  must  follow  reduced  protection,  thus : 

Mr.  Henry  Brunt,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  engaged  in  pottery  manufactur- 
ing, said : 

"  I  have  been  engaged  in  the  pottery  business  for  about  thirty-five 
years,  most  of  the  time  in  England.  Since  I  became  a  man  I  have  spent 
ten  years  of  my  life  in  the  pottery  industry  in  England  under  free  trade. 
I  have  spent  twelve  years  in  the  pottery  industry  in  America  under  pro- 
tection ;  so  that  1  think  I  am  in  a  position  to  speak  somewhat  of  the  ben- 
efits, or  otherwise,  under  free  trade  or  protection. 

"  I  have  had  experience  as  a  workingman  in  England  in  the  pottery 
industry.  I  have  been  engaged  as  a  manager  in  England,  and  as  such  I 
have  had  to  pay  wages  and  engage  men.  I  have  had  an  experience  as  a 
workingman  in  the  pottery  industry  in  America,  and  I  have  been  a  man- 
ager, and  am  now  a  manager ;  so  that  whatever  I  say  in  connection  with 
it  will  be  drawn  from  my  own  personal  knowledge,  and  not  collected 
from  books. 

"I  come  here  to  ask  you  gentlemen  to  maintain  the  present  rate  of  duty 
on  pottery,  and  I  do  so  for  several  reasons.  One  of  the  reasons — which 
you  have  heard  many  times  before— is  because  if  the  duty  is  reduced,  the 
Vurden  will  fall  on  the  workingman." 

314 


There  is  no  permanent  place  in  American  pol- 
itics for  a  party  that  bases  its  claims  for  popular 
support  on  the  failures  and  disappointments  of  the 
people.— Senator  Nelson  W.  Aldrich,  Rhode  Island. 


STAGES.    (Continned.) 

Mr.  Fred  Walker,  a  potter,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  said  : 

"  We  ask  that  the  present  duty  be  maintained,  chiefly  from  the  fact 
that  if  a  reduction  should  take  place  it  would  affect  the  wages  of  the 
operatives  in  this  country.  We  have  never  received  as  much  wages  at 
any  time  as  we  do  at  present. 

"  We  believe  as  workingmen,  that  seeing  as  we  receive  over  60  per  cent, 
diflference  in  wages  between  the  man  paid  in  England,  France,  and  Ger- 
many in  several  branches  of  our  industry,  that  we  ought  to  be  satisfied 
as  wage  earners." 

On  behalf  of  the  floor,  encaustic,  vitrified,  and  enamel  tile  manufac- 
turers, he  said : 

"  Our  principle  reason  for  not  being  able  to  compete  with  foreign  manu- 
facturers is  the  difference  paid  for  wages,  the  rates  in  many  instances 
being  less  than  one-third  of  those  paid  in  this  country." 

WAGES,  THEIR  PURCHASING  POWER. 

In  a  speech  on  the  silver  question  Senator  Mills  (Democratic  free- 
trader), of  Texas,  gave  these  facts: 

"  Mr.  President,  the  wages  of  labor  in  this  country  and  all  over  the 
world  for  a  hundred  years  have  been  tending  upward.  They  are  higher 
to-day  than  they  have  been  at  any  time  in  the  past,  and  the  wage  earner, 
in  whatever  occupation  employed,  is  deeply  interested  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  a  standard  of  values  as  fixed  and  immovable  as  it  is  possible  to 
make  it.  A  few  years  ago  our  friends  on  the  other  side  of  the  Chamber 
directed  the  Committee  on  Finance  to  make  an  investigation  and  report 
to  this  body  the  movement  of  wages  and  prices  for  a  number  of  years. 
They  took  the  year  1860  as  a  basis  and  compared  it  and  other  years  with 
1890.  They  intended  to  use  these  figures  in  their  tariff  battle  of  1892. 
They  intended  to  show  that  wages  had  been  rising  and  prices  had  been 
falling,  and  the  credit  was  due  to  a  protective  tariff. 

"  When  that  time  comes  I  will  discuss  with  them  the  conclusions  to  be 
drawn  from  these  fa«ts.  It  is  enough  here  to  state  the  facts.  Taking  1860 
as  the  basis  and  calling  it  100,  the  rate  of  wages  increased  to  1864  to  125.6 
or  25.6  per  cent.,  and  to  1890  to  160.7  per  cent.,  or  60.7  per  cent.  In  1860  and 
1890  there  was  a  gold  standard,  and  in  1864  a  depreciated  paper  standard. 
Wages  went  up  in  four  years  25.6  per  cent.,  but  the  money  the  laborer 
earned  was  only  the  instrument  which  enabled  him  to  procure  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  and  while  it  went  up  the  ladder  a  few  rounds,  the  necessaries 
of  life  that  his  wages  had  to  buy  to  sustain  himself,  his  wife  and  children, 
had  ascended  the  rounds  of  the  ladder  till  they  were  lost  in  the  clouds. 
The  annual  average  wages  of  laborers  in  manufactories  in  1860  was  $288.95. 
The  average  monthly  wages  was  §24.08,  in  gold.  In  1864  it  was  26.6  higher, 
or  $30.24  in  paper,  and  in  1890  it  was  60.7  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1860,  and 
was  $38.69  in  gold.  Now  taking  the  ofllcial  prices  given  by  the  Bureau 
of  Statistics  and  the  Finance  Committee,  the  result  is  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing table :" 

816 


Tbe  object  we  seek  is  doable ;  one  to  secure 
revenue  for  tbe  support  of  the  Government  by 
duties  on  imported  groods,  and  next,  even  a 
greater  object,  to  diversify  and  to  protect  our 
domestic  indnstries,  to  give  emi>loyinent  to  our 
own  countrymen,  to  prevent  the  harsh  and  un- 
just competition  betwe»n  Xlupropcan  labor  and 
American  labor. 

—Senator  John  Sherman,  Ohio. 


WAGIDS.    (Continued.) 

Purchasing  power  of  wages  of  labor. 


Articles. 


Standard  sheeting,  p.  yd  ..... 

Standard  drilling,  p.  yd 

Bleached  shirting,  p.  yd 

Standard  prints,  p.  yd 

Print  cloth,  p.  yd 

Cut  nails,  p.  lb 

Kefmcd  sugar,  p.  lb 

N.  Orleans,  molasses,  p.  gal 

Ivlo  coffee,  p.  lb 

Tea,  per  pound 

Ticking,  per  yard , 

Matches,  per  gross , 

Denims,  per  yard 


1860. 


Monthly 
wages,  $24.08. 


Price 
per 
linit  of 
quan- 
tity. 


Cents. 

8.  73# 

8.92 

15.50 

9.50 

6.44 

3.13 

10.00 

53.00 

13.00 

65.00 

17.00 

48.00 

15.00 


Quan- 
tity. 


275 
270 
155 
253 
442 
769 
240 

45 
185 

37 
141 

50 
160 


1864. 


Monthly 
wages,  $30.24. 


Price 
per 
unit  of 
quan- 
tity. 


Cents. 
52.07 
53.02 
48.  35 
33.  25 
23.  42 
7.85 
30.  00 

150.  00 
36.00 

130.  00 
70.  (K) 

100.  00 
88.00 


Quan- 
tity. 


58 

57 

62 

90 

129 

385 

101 

20 

84 

23 

43 

30 

34 


1890. 


JNIonthly 
wages,  ^.69. 


Price 
per 
unit  of 
quan- 
tity. 


Cents. 

(5.  83 

6.41 

10.  04 

().  00 

2.95 

1.86 

4.  00 

40.  (K) 

IS.  50 

2;),  10 

12.  00 

37.  00 

11.00 


Quan- 
tity. 


602 
3(>3 
645 
311 
077 
859 
128 
209 
154 
;522 
KM 
3-">l 


Notice  that  the  annual  average  of  wages  for  1890  is  $464.28,  as  against 
$288.95  in  1860,  and  $362.88  in  1864 

WASHINGTON. 

Area,  69,180  square  miles. 
Admitted  as  a  State  Nov.  11, 1889. 

Legislature  composed  of  34  Senators,  77  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, January  14, 1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Nov.  3, 1896. 

Sknator  Watson  C.  Squibb,  (rep.)  term  expires  March  3, 1807. 
Senator  (Vacant.) 

CONGBESSIONAI.  DISTRICTS. 

At  large.    Population,  — 

At  large.    Population,  — 


Vote  1892:  Dem.,  {ly'geo;  ^®P-»  ^'^^ 
Vote  1892:  Dem.,  [^'^.  Rep.,  86,178, 
316 


The  laws  that  we  make  must  eithev  dignify 
and  exalt  labor,  or  they  must  debase  and  level  it 
to  where  caste  for  two  thousand  years  has  at- 
tempted to  consign  it. 

—Hon.  John  A.  Caldwell,  Ohio. 


WEALTH, 


NEW  ENGLAND  NO  LONGER  LEADS  IN  ACCU 
MULATED  WEALTH. 


THE  GREAT  WEST  SHOWN  BY  THE  EI.EVENTH  CENSUS  TO  HAVE 
SUKPASSED  THE  GREAT  MANUFACTURING  STATES  IN  THE  AC- 
CUMUI.ATION  OF    TEN  YEARS. 

Tlie  increase  of  wealth  from  18S0  to  1890  in  the  States  has  caused  much 
comment.  Free  Traders  and  Calamity  Howlers  liave  Iield  up  the  East- 
ern manufacturing  States  as  awful  examples  of  greed  and  robbery,  while 
the  poverty  of  the  West  has  been  cited  in  such  piteous  and  lieart-rending 
stories  of  wrong  and  oppression  that  common  justice  demands  that  the 
people  shall  be  informed  at  once  of  the  fraud  these  deceivers  of  the  peo- 
ple are  trying  to  have  them  believe. 

The  following  table  from  the  Census  Bulletin  on  Wealth,  No.  .379,  is- 
sued March  19,  1894,  is  made  the  basis  of  calculation. 

The  increased  wealth  of  the  Nation  is  ^21,395,091,197,  or  §1,039  per  capita. 
Twenty-eight  out  of  tJie  fifty  States  and  Territories  exceed  the  average  in- 
crease per  capita.  Of  these  only  five  are  Eastern  States,  namely,  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Rhode  Island  ; 
these  five  having  only  an  average  gain  of  §1,287  per  capita,  while  the  tivo 
Western  States  of  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana  and  Nevada  have 
an  average  of  §3,542  per  capita. 

The  only  States  which  have  lost  in  the  past  ten  years  are  Eastern 
States,  Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont. 

Kansas,  which  the  Populists  have  pauperized  on  every  possible  occa- 
sion, saved  and  accumulated  more  wealth  in  the  ten  years  preceding 
1890  than  did  Massachusetts.  Nebraska  exceeded  Pennsylvania  in  her 
accumnlations,  while  Muuiesota,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  all  and  each 
passed  New  Jersey  in  the  race  for  wealth. 

Where  do  you  find  the  "Robber  Baron,"  the  "Giant  Robber,"  the  "For- 
tress of  greed  and  gain"?  No  longer  in  manufacturing  New  England. 
Pennsylvania  gives  place  to  Texas  in  the  total  sum  of  lier  savings,  and 
New  York,  witli  twenty-two  thousand  millions  of  increased  wealth, 
has  not  as  much  to  divide  to  each  person  as  those  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, where  a  factory  is  not  known. 

317 


Agrriculture,  the  ^rreat  basic  industry,  suffered 
from.  Cleveland's  election  as  from  a  hoar  frost  in 
June.  -Hon.  Philip  S.  Post,  Illinois. 


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318 


The    main-sprini:    of    our    progn'ess    is    hig:h 
wages.  — \Vendell  Phillips. 


WEALTH.     (Continued.) 


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319 


The  McKinley  act,  I  bell  ere,  was  the  most 
carefully  framed,  especially  in  its  operative 
clauses  and  its  classification  of  duties,  of  any 
bill  ever  passed  by  the  Congfi*ess  of  the  United 
States  in  respect  to  tariff  duties. 

—Senator  John  Sherman,  Ohio. 


WEALTH  FROM  WASTE. 

One  aspect  of  tlie  value  of  protection  in  building  up  home  manufac- 
tures, rather  than  buying  them  in  foreign  countries  at  a  cheaper  rate,  is 
seldom  sufficiently  considered.  A  removal  of  the  duties  on  coal,  iron 
ore,  and  wool  is  advocated  in  order.to  supply  manufacturers  with  cheaper 
"  raw  material."  But  is  it  considered  what  enters  into  the  production  of 
this  raw  material?  The  consumption  of  air,  water,  grass,  and  herbage, 
which  enters  into  the  production  of  a  sheep  and  its  wool,  could  not  be 
exported  or  otherwise  uitilized,  and  converting  this  otherwise  waste  into 
wealth  is  no  small  consideration. 

And  so,  a  country  which  packs  its  meat  before  shipment  abroad,  not 
only  saves  the  loss  of  life  which  woidd  take  place  on  the  way,  and  the 
cost  of  transportation  to  the  bulky  and  more  perishaljle  material,  but 
converts  into  use  salt,  sawdust,  wood,  ice,  etc.,  whicli  would  otherwise 
not  be  utilized ;  and  also  the  hair,  bones,  blood,  etc.,  which  are  converted 
into  otlier  forms  of  wenltli.  Pap'er  making  gives  value  to  rags,  straw, 
wood,  cornstalks,  water,  etc.  And  so  difierent  manufactures  employ 
bark,  sumack  berries,  clay,  sand,  and  scores  of  other  things  which  were 
otherwise  waste.  So,  also,  barren  land,  rooky  hills,  and  other  waste 
spaces  are  utilized.  Besides  the  consumption  of  fuel,  ores,  and  forests 
which  might  l5e  exported  at  a  loss,  the  use  of  what  is  otherwise  incapa- 
ble of  removal  and  utility,  is  the  point  here  kept  in  view.  It  is  safe  to 
say  that  more  waste  is  thus  converted  into  wealth  in  the  United  States 
than  the  value  of  all  our  imported  goods.  Shall  we  utilize  this  waste  or 
not  is  a  serious  question  for  the  free  trader. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Area,  23,000  square  miles. 

Convention  met  November  24, 1861— Constitution  ratified  May  3,  1862— 
the  reorganized  State  of  Virginia  gave  consent  to  separation.  May  13, 
1862— Act  of  Congress  to  admit  as  a  State,  under  certain  c(mditions,  ap- 
proved December  31,  18G2— by  proclamation  of  the  President,  April  20, 
1863,  admitted  as  a  State,  June  20, 1863. 

Legislature  composed  of  25  Senators,  65  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  9,  1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  second  Tuesday  in  Oct.,  1896. 

Senator  Charles  F.  FAUiiKNER  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1899. 

Senator  Johnson  N.  Camden  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 

CONGllESSIONAI.  DISTKICTS. 

1st.  Population,  177,840.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  19,314  ;  Rep.,  19,108. 
2nd.  Population,  187,305.  Vote  1892:  Dem.,  21,807;  Rep.,  20,750. 
3rd.  Population,  202,289.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  22,690 ;  Rep.,  20,750. 
4th.    Population,  195,360.    Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  22,066 ;  Rep.,  19,924.; 

320 


If  the  Constitution  does  forbid  such  legis- 
lation, tlien,  Sirs,  tlie  time  has  come  to  malce 
a  new  one. 

—Hon.  Thad.  M.  Mahon,    Pennsyivania. 


WISCONSIN. 

Area,  53,924  square  miles. 

Application  made  to  Congress  for  an  enabling  act,  March  20, 1845— en- 
abling act  approved  August  6, 1846— first  State  constitution  formed,  De- 
cember 16, 1846 — Act  of  Congress  providing  for  admission,  wlien  consti- 
tution is  approved  by  the  people,  approved  March  3, 1847— Constitution 
rejected ;  amended  February  1,  1848 ;  ratified  March  6, 1848— by  Act  ol 
Congress  admitted  as  a  State,  May  29,  1848. 

Legislature  composed  of  33  Senators,  100  Representatives.  Meets  bien- 
nially, Jan.  9, 1895. 

State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  1S04. 

Senator  Wm.  F.  Vilas,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1897. 

Senator  John  L.  Mitchell,  (dem.)  term  expires  Mar.  3,  18J.I9. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS. 

1st.  Population,  163,900.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  16,449;  Rep.,  20,2;J2. 

2nd.  Population,  166,342.  Vote  1892 :  Dem.,  21,303 ;  Rep.,  15,003. 

3rd.  Population,  173,572.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  10,419;  Rep.,  19,506. 

4th.  Population,  181,000.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  13,567;  Rep.,  12,125. 

5th.  Population,  167,000.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  17,829;  Rep.,  15,960. 

.6th.  Population,  187,001.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  20,212];  Rep.,  17,847. 

7th.  Population,  150,331.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  13,071 ;  Rep.,  15,344. 

8th.  Population,  179,408.  Vote  1892;  Dem.,  18,191;  Rep.,  15,107. 

9th.  Population,  164,777.  Vote  1892 ;  Dem.,  19,597  ;  Rep.,  10,294. 

10th.  Population,  179,845.  Vote  1892  ;  Dem.,  13,001 ;  Rep.,  17,674. 

WOOL.    CENTER  OF  LINE  OF  BATTLE. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  the  woolen  manufacturers  of  the  East  and  the 
Republican  protectionists  of  the  East  are  now  or  have  been  at  some  time 
in  favor  of  free  wool.  We  wish  to  make  as  strong  and  as  absolute  a  denial 
of  that  statement  with  all  of  its  implications  as  it  is  possible  for  us  to 
make. 

There  is  not  a  woolen  manufacturer  in  this  country  in  favor  of  free  wool 
who  is  a  Republican  or  a  protectionist.  They  recognize  in  common  with 
all  other  protectionists  that  this  policy  is  a  national  one;  that  if  it  is  ap- 
plicable to  the  manufacturers  of  wool,  it  is  also  applicable  to  the  producers 
of  wool;  that  if  it  is  a  good  rule  to  apply  to  the  manufacturer  it  is  an 
equally  good  rule  to  apply  to  the  farmer,  to  the  agriculturist.  They  un- 
derstand perfectly  that  while  wool  is  their  raw  material,  it  is  the  fanner's 
finished  product,  into  which  there  has  entered  as  large  a  percentage  of 
labor  cost  as  in  the  manufactured  goods. 

This  attack  is  made  on  the  wool-growing  industry,  not  avowedly  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  wool-grpwing  in  this  country,  but  to  destroy 
the  protective  policy  in  the  United  States.  Democrats  believe  that  tlie 
producers  of  wool,  the  agriculturists  of  the  West,  if  this  duty  shall  be 
removed,  will  cease  to  be  protectionists  and  cease  to  vote  the  Republican 

321 


starving:  fatnilles  clntcliinH:  for  the  last  morsel 
of  foo<I,  cannot  be  lulled  into  forjjetf ulncss  of  pres- 
ent misery  by  the  nnnounceuxcnt  of  lower  ad  va- 
lorems  on  the  necesgitics  of  life. 

—Hon.  Julius  C.  UurroAvs,   Michijcan. 


WOO'L,    (Continued.) 

ticket.    That  is  the  plain  purpose  of  this  proposition  to  place  wool  upon 

the  free  list. 

Democrats  believe  that  this  duty  upon  wool  is  the  keystone  of  the  pro- 
tective arch,  and  if  that  is  removed  the  whole  system  will  ultimately 
crumble  and  fall. 

It  is  true  that  in  this  particular  instance,  with  the  duty  removed,  the 
industry  will  be  destroyed,  the  sheep  will  be  killed ;  it  will  not  linger  in 
a  semi-starving  condition,  but  it  will  actually  go  out  of  existence.  The 
theory  is  that  the  farmer  whose  flocks  shall  be  destroyed  will  all  at  once 
become  the  friend  of  the  destroyer ;  that  his  gratitude  to  the  men  who 
have  slaughtered  his  flocks  and  destroyed  his  income  will  be  suflicient 
to  make  him  their  political  friend  and  aid  their  retention  in  power.  But 
the  intelligent  farmers  of  the  West,  who  are  so  vitally  interested  in  this 
particular  question,  will  understand  it  thoroughly  and  fully ;  and  the 
result  in  Oregon,  in  Montana,  in  Wyoming,  and  in  all  the  great  wool-pro- 
ducing States,  will  be  a  sufficient  answer  to  this  fallacious  argument. 
WOOL,  EXTENT  OF  DESTRUCTION  PROPOSED. 

By  placing  the  wool  schedule  on  the  free  list,  as  proposed  in  the  bill, 
there  will  be  a  reduction  in  the  revenues  of  over  $8,000,000,  and  by  placing 
lumber  and  manufactures  of  lumber  upon  the  fi-ee  list,  there  will  bo  a 
further  reduction  of  revenue  of  ^1,500,000  or  ^2,000,000,  making  about  ^10- 
000,000  of  loss  of  revenue  caused  by  placing  wool  and  lumber  and  manu- 
factures of  lumber  upon  the  free  list.  These  two  articles  represent  two 
great  industries  in  this  country. 

Do  our  Democratic  friends  know  the  magnitude  of  the  wool-growing 
industry  which  they  propose  to  destroy?  There  are  700,000  woolgrowers 
in  the  United  States— 700,000  people  whose  principal  industry  is  that  of 
growing  wool.  There  are  probably  150,000  more  who  are  owners  of  small 
flocks  of  sheep  in  the  United  States.  This  industry  employs,  besides  the 
owners  of  flocks,  at  least  a  half  million  laborers,  representing,  with  those 
who  are  dependent  upon  them,  2,500,000  people  dependent  upon  the  wages 
paid  to  laborers  in  this  industry.  There  are  700,000  farms,  averaging  160 
acres  each,  devoted  to  this  industry ;  and  the  mountainous  regions  in  the 
great  West  and  the  vast  plains  of  the  great  West,  which  are  not  suitable 
for  other  kinds  of  agriculture,  which  are  not  suitable  for  cultivation,  are 
utilized  in  this  great  industry  and  made  valuable.  These  700,000  farms  of 
160  acres  each  comprise  112,000,000  acres  of  land  that  will  be  made  value- 
less by  placing  wool  on  the  free  list  and  destroying  this  great  industry. 

A  statement  from  Hon.  W.  W.  Baker  editor  of  the  North  Pacific  Rural 
Spirit,  shows  that  in  Oregon,  Utah„  AVashington,  Idaho,  and  Western 
Montana  there  were  0,710,746  sheep,  which  were  worth  in  1892,  prior  to  the 
Presidential  election,  $13,421,492,  and  which  are  worth  to-day  no  more 
than  $6,710,746,  showing  a  falling  off  in  the  value,  caused  by  this  threat 

'622 


Does  atiy  member  of  this  House  retnember 
any  time  wlien  tbe  auction  bell  and  the  sheriff's 
voice  have  been  heard  so  much  as  within  tlie  last 
twelve  months(  181)4)? 

—Hon.  Henry  M.  leaker,    New  Hampshire. 


WOOIi.     (Continued.) 

to  put  wool  upon  the  free  list,  of  $G,710,74G.  Estimating  the  number  of 
sheep  in  the  United  States  at  45,000,000— but  that  is  too  small,  the  number 
should  be  stated  at  47,000,000— the  sheep  in  the  United  States  were  worth  in 
1892,  ^90,000,000,  and  those  sheep  are  now  worth  !^5,000,000,  a  loss  of  $45,000,- 
000  in  the  value  of  sheep.  The  wool  yield  was  wortli  in  1892,  $47,250,000, 
and  is  now  worth  $23,025,000.  The  loss  in  wool,  therefore,  is  $23,025,000, 
and  the  total  loss  on  both  sheep  and  wool  is  $08,625,000,  and  that  is  not  an 
overstatement  of  the  case. 

WOOL,  COST  OF  PKODUCING. 

A  communication  from  Hon.  Charles  Hilton,  an  extensive  wool  grower 
of  Eastern  Oregon,  states  the  effects  of  placing  wool  on  the  free  list  in 
Oregon  as  follows : 

The  Dalles,  Oregon,  December  6, 1893. 

"  I  have  been  engaged  in  the  business  for  eighteen  years  and  have  run 
from  ten  to  twelve  thousand  head.  I  have  made  it  a  point  each  year  fur  a 
period  of  thirty  days  to  accurately  ascertain  the  actual  cost  of  all  my 
sheep  camps  in  the  way  of  supplies,  and  you  can  accept  the  following 
figures  as  trustworthy,  since  they  are  an  average  from  all  these  records. 

COST  OF  RUNNING  3,000  SHEEP  ONE  YEAR. 

Herder,  at  $35  per  month $420.00 

Board,  at$15  per  month 180.00 

Camp  tender  to  help  move  and  farnish  camp 200.00 

Salt,  2  tons,  at  $30 60.00 

Hay,  50  tons,  at  $8 '. 400.00 

Extra  help  during  lambing  season 100.00 

Extra  help  during  winter  feeding  season 50.00 

Shearing  2,000  sheep,  at  7  cents  per  head 140.00 

Board  of  shearers 30.00 

Extra  help  sacking  wool,  etc 25.00 

50  wool  sacks,  at  40  cents 20,(X) 

J'eeding  horses  used  to  supply  camp,  etc 180.00 

Shoeing  horses  used  to  supply  camp,  etc 36.00 

Furnishing  camp— tents  blankets,  rope,  otc 30.00 

Hauling  16,000  pounds  wool  to  railroad,  at  i  cts...  120.00 

Cost  of  16,000  pounds  wool,  as  per  above 1,991.00 

16,000  pounds  wool,  at  6  cents $960.00 

700  lambs,  being  increase,  $1.25 875,00 

1,835.00 

Net  loss  on  above  basis 150.00 

"The  only  possible  reduction  that  can  be  made  in  the  cost  of  running 
a  band  of  sheep  is  in  wages— as  the  plow  has  driven  the  stock  so  far  back 
into  the  hills  that  the  cost  of  feed  is  greater,  as  there  is  so  little  land  timt 
will  produce,  and  freight  to  and  from  the  railroad  figures  largely  in  salt 
and  other  supplies,  in  shipping  wool,  (my  ranch  is  80  miles  south  of 
Arlington). 

323 


The  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  united  the  Northern 

States  In  defense  of  the  Union.    Tlie  passage  of  this 

bill  in  anything   like  its   present   form  will   again 

unite   them  in  the  protection   of  their  industries. 

—Senator  W.  I>.  Washburn,  Minnesota. 


WOOIi.     (Continued.) 

"  Thus  you  will  see  that  at  6  cents  per  pound  for  wool,  which  is  the 
highest  price  we  can  expect  with  free  wool  for  the  class  of  wool  raised 
here,  calculating  the  weight  of  each  fleece  at  8  pounds,  which  is  about  the 
average,  and  the  increase  at  35  per  cent,  (which  is  all  an  ordinary  band 
of  stock  sheep  will  produce,  as  we  have  to  carry  the  male  until  2  years 
old  and  past  before  they  are  suitable  for  market  and  can  not  breed  the 
ewes  until  2  years  old)  the  owner  would  be  about  $200  loser  on  the  year's 
work.  This,  leaving  out  of  consideration  all  the  taxes,  interest  on  capi- 
tal invested,  and  wear  and  tear  to  camp  accoutrements,  which  is  consid- 
erable. 

"  For  the  last  four  or  five  years  I  have  averaged  16  cents  per  pound  for 
my  wool  and  |!2.75  for  my  mutton  sheep.  The  latter  cannot  now  be  sold 
for  more  than  $1.50  (at  the  ranch),  and  our  wool  is  now  being  sold  in  Bos- 
ton for  10  cents.  The  cost  of  freight,  including  insurance  and  commis- 
sions, amounts  to  about  4  cents  a  pound. 

"  There  is  one  thing  which  you  may  not  have  had  brought  to  your  no- 
tice, and  that  is,  that  destruction  of  the  sheep  industry  means  the  aban- 
donment of  thousands  of  acres  of  land  which  now  furnish  good  sheep 
pasture  in  Eastern  Oregon. 

"  The  only  vegetation  which  now  exists  is  weeds  and  the  small  sheep 
grass  which  will  support  nothing  but  sheep,  and  upon  which  they  will 
thrive  ;  take  away  the  sheep  and  this  is  waste  land  and  can  never  be  any- 
thing else. 

"  It  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  continue  the  business  imider  free  wool ; 
we  would  have  to  quit  breeding  and  dispose  of  our  sheep  for  mutton  as 
they  become  of  suitable  age. 

"  When  the  industry  is  destroyed  in  the  United  States,  I  apprehend, 
the  foreigner  will  raise  the  price  of  wool  probably  to  more  than  we  have 
received  under  protection  ;  but  we  will  have  no  sheep,  and  it  takes  a  long 
time  to  stock  up  a  range,  as  sheep  do  not  increase  very  rapidly." 

WOOL,  INCRKASE  AND  DECREASE  OF  SHEEP. 

The  number  of  sheep  increased  from  1880  to  1884,  from  44,500,000  to  52,- 
000,000.  Tt  decreased  under  the  operation  of  the  act  of  1883  from  50,500,000 
to  44,000,000.  It  increased  again  under  the  McKinley  act  from  1890  to  1893 
from  44,000,000  to  47,000,000.  This  year  the  number  of  sheep,  owing  to  the 
fear  only  of  free  wool,  has  been  reduced  2,000,000,  and  the  value  of  those 
sheep  has  been  reduced  nearly  $30,000,000.  These  facts  are  taken  from  the 
official  statement  furnished  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

3^1 


I  cannot  let  the  opportunity  go  by  without 
saying:  that  in  tliis  Republic  we  can  not  afford,  if 
we  mean  that  this  republic  shall  endure,  to  adopt  a 
policy  which  will  result  in  pauperizing  and  de- 
grading the  great  laboring  population  of  our  coun- 
try. —Senator  S.  M,  Callom,  Illinois. 


WOOL.  (Continued.) 

January  1 — 

Sheep. 

INumber. 

Value. 

1869 » 

1870 

37,  724,  279 
40,853,000 
31,  851,  000 
31,  679,  300. 
33,  002,  400 
33,928,200 
33,  783,  600 
35,  935,  300 
35,  804,  200 
35,  740,  5Q9 

38,  123,  800 
40,  765,  900 

43,  576,  899 
45,  016,  224 

49,  237,  291 

50,  626,  626 
50,  360,  243 
48,  322,  331 

44,  759,  314 

43,  544,  755 

42,  599,  079 

44,  336,  072 

43,  431,  136 

44,  938,  365 
47,  273,  553 

45,  048,  017 

^m,  139,  979 
93,  364,  433 

1871 

74,  035,  837 

1872 

88,  771,  197 

1873 

97,  922,  350 

1874 

88,  690,  569 
94,  320,  652 
93,  666,  318 

1875 

1876 

1877 

80,  892,  683 

1878 

80,  603,  062 

1879 

79,  023,  984 

1880 , 

90,  230,  537 

1881 

104,  070,  759 

1882 

106,  595,  954 
124,  365,  835 

1883 

1884 

119,  902,  706 

1885 

107,  960,  650 

1886 

92,  443,  867 

1887 .   .   ..  ' 

89,  872,  839 

1888 

89,  279,  926 

90,  640,  369 

1889 

1890 .      

100,  659,  i61 
108,  397,  447 

1891 

1892 

116,  121,  290 

1893 

125,  909,  264 

1894 

89,  186,  110 

WOOL,  NECESSITY  FOR  PKOTECTION-FREIGHT  CHARGES. 

To-day  we  have  45,000,000  of  sheep  in  the  United  States,  27,500,000  of 
which  and  over  60  per  cent,  of  all  are  locatei^  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  The  freight  on  the  wool  from  these  sheep  from  the  ranch  to  the 
Eastern  markets  varies  from  two  to  three  cents  per  pound,  while  the 
freight  on  wool  from  London  is  only  one-fourth  of  a  cent  per  pound. 
How  can  the  American  woolgrower  pay  from  800  to  1,200  per  cent,  more 
freight  than  his  foreign  competitor,  when  the  freight  alone  under  such 
unequal  competition  would  of  itself  bar  the  American  woolgrower  from 
his  own  market?  Thus,  with  the  removal  of  protection,  the  difference  in 
freight  alone  would  be  so  heavily  against  the  American  woolgrower  that 
he  would  be  compelled  to  go  out  of  the  business. 


Now,  to  say  that  protection  does  not  in- 
crease wages  is  to  say  that  busy  factories  tlo  not 
increase  wages  ;  that  liglited  furnaces  do  not 
increase  wages ;  tliat  open  mines  do  not  in- 
crease wages ;  tliat  manufacturing  cities  do  not 
Increase  wages ;  that  liaving  tlie  marltet  close 
to  the  farm  and  the  farm  close  to  the  work- 
Chop  does  not  increase  wages. 

—Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass. 


WOOL,    TEXAS  AND  OHIO. 

According  to  a  statement  in  1893  the  number  of  sheep  in  Texas  was 
4,334,551,  and  the  value  of  their  wool  was  $6,924,445.  In  Ohio  we  have 
about  the  same  number,  4,378,725  sheep,  bjit  the  value  of  the  Ohio  sheep 
is  $13,900,263,  or  more  than  twice  as  much  as  the  Texas  sheep. 

The  native-bred  sheep  of  Texas  can  be  liept  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
Australia,  although  the  land  in  Texas  is  now  constantly  being  limited  by 
the  smaller  ownership  of  tracts  in  the  western  part  of  tliat  State;  but 
still  they  can  raise  sheep  more  cheaply  than  elsewhere  in  the  United 
States.  Probably  Texas  is  the  only  part  of  our  country  where  the  indus- 
try might  survive,  with  wool  duty  free,  although  some  of  the  most  emi- 
nent men  of  Texas  maintain  that  their  wool  industry  will  be  entirely  de- 
stroyed under  the  operation  of  free  wool. 

WOOLEN  INDUSTRY  VERSUS  WHISKY  TRUST,    democrats 

I^EGISIiATE    AGAINST    THE    FACTORY    AND    UPHOI.D     THE    DIS- 
TIIiUERY. 

Census  bulletin  No.  380  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  440  establishments 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  distilled  spirits,  with  a  capital  of  $31,006,- 
176,  and  turning  out  a  product  of  104,197,869,  employ  but  5,343  persons,  at 
wages  $2,814,889 ;  while  1,454  establishments  are  engaged  in  the  woolen 
and  worsted  manufactures,  with  a  capital  of  $199,075,056,  turn  out  a  prod- 
uct of  $212,772,629,  employ  122,944  at  wages  of  $132,977,104.  The  woolen 
business  has  seven  times  the  capital,  twenty-five  times  the  laborers,  and 
pays  fifty  times  the  wages.  But  the  Wilson  bill  proposes  to  reduce  the 
tariff  on  the  woolen  schedule  three-fifths,  which  will  compel  a  reduction 
of  wages,  or  a  closing  up  of  the  factories ;  and  to  increase  the  tax  on 
spirits  for  the  benefit  of  the  whisky  trust.  Verily,  great  is  Democratic 
love  for  the  "  honest  toilers." 


Tli«  first  necessary  cliaraeierislic  of  any  na- 
tion is,  that  it  must  possess  the  power  to  main- 
tain and  protect  itself  as  sigrainst  the  world.  And 
the  first  law  of  any  Kepublican  nation  is,  titat  it 
must  Itavc  the  |>ower  to  protect  its  ^»eople  in  their 
riffhts  to  life,  liberty,  and  the  piirsnit  of  happiness. 
,  —Senator   S.  31.  Ciilloiu,    lliiuoii*. 


WOOLEN  GOODS,  cost  of  a  suit  of  clothes. 

An  analysis  of  the  cost  of  the  different  items  in  comparison  with  the 
retail  selling  price  is  shown  by  the  IblloM'ing  table : 

Percentage  of  cost  of  items  to  the  retail  selling  price. 


Cost. 

Percent- 
age of  re- 
tail price. 

Cloth 

$7.38 

1.89 

4.10 

.40 

G.  23 

36.  9 

Trimmings 

9.  4 

Labor , 

20.  5 

Expense  

2.  0 

Expense  of  distribution  : 

Wholesale  clothiers , 

S2.  23 

Retail  clothiers 

4.00 

31.2 

Hetail  price 

^20.00 

100 

The  suit  of  clothes  to  which  this  statement  has  reference  is  a  ready- 
made  suit  manufactured  from  American  cloth,  weighing  about  20  ounces 
per  running  yard.  In  making  it  3 1-6  yards,  or  4  pounds,  of  cloth  are  used. 
Tt  cost  the  manufacturer  $13.77  when  manufactured  in  wholesale  quanti- 
ties, and  sells  at  retail  for  $20.  It  is  an  all-wool  suit  of  clothes,  without 
an  ounce  of  shoddy  or  cotton  in  it.  The  percentage  of  the  cost  of  the  cloth 
to  the  total  cost  of  the  suit  is  only  36.9  per  cent. 

The  difference  in  the  cost  of  the  cloth,  by  reason  of  the  wool  duty,  at  32 
cents  a  pound  for  the  combed  wool,  if  the  whole  duty  were  added  to  the 
cost,  would  be  $1.28.  But  with  a  margin  of  $6.23  between  cost  and  retail 
price  it  is  safe  to  say  that  home  competition  would  prevent  adding  a  cent 
to  the  consumer  on  that  account. 


Woolen  manufactures. 


Number  of  establishments  .... 

Capital  employed 

Average  number  of  emploj'Cs 

Total  wages  paid 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Cost  of  materials 

Value  of  product 


1890. 


2,849 

$296,  494,  481 

219,  132 

$76,  660,  742 

19,  529,  238 

202,  815,  842 

337,  768,  524 


1880. 


\ 

2. 

689 

$159,  091,  869 

161, 

557 

$47. 

389, 

087 

164, 

371, 

551 

267, 

25^, 

913 

327 


I  chargre  upon  this  Administration  that  it 
committed  a  wronjc  and  a  crime  wlien  it  sent  its 
representative  to  a  friendly  government  to  insult- 
ingly demand  tliat  it  surrender  to  a  barbarous 
Queen.  Hon.  Henry  U.  Johnson,  Indiana. 


WYOMING. 

Area,  97,890  square  miles. 
Admitted  as  a  State  July  11, 1890.        ' 

Legislature  composed  of  16  Senators,  33  Representatives.    Meets  bien- 
nially, January  S,  1895. 
State  elections,  biennially,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Kov.,  1894. 
Senator  Joseph  M.  Carey,  (rep.)  term  expires  Mar.  3, 1895. 
Senator.    Vacant. 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

At  large.    Population,  60,705.     Vote  1892:  Dem.,  8,855;  Kop.,  8,3U. 

328 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below, 
or  on  the  date  to  which  renewed.  Renewals  only: 

Tel.  No.  642-3405 
Renewals  may  be  made  4  days  prior  to  date  due. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


(Q8677S1 0 )  476-A-31  ^  Bwkel^y 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  UBRARY 


f 


